-
自考本科词汇学重点笔记
Lexicology
（词汇学）
:
is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the
origins and meanings of words.
The
Nature and Scope of English
lexicology
：
English lexicology aims at
investigating and studying the morphological
structures of English words and word
equivalents, their semantic structures,
relations, historical development, formation and
usages.
The subjects that
English Lexicology correlated with and extent
to
：
English
Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic
disciplines as
morphology(
形态学
), semantics(<
/p>
语义
学
),etymology(
词源学
),styl
istics
（文体论）
and
lexicography(
词典学
)
The reason for a student to
study English lexicology
：
According to the textbook, English
Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for
students of English.
A good knowledge
of morphological structures of English words and
rules of word-formation will help learners
develop
their
personal
vocabulary
and
consciously
increase
their
word
power.
The
information
of
the
historical
development and the principles of
classification will give them a deeper
understanding of word-meaning and
enable
them
to
organize,
classify
and
store
words
more
effectively.
The
understanding
and
their
sense
relations
will gradually
raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and
enable them use words more accurately and
appropriately.
A
working
knowledge
of
dictionaries
will
improve
their
skills
of
using
reference
books
and
raise
their problem-solving ability and
efficiency of individual study.
Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and
vocabulary
Word
（词的定义）
:
A
word
is
a
minimal
free
form
of
a
language
that
has
a
given
sound
and
meaning
and
syntactic
function.
(1)a
minimal
free
form
of
a
language
(2)a
sound
unity
(3)a
unit
of
meaning
(4)a
form
that
can
function
alone in a sentence
Sound and
meaning
（声音与意义）
: almost
arb
itrary, “no logical relationship
between the sound which stands
for a
thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea
itself”
Sound
and
form
（读音和形式）
:
不统一的四个原因（
1
）
the
English
alphabet
was
adopted
from
the
Romans,which
does
not have a separate
letter to represent each other
（
2
）
the
pronunciation has changed more rapidly than
spelling over the years
（
3
）
some of the
difference were creates by the early scribes
（
4
）
the
borrowings
is an important channel of
enriching the English vocabulary
Vocabulary
（词汇）
:
all the words in a language make up its vocabulary
Classification of English
Words
：
By use
frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By
notion:content words&functional words
By origin:native words&borrowed words
The basic word
stock
（基本词汇）
: is the
foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over
centuries and forms
the common core of
the language. Though it constitute a small
percentage of the EV, it is the most important
part of vocabulary.
The
Fundamental Features of the Basic Word
Stock(
基本词汇的特征
)
:
1)All-National
character
（全民通用性
most
important
）
2)Stability
（相对稳定性）
3)Productivity
（多产性）
4)Polysemy
（多义性）
5)Collocability
（可搭配性）
没有上述特征的
words:
(1)Termino
logy(
术语
)
(2)Jargon
（行话）
(3)slang
（俚语）
(4)Argot
（暗语）
（
5
）
Dialectal
words(
方言
)
(6)
Archaisms
（古语）
(7)
Neologisms
（新词语）
:N
eologisms
means
newly-
created
words
or
expressions,
or words that
have taken on new meanings.(email)
Content words/notional
words
实词
(
cloud,
run walk, never, five, frequently
) and
functional words/empty
words
虚词
(
on, of,
and, be, but
)
Native Words and Borrowed Words
Native
words
（本族语词）
:
known
as
Anglo-
Saxon
words
(50,000-60,000),
are
words
brought
to
Britain
in
the
5th
1
/
10
century by the
Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-
stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style
(2)frequent in use
Borrowed
words/Loan words
（外来语词）
:
words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of
modern EV)
4 Types of loan words:
1) denizens(
同化词
):
(shirt from skyrta(ON))
2) <
/p>
aliens
（非同化词
/
外来词）
:are
borrowed
words
which
have
retained
their
original
pronunciation
and
spelling
(kowtow (CH)
磕头
)
3) translation loans(
译借词
):
按其他语言方式组成英语
long
time no see (from China)
4) semantic
loans
（借义词）
：
they
are not borrowed with reference to the form,but
their meanings are borrowed
Chapter 2 the development of the
English Vocabulary
The Indo-European
Language Family(
印欧语系
)
The Three Stages of
Development of the English Vocabulary:
1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary
50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.
2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines
much fewer inflections
3
Modern
English
(1500-up
to
now):
in
fact
more
than
25%
of
modern
E
words
come
almost
directly
from classical
languages. In Modern E, words endings
were mostly lost with just a few h has evolved
from
a synthetic language(Old English)
to the present analytic language.
Modes
of Vocabulary
Development(
词汇的发展模式
):
1)creation
创造新词：
the
formation
of
new
words
by
using
the
existing
materials,namely
toots,affixes
and
other
elements.(
最重要方式
)
2)semantic
change
旧词新义
:does
not
increase
the
number
of
word
forms
but
create
many
more
new
useages
of
the
words.
3)
borrowing
借用外来词
:constitute
merely 6 to 7 percent of all new words Reviving
words or obsolete words
also
contributes to the growth of English vocabulary
though quite insignificant.
Chapter 3 Word Formation I
M
orpheme(
词素
)
:the
smallest functioning unit in the composition of
words
Allomorph(
词素变体
< br>)
:
is
a
different
variant
form
of
a
morpheme
，
differ
in
phonological
and
spelling form,
but
at the same in function
and meaning
Type of
Morpheme(
词素的分类
)
（
1
）
Free
Morphemes
（自由词素）
:
have
complete
meaning
in
themselves
and
can
be
used
as
free
grammatical
units
in sentences. A free morpheme is one
that can stand by itself. (independent).
（
2
）
Bound
Morpheme(
粘着语素
): A bound
morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.
Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1)
bound root(
粘附词根
)
(2)Affix(
词缀
)
Affixes can be put into two groups:
1)Inflectional affixes
(
屈折词缀
):affixes attached to
the end of words to indicate grammatical
relationships
are inflectional,thus
known as inflectional morphemes.
2)Derivational
affixes(
派生词缀
): A) prefix: A
prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective
suffix
（形
容词后缀）
that is added to the stem, whatever class is
belongs to , the result will be an adjective.
Free Morpheme =free
root
（自由词根）
Morpheme(
词素
)
Bound root
prefix
bound
derivational
affix suffix
inflectional
Root and
stem
（词根和词干）
The
differences between root and stem:
A
root is the basic form of a word which cannot be
further analyzed without total loss of identity.
2
/
10
A
stem
is
the
surplus
part
after
the
cutting
of
inflectional
morpheme
in
a
word
with
inflectional
morphemes,can
be further analyzed, it sometimes could
be a root.
Chapter 4 Word-
Formation II(
构词法
)
tion
词缀法
（
Derivati
on
派生法）
：
the
formation
of
words
by
adding
word-formaing
or
derivational
affixes
to stem.
（
1
）
Prefixation(
前缀法
)
：
It's the formation of
new words by adding a prefixes to stems.
1)Negative
prefixes(
否定前缀
):
un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,y(not obey)
2)Reversative
prefixes
（逆反前缀）
:
un-,de-
，
dis- etc.
unwrap(open)
3) Pejorative prefixes: mi
s
（贬义前缀）
：
mis-
，
mal-, pseudo- duct(bad
behaviour)
4) Prefixes of degree or siz
e(
程度前缀
)
：
arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,ove r-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight
5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude
（倾向态度前缀）
:contra-,counter-,an
ti-,pro- -nuclear
6)Locative
prefixes
（
方
位
前
缀
）
:extra-,
fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,
etc.
extraordinary(more
than
ordinary)
7) Prefixes of
time and order
（时间和顺序前缀）
:fore
-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)
8) Number prefixes
（数字前缀）
:uni-
，
mono-,
bi-
，
di-,
tri-,multi-
，
poly-
，
semi-
，
ual(conce
rning
two languages)
9)
Miscellaneous prefixes
（混杂前缀）
：
auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-
chairman(deputy chairman)
(2)Suffixatio
n
（后缀法）
: It's the formation
of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.
1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes
3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes
nding
复合法
（
also called
composition
）
Compounding: is the formation of new
words by joining two or more stems
Compounds are written in three ways: so
lid
连写
(airmail)
，
hyphenated
带连字符
(air-
conditioning)and
open
分开
写
(air
force, air raid)
Formation of
compounds
（复合词的形式）
（
1
）
noun
compounds
：
e.g. : air +
plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot
（
2
）
adjective
compounds
：
e.g. acid +
head = acid-head
（
3
）
verb compounds
：
e.g. house + keep =
housekeep
sion
转类法
Conversion: is the formation of new
words by converting words of one class to another
class.
（功能转换，又
叫零派生
.functional shift/zero-
derivation
）
ng
拼缀法
Blending
:
is
the
formation
of
new
words
by
combining
parts
of
two
words
or
a
word
plus
a
part
of
another
word.
e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog
= smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN
ng
截短法
Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by
cutting a part off the original and using what
remains instead.e.g.
plane from
airplane, phone from telephone.
四种形式：
1).Front
clippings
删节前面
(phone
from
telephone)
2).Back
clippings
删节后面
(dorm
from
dormitory)
3).Front and back clippings
前后删节
(flu from influenza)
4).Phrase clippings
短语删节
(pop
from popular
music)
3
/
10
my
首字母缩写法
Acronymy:is the process of forming new
words by joining the initial letters of names of
social and political
organizations or
special noun phrases and technical terms.
< br>（
1
）
Initialism<
/p>
（首字母缩写词法）
: initialisms are
words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for
British
Broadcasting corporation)
（
2
）
Acronym<
/p>
（首字母拼音法）
:Acronyms are words
formed from initial letters but pronounced as a
normal word.
E.g.:TEFL(teaching English
as a foreign language)
-for
mation
（逆生法，逆构词）
Back-formation is considered to be the
opposite process of suffixation.
It
’
s the method of creating
words
by removing the supposed
suffixes. (greed from greedy)
From Proper
Name(
专有名词转成法
):
Names of people, places, book, and
tradenames (e.g.: sir watt
siemens(
人名
) --
watt
（瓦特，电功率单位）
Chapter 5 Word Meaning
The meanings of
“
Meaning
”
(
“意义”的意义
)
Referen
ce
(
所指
):It is the
relationship between language and the word. It is
the arbitrary and conventional.
It is a
kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context,
it can refer to something specific.
Concept
（概念）
:which
is
beyond
language,
is
the
result
of
human <
/p>
cognition(
认识
),refl
ecting
the
objective
world
in the human mind.
Sense
（意义）
:It
denotes the relationship inside the language.
‘
The sense of an expression
is its place in
a system of semantic
relationships with other expressions in the
language.
’
Motiva
tion
(
理据
)
：
It accounts for the connection
between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
1)
Onomatopoeic
m
otivation
（拟声理据）
:words
whose
sounds
suggest
their
meaning,
for
these
words
were
creates
by imitating the
natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of
the words means understanding the meaning.
E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.
2)Morphological motivation
（形态理据）
:multi-morphemic words
and the meaning of many are the sum total of
the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail,
miniskirt .
例外：
black market,
ect.
3)Semantic motivation
（词
义理据）
：
refers to the mental
associations suggested by the conceptual meaning
of
a word. It explains the connection
between the literal sense and figurative sense of
the word. E.g:the foot
of the
mountain(foot)
4)Etymological
motivation
（词源理据）
:the
history
of
the
word
explains
the
meaning
of
the
word.
E.g:pen-feather
Types of
meaning(
词义的类别
)
tical
Meaning
（语法意
义）
:indicates
the
grammatical
concept
or
relationships
(becomes
important
only
in actual context)
l Meaning
（词汇意义）
(Lexical meaning and grammatical
meaning make up the word-meaning)
Lexical meaning has 2
components
内容
: Conceptual
meaning(
概念意义
) and
associative meaning(
关联意义
)
1
）
Conceptual
meaning(
概念意义
): also known as
denotative meaning(
外延意义
) is
the meaning given in the
dictionary and
forms the core of word-meaning.
2
）
Associative
meaning(
关联意义
):is the
secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual
meaning.
[4types:
（
1
）
Connotative
（内涵意义）
：<
/p>
the
overtones
or
associations
suggested
by
the
conceptual
meaning,
traditionally
4
/
10
known as connotations.(
例如“母亲
”经常与“爱”
“关心”
“温柔”联系起来
)
（
2
）
Stylistic
（文体意义）
：
many words have stylistic features, which
make them appropriate for different
contexts.
（
3
）
Affective
（感情意义）
：
indicates the
speaker
’
s attitude towards
the person or thing in question.
这种情感价值观
分两类：褒义和贬义
appreciative & pejorative
（
4
）
Collocative
（搭配意义）
：<
/p>
is
the
part
of
the
word-
meaning
suggested
by
the
words
before
or
after
the
word
in discussion.]
Chapter 6 --Sense relation
and semantic field
（语义关系和语义场）
Polysemy
（多义关系）
Two approached to
polysemy
（多义关系的两种研究方法）
:
onic
approach(
历时方法
)
：
from the diachronic point
of view, polysemy is assumed to be the
result of
growth and
development of the semantic structure of one and
same word. First meaning is the primary
meaning ,
the later meanings
are called derived meanings.
2.
synchronic
approach
(
共时方法
)
:
synchronically,
polysemy
is
viewed
as
the
coexistence
of
various
meanings
of
the
same
word
in
a
certain
historical
period
of
time.
基本意义是
central
meaning
,
次要意义是
derived
meaning.
Two
processes of
development
（词义的两种发展类型）
:
1.
radiation
（辐射型）
：
is
a
semantic
process
in
which
the
primary
meaning
stands
at
the
centre
and
the
secondary
meanings proceed
out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g:
face, neck)
2.
co
ncatenation
（连锁型）
:is the
semantic process in which the meaning of a word
move gradually away from
its
first
sense
by
successive
shifts
until
there
is
not
a
sign
of
connection
between
the
sense
that
is
finally
developed and that which the term had
at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)
3.
In radiation,
each of the derived meaning is directly connected
to the primary meaning. In concatenation,
each of the later meaning is related
only to the preceding one like chains. Though the
latest sense can
be traced back to the
original, there is no direct connection in
between.
4.
They
are
closely
related,
being
different
stages
of
the
development
leading
to
polysemy.
Generally,
radiation
precedes concatenation. In many cases,
the two processes work together, complementing
each other.
Homonymy
（同形同音异义关
系）
:words different in meaning but
either identical both in sound and spelling or
identical only in sound or spelling.
Types of
homonyms(
同音同形异义关系的类别
)
1
）
Perfect
homonyms
（完全同音同形异义词）
：
words
identical
both
in
sound
and
spelling,
but
different
in
meaning.
2)Homographs
（同形异义词）
:words identical only in
spelling, but different in sound and
meaning.(
最多最常
见
) <
/p>
3
）
Homophones
（同音异义词）
：
words identical
only in sound but different in spelling and
meaning.
Origins of homonyms
(
同形同音异义词的来源
)
1
）
change in sound
and spelling
：
(eare-ear,
lang-long, langian-long)
2
）
borrowing
(feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )
3
）
Shortening(
缩略<
/p>
): (ad-advertisement,)
The differentiation of Homonyms from Po
lysemes
（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别
)
：
1)The
fundamental
difference
:
Homonymy
refers
to
different
words
which
happen
to
share
the
same
form
and
polysemy
are
the one and same word which has several
distinguishable meanings.
2)One
important criterion is to see their etymology(
词源
)
：
Homony
mys are from different sources. Polysemant
is from the same source.
3)The second principle consideration is
semantic relatedness(
语义关联
):
The various meanings of polysemant
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