-
SAT
基础阅读讲义
第
1
节
单项
19
Questions 9 and 10 are
based on the following passage.
How did
the term ―spam‖ come to mean
unsolicited commercial e-mail? Flash back to 1937,
when Hormel Foods creates a new canned
spiced ham, SPAM. Then, in World War II, SPAM
luncheon meat becomes a
staple of soldiers‘ diets
(often GIs ate SPAM two or three
times a day)
. Next,
SPAM‘s
wartime omnipresence perhaps
inspired the 1987 Monty
Python skit in
which a breakfastseeking couple unsuccessfully
tries to order a SPAM-free
meal while a
chorus of Vikings
drowns them out,
singing ―Spam, spam, spam,
spam . . . .‖
To computer
users drowning in junk e-mail, the analogy was
obvious.
―Spam,‖ they said,
―it‘s spam.‖
9. The tone of the passage can best be
characterized as
(A) nostalgic
(B) sardonic
(C) detached
(D) chatty
(E) didactic
10. The parenthetic remark in lines 6
and 7
(―often . . . day‖) serves
primarily to
(A) establish
the soldiers‘ fondness for SPAM
(B) provide evidence of SPAM‘s
abundance
(C) refute
criticisms of wartime food shortages
(D) illustrate the need for dietary
supplements
(E) point out the
difference between military and civilian diets
综合
37
The passage below is
excerpted from Somerset Maugham’s
The
Moon and Sixpence,
first published in
1919.
Questions 11 and 12
are based on the following passage.
The
faculty
for
myth is innate in the human race. It seizes with
avidity upon any incidents, surprising
or mysterious, in the career of those
who have at all distinguished themselves from
their fellows, and
invents a legend. It
is the protest of romance against the commonplace
of life. The incidents of the
legend
become the
hero‘s surest
passpo
rt to immortality.
The
ironic philosopher reflects with a
smile that Sir Walter Raleigh is more
safely enshrined in the memory of mankind because
he set his cloak for the Virgin Queen
to walk on than because he carried the English
name
to undiscovered countries.
11. As used in the passage, the word
―faculty‖ (line 1)
most nearly means
(A) capacity
(B) distinction
(C) authority
(D) teaching
staff
(E) branch of learning
1
12. In lines
8
–
13, the author mentions
Sir Walter Raleigh primarily to
(A)
demonstrate the
importance of
Raleigh‘s
voyages of discovery
(B) mock Raleigh‘s behavior in casting
down his
cloak to protect
the queen‘s feet from the
mud
(C) illustrate how legendary events
outshine
historical achievements in the
public‘s mind
(D)
distinguish between Raleigh the courtier and
Raleigh the seafarer
(E) remind us that
historical figures may act in idiosyncratic ways
第
2
节
?
More
remarkable
than
the
origin
has
been
the
persistence
of
such
sex
segregation
in
twentieth-century.
?
New
techniques
for
determining
the
molecular
sequence
of
the
RNA
of
organisms
have
produced evolutionary
information about the degree to which organisms
are related, the time
since they
diverged from a common ancestor
, and
the reconstruction of ancestral versions of
genes.
?
This declaration, which was
echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment,
was designed
primarily to counter the
Supreme Court‘s ruling in Dred Scott v. Standford
that black people in
the United States
could be denied citizenship.
?
However
, none of
these high-technology methods are of any value if
the sites to which they are
applied
have never been mineralized, and to maximize the
chances of discovery the explorer
must
therefore
pay
particular
attention to
selecting
the
ground
formations most
likely
to
be
mineralized.
?
Black Fiction surveys a
wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention
in the process some
fascinating and
little-
known works like James Johnson‘
s Autobiography of an Ex
-colored Man.
?
The
concept of two warring souls within the body of
the Black American was as meaningful for
Du Bois at the end of his years as
editor of Crisis, the official journal of the
National Association
for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), as when he
has first used the image at the start
of the century.
?
In Ohio, our
car sometimes moved right alongside the turnpike
and we could see the new cars
with
their outlandish fins passing us as regularly as
cards being dealt off the top of an endless
deck.
?
turnpike
：
n.
收费公路
?
outlandish
a.
奇怪的，古怪的
?
fins
：散热片
?
dealt: deal
的过去时，在此意思是发牌
?
deck
：一副纸牌
2
单项
107
Questions
1
–
6 are based on the
following
passage.
In the following passage, author Peter
Matthiessen
considers Native
American spirituality.
We can no longer
pretend
—
as we did for so
long
—
that Indians are
a
(L2-4)
primitive
people:
no, they are a traditional people, that is, a
―first‖ or ―original‖ people, a
primal
people, the
inheritors of a profound and exquisite wisdom
distilled by long ages on this earth.
(L6-12)
The Indian concept of
earth and spirit has been patronizingly dismissed
as simple
hearted
―naturalism‖ or ―animism,‖ when in fact
it
derives from a holistic vision known
to all
mystics and great teachers of
the most venerated religions of the world.
This universal and profound
intuitive knowledge may have come to North America
with the
first peoples to arrive from
Asia, although Indians say it was the other way
around, that the
assumption of white
historians that a nomadic people made a one-way
journey across the
Bering Strait from
Asia and down into America, and never attempted to
travel the other way,
makes little
sense. Today most Indians believe that they
originated on this continent: at the
very least, there was travel in both
directions. (In recent years, this theory has been
given
support by a young anthropologist
who, on the basis of stone tools and skull
measurements
as well as pictographs and
cave drawings, goes so far as to suggest that the
Cro-Magnon
—
the
first truly modern men
—
who
came out of nowhere to displace the
Neanderthals in Eurasia perhaps 40,000
years ago were a pre-Indian people from North
America.) According to the Hopi,
runners were sent west across the Bering Strait as
messengers and couriers, and
information was exchanged between North America
and
Eurasia in very early times, long
before European history had begun.
The
Old Way
—
what the Lakota call
wouncage
, ―our way of
doing‖—
is very consistent
throughout the Indian nations, despite
the great variety of cultures. The Indian cannot
love the Creator and desecrate the
earth, for Indian existence is not separable from
Indian
religion, which is not separable
from the natural
world. It is not a
matter of ―worshiping
nature,‖ as anthropologists suggest: to
worship
nature, one must stand apart
from it and
call it
―nature‖
or the ―human habitat‖ or ―the
environment.‖
For the Indian, there is
no
separation. Man is an aspect of
nature, and nature itself is a manifestation of
primordial
religion.
Even
the word ―religion‖ makes an
unnecessary
separation, and there is no
word for
it in the
Indian
tongues. Nature is the ―Great
Mysterious,‖
the ―religion
before religion,‖ the
profound
intuitive
(L57) apprehension
of the true nature of existence attained by sages
of
all epochs, everywhere on earth: the
whole universe is sacred, man is the whole
universe,
and the religious ceremony is
life itself,
(L61) the miraculous
common acts of every
day.
1. To the author, the
distinction between the words
primitive
and
primal
(lines
2
–
4) is that
(A)
whereas the former is excessively positive, the
latter is neutral in significance
(B)
while the latter is often used metaphorically, the
former is not
(C) the latter reinforces
the notion of Indian barbarism that is implicit in
the former
(D) while the former has
some negative connotations, the latter has neutral
or positive ones
(E) the former came
into common use earlier than the latter did
2. The author most likely used
quotation marks around certain words in the last
sentence of
the first paragraph (lines
6
–
12) because
3
(A) they are quotations
from another work
(B) they are slang
(C) they come from another language
(D) he disagrees with their application
here
(E) he wishes to emphasize their
appropriateness
3. Which of the
following is the most accurate statement about the
second paragraph of the
passage?
(A) It develops the idea of the first
paragraph.
(B) It is a digression from
the author‘s argument.
(C)
It provides examples to illustrate the points made
in the first paragraph.
(D) It provides
a logical introduction to the third paragraph.
(E) It is full of totally unsupported
assumptions.
4. The author‘s attitude
toward Indian religion is
one of
(A) respect
(B) idolatry
(C) condemnation
(D) pity
(E) indifference
5. The word
―apprehension‖ in line 57 means
(A) capture
(B) foreboding
(C) understanding
(D)
achievement
(E) approval
6.
By calling the common acts of every day miraculous
(line 61), Matthiessen is being
(A)
paradoxical
(B) allusive
(C)
sarcastic
(D) analytical
(E)
apologetic
综合
697
Questions 11 and 12 are based on the
following passage.
In this excerpt from
Jane Austen’s
The Watsons,
the elderly Mr. Watson discusses a
visit to church.
―I do not
know when I have heard a discourse
more to my mind,‖ continued Mr. Watson,
―or
one
better delivered. He
reads extremely well, with great propriety and in
a very impressive manner; and
at the
same time without any theatrical grimace or
violence. I own, I do not like much action in the
pulpit. I do not like the
(L7) studied
air and
artificial inflections of voice, which your very
popular
preachers have. A simple
delivery is much better calculated to inspire
devotion, and shows a much
better
taste. Mr. Howard read like
a scholar
and a gentleman.‖
11. The passage suggests that Mr.
Watson would most likely agree with which
statement?
(A) A dramatic style of
preaching appeals most to discerning listeners.
(B) Mr. Howard is too much the
gentleman-scholar to be a good preacher.
(C) A proper preacher avoids extremes
in delivering his sermons.
4
(D) There is no use
preaching to anyone unless you happen to catch him
when he is ill.
(E) A man often
preaches his beliefs precisely when he has lost
them.
12. The word ―studied‖ (line 7)
most nearly means
(A)
affected
(B) academic
(C)
amateurish
(D) learned
(E)
diligent
单项
203
Questions
16
–
24 are based on the
following passage.
Taken from the
writings of Benjamin Franklin, the following
excerpt, published in 1784,
demonstrates
Franklin’s
attitude toward the so
-called savages
of North America and reveals
something
of what these Native Americans thought about the
white men and women who
had come to
their land.
Savages we call them, because their
manners
differ from ours,
which we think the perfection
of civility; they think the same of
theirs.
Perhaps, if we could examine
the manners of different nations with
impartiality, we
should find no people
so rude as to be without rules of politeness, nor
any so polite as not to
have some
remains of rudeness.
The Indian men,
when young, are hunters and warriors; when old,
counselors, for all their
government is
by counsel of the sages; there is no force, there
are no prisons, no officers
to compel
obedience or inflict punishment. Hence they
generally study oratory, the best
speaker having the most influence. The
Indian women till the ground,
dress
the food, nurse
and bring up
the children, and preserve and hand down to
posterity the memory of public
transactions. These employments of men
and women are accounted natural and honorable.
Having few artificial wants, they have
abundance of leisure for improvement by
conversation. Our laborious manner of
life, compared with theirs, they esteem slavish
and
base; and the learning, on which we
value ourselves, they regard as frivolous and
useless.
An instance of this occurred
at the treaty of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, in
the year 1744,
between the government
of Virginia and the Six Nations. After the
principal business was
settled, the
commissioners from Virginia acquainted the Indians
by a speech that there was
at
Williamsburg a college, with a fund for educating
Indian youth; and that, if the Six Nations
would send down half a dozen of their
young lads to that college, the government would
take
care that they should be well
provided for, and instructed in all the learning
of the white
people. It is one of the
Indian rules of politeness not to answer a public
proposition the same
day that it is
made; they think that it would be treating it as a
light matter, and that they
show it
respect by taking time to consider it, as of a
matter important. They therefore
deferred their answer till the day
following; when their speaker began by expressing
their
deep sense of the kindness of the
Virginia government in making them that offer,
saying:
―We know that you highly esteem
the kind
of learning taught in those
colleges, and that the
maintenance of
our young men, while with you, would be very
expensive to you. We are
convinced,
therefore, that you mean to do us good by your
proposal, and we thank you
heartily.
But you, who are wise, must know that different
nations have different conceptions
of
things; and you will therefore not take it amiss,
if our ideas of this kind of education
5
happen not to be the same
as yours. We have had some experience of it.
Several of our
young people were
formerly brought up at the colleges of the
northern provinces: they were
instructed in all your sciences; but
when they came back to us they were bad runners,
ignorant of every means of living in
the woods, unable to bear cold or hunger. They
knew
neither how to build a cabin,
take
a deer, nor kill an
enemy, spoke our language imperfectly,
were therefore neither fit for hunters,
warriors, nor counselors; they were totally good
for
nothing.
We
are, however, not the less obliged by your kind
offer, though we decline accepting it; and,
to show our grateful sense of it, if
the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of
their sons,
we will take care of their
education, instruct them in all we know, and make
men
of
them.‖
16.
According to Franklin, Indian leaders maintain
their authority by means of their
(A)
warlike ability
(B) skill as hunters
(C) verbal prowess
(D)
personal wealth
(E) punitive capacity
17. The word ―dress‖ in line 17
means
(A) clothe
(B) adorn
(C) medicate
(D) straighten
(E) prepare
18. To which of the following does
Franklin attribute the amount of leisure time for
conversing available to the Indians?
I. Their greater efficiency and
productivity
II. Their simpler, more
natural lifestyle
III. Their
distinctive set of values
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II
only
(D) II and III only
(E)
I, II, and III
19. Franklin‘s purpose
in quoting the speech that
concludes
the excerpt is primarily to
(A)
demonstrate the natural oratorical abilities of
Indians
(B) condemn the Virginians‘
failure to recruit
Indian students for
their schools
(C) give an example of
the Indian viewpoint on the benefits of white
civilization
(D) describe a breakdown
in communications between Indians and whites
(E) advocate the adoption of Indian
educational techniques
20. The Indians‘
chief purpose in making the
speech
seems to be to
(A) tactfully refuse a
friendly gesture
(B) express their
opinions on equality
(C) gratify their
intended audience
(D) describe native
American customs
(E) request funds to
start their own school
21. According to
this passage, the Indians‘ idea of
education differs from that of the
gentlemen of Virginia in that the
Indians
6
(A)
also believe in the education of young women
(B) have different educational goals
(C) teach different branches of science
(D) include different aspects of nature
(E) speak a different language
22. The word ―take‖ in line 69
means
(A) endure
(B) transport
(C) confiscate
(D) capture
(E) accept
23. The Indians responsible for the
speech would probably agree that they
(A) have no right to deny Indian boys
the opportunity for schooling
(B) are
being insulted by the offer of the commissioners
(C) know more about the various
branches of science than the commissioners do
(D) have a better way of educating
young men than the commissioners do
(E)
should not offer to educate the sons of the
gentlemen of Virginia
24. The tone of
the speech as a whole is best described as
(A) aloof but angry
(B)
insistently demanding
(C) grudgingly
admiring
(D) eager and inquiring
(E) courteous but ironic
第
3
节
综合
811
Questions 9 and 10 are based on the
following passage.
In the 1880‘s, when
the commercial theater
had ceased to be
regarded as a fit medium for
serious
writers, British intellectuals came to champion
the plays of an obscure Norwegian
dramatist. Hungry for a theater that
spoke to their intellects, they wholeheartedly
embraced
the social realist
dramas of Henrik Ibsen.
(L7-12)
Eleanor Marx,
daughter of
Karl Marx, went so far as
to teach herself Norwegian in order to translate
Ibsen‘s
A Doll’s
House
, which she presented
in an amateur performance in a Bloomsbury drawing
room.
9. The word
―embraced‖ (line 6) most nearly means
(A) clasped
(B) adopted
(C) comprised
(D)
incorporated
(E) hugged
10.
The discussion of Eleanor Marx in lines
7
–
12
(―Eleanor...room‖) serves primarily
to
(A) propose a
counterexample
(B) correct an
inaccurate statement
(C) introduce a
questionable hypothesis
7
(D) support an earlier assertion
(E) acknowledge a factual discrepancy
Questions 11 and 12 are
based on the following passage.
According to reports from psychologists
worldwide, measures of personal happiness hardly
change as the national income rises.
This finding has led many social critics to
maintain that
income growth has ceased
to foster well-being.
(L6-12)
A moment‘s
recollection suggests
otherwise. I
remember years ago when our car clanked and
juddered and limped into a
garage,
warning lights ablaze. ―Threw a
rod,‖ said the mechanic. ―Junk her.‖ I
remember
interminable trips
to used-car lots, sleepless nights worrying about
debt, calls to friends
about possible
leads. Recently, my wife suggested we get a new
car. ―Great!‖ I said. ―What
about a hybrid?‖
Money can‘t buy happiness, but having
money
sure takes the pressure off.
11. In lines
6
–
13, the author uses a
personal anecdote to
(A) warn about the
dangers of consumer debt
(B) explain
what caused the author‘s engine trouble
(C) suggest the range of the author‘s
tastes in
automobiles
(D)
express an unorthodox view about psychology
(E) contradict the social critics‘
conclu
sion
12. The author‘s
tone in the closing lines of the
passage
(lines 14 and 15) can best be
characterized as
(A) breezy
(B) objective
(C) cautionary
(D) ambivalent
(E) nostalgic
综合
755
Questions 11 and 12 are based on the
following passage.
This excerpt from
Jack London’s
Call of the Wild
describes the sled dog Buck’s attempt
to rescue his
master from
the rapids.
When Buck felt
Thornton grasp his tail, he headed for the bank,
swimming with all his
splendid
strength. From below came the fatal roaring where
the wild current went wilder and
was
rent in shreds and spray by the rocks that thrust
through like the teeth of an enormous
comb. The suck of the water as it took
the beginning of the last steep
pitch
was frightful,
and Thornton knew that the shore was
impossible. He scraped furiously over a rock,
bruised
across a second, and struck a
third with crushing force. He clutched its
slippery top with both
hands, releasing
Buck, and above the roar of the churning water
shouted:
―Go, Buck! Go!‖
11. In line 8, the word ―pitch‖ most
nearly means
(A) high tone
(B) viscous substance
(C)
recommendation
(D) intensity
(E) slope
8
12. The tone of the passage is best
described as
(A) lyrical
(B)
informative
(C) urgent
(D)
ironic
(E) resigned
综合
5
Certain
qualities common to the sonnet should be noted.
Its definite restrictions make it a
challenge to the artistry of the poet
and call for all the technical
skill at
the poet‘s command.
The more or less
set rhyme patterns occurring regularly within the
short space of fourteen
lines
afford
a pleasant effect on
the ear of the reader, and can create truly
musical effects.
The rigidity of the
form precludes too great economy or too great
prodigality of words.
Emphasis is
placed on exactness and perfection of expression.
The brevity of the form favors
concentrated expression of ideas or
passion.
1. The author‘s
primary purpose is to
(A)
contrast different types of sonnets
(B)
criticize the limitations of the sonnet
(C) identify the characteristics of the
sonnet
(D) explain why the sonnet has
lost popularity as a literary form
(E)
encourage readers to compose formal sonnets
2. The word ―afford‖ in line 6
means
(A) initiate
(B) exaggerate
(C) are able
to pay for
(D) change into
(E) provide
3. The author‘s
a
ttitude toward the sonnet form can
best be described as one of
(A) amused
toleration
(B) grudging admiration
(C) strong disapprobation
(D) effusive enthusiasm
(E)
scholarly appreciation
单项
195
Questions
11 and 12 are based on the following passage.
―What monsters these devilfish are,
what
vitality our Creator has given
them, what vigor in
their movements!‖
So Jules Verne
wrote, conjuring up the
attack of the giant squid.
(L5-10)
Despite
Ver
ne‘s stirring words,
members
of genus
Architeuthis
(Greek for
―chief‖
squid) have shown
little vitality on surfacing; commonly they have
been found dead or dying,
caught in
trawlers‘ nets or washed
ashore.
(L10-16)
Marine biologists
have long dreamed of
observing these
reputedly lethargic creatures of the deep in their
native habitat. Now a team
of Japanese
scientists has managed to film a giant squid
aggressively attacking its prey at a
depth of 3,000 feet. The race to film
the giant squid is over.
9
11. The tone of lines
5
–10 (―Despite…ashore‖) is
best described as
(A) ebullient
(B) censorious
(C) resentful
(D) ironic
(E) mournful
12. The conclusion of the passage
(lines 10
–
16) suggests that
the giant squid
(A) is a more active
predator than previously supposed
(B)
deserves its reputation for lethargy
(C) has abandoned its native habitat
(D) will be featured in a horror movie
(E) is preyed upon by other creatures
of the deep
第
4
节
单项
117
Questions 8
–
15
are based on the following passage.
The
following passage from a 1984
Scientific American
article
reveals the ocean depths to be
the
home of
strong, tumultuous currents. This
theory
challenges the once
widely held view
of the
abyss
as “a region as calm
as it was dark.”
The notion of a tranquil abyss had been
so generally held that many investigators were
initially reluctant to accept the
evidence for strong currents and storms in the
deep sea.
The first argument for the
existence of such currents came from theory. Cold
water is
denser than warm water, and
models of ocean circulation showed that the
sinking of cold
water near the poles
should generate strong, deep and steady currents
flowing toward the
Equator. Subsequent
observations not only confirmed the presence of
the deep currents
but also disclosed
the existence of eddies on the western side of
ocean basins that can be
some 300 times
as energetic as the mean current. Photographs of
the sea floor underlying
the deep
currents also revealed extensive graded beds
indicative of the active transport of
sediment. The final evidence for
dynamic activity at great depths came from direct
measurements of currents and sediments
in the North Atlantic carried out in the
HEBBLE
1
program.
Before we describe the HEBBLE findings
in some detail let us briefly review the sources
and
sinks of deep-sea sediments and the
forces that activate the global patterns of ocean
circulation. The sediments that end up
on the ocean floor are of two main types.
One component is the
detritus
2
whose source is
the
(L31) weathering of
rocks
on
continents and
islands. This detritus, together with decaying
vegetable matter from land
plants, is
carried by rivers to the edge of the continent and
out onto the continental shelf,
where
it is picked up by marine currents. Once the
detritus reaches the edge of the shelf it
is carried to the base of the
continental rise by gravitational processes. A
significant amount
of terrestrial
material is also blown out to sea in subtropical
regions by strong desert winds.
Every
year some 15 billion tons of continental material
reaches the outlets of streams
and
rivers. Most of it is trapped there or on the
continental shelves; only a few billion
tons escapes into the deep sea.
10
The second
major component arriving at the sea floor consists
of the shells and skeletons
of dead
microscopic organisms that flourish and die in the
sunlit waters of the top 100
meters of
the world‘s oceans. Such
biological
material contributes to the total inventory at
the bottom about three billion tons per
year. Rates of accumulation are governed by rates
of
biological productivity, which are
controlled in part by surface currents. Where
surface
currents meet they are said to
converge, and where they part they are said to
diverge.
Zones of divergence of major
water masses allow nutrient-rich deeper
water to ―outcrop‖ at
the
sunlit zone where photosynthesis and the resulting
fixation of organic carbon take place.
Such belts of high productivity and
high rates of accumulation are normally around the
major oceanic fronts (such as the
region around the Antarctic) and along the edges
of major
currents (such as the Gulf
Stream off New England and the Kuroshio currents
off Japan).
Nutrient-rich water also
outcrops in a zone along the Equator, where there
is a divergence of
two major, wind-
driven gyres.
8. The
primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) contrast surface currents with
marine currents
(B) question the
methods of earlier investigators
(C)
demonstrate the benefits of the HEBBLE program
(D) describe a replicable laboratory
experiment
(E) summarize evidence
supporting oceanic circulation
9. Which
of the following best describes the attitude of
many scientists when they first
encountered the theory that strong
currents are at work in the deeps?
(A)
Somber resignation
(B) Measured
approbation
(C) Marked skepticism
(D) Academic detachment
(E)
Active espousal
10. According to the
passage, the earliest data supporting the idea
that the sea depths are
dynamic rather
than placid came from theory based on
(A) underwater photographic surveys
(B) the activities of the HEBBLE
program
(C) analysis of North Atlantic
sea-bed sediments
(D) direct
measurement of undersea currents
(E)
models showing how hot and cold water interact
11. Th
e phrase ―the
weathering of rocks‖ (line 31)
refers
to their
(A) moisture content
(B) ability to withstand meteorological
phenomena
(C) wearing away from
exposure to the elements
(D) gradual
hardening into geological strata
(E)
rugged foundation
12. As defined in the
passage, the second type of deep-sea sediment
consists of which of the
following?
I. Minute particles of rock
II. Fragmentary shells
III.
Wind-blown soil
11
(A) I only
(B)
II only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I,
II, and III
13. This passage most
likely would be of particular interest to
(A) navigators of sailing vessels
(B) students of global weather patterns
(C) current passengers on ocean liners
(D) designers of sea-floor structures
(E) researchers into photosynthesis
14. In the passage the authors do all
of the following EXCEPT
(A) approximate
an amount
(B) refer to a model
(C) give an example
(D)
propose a solution
(E) support a theory
15. The style of the passage can best
be described as
(A) oratorical
(B) epigrammatic
(C)
expository
(D) digressive
(E) metaphorical
句子作用
1.
Properly
speaking,
a
movement
is
a
continuous,
collective
effort
to
bring
about
fundamental social
reform. …
The first sentence
of the passage primarily serves to
?
A.
present a controversial opinion
?
B. question the
effectiveness of a process
?
C. provide an example of an abstract
idea
?
D. define
the meaning of a term
?
E. offer a solution to a problem
2.
In size and mass, Venus is almost the
equal of Earth, and its gravitational field is
only
slightly weaker than ours, so that
logically it might be expected to have the same
kind of
atmosphere
–
but this is emphatically
not so.
The statement in
lines 11-14 functions primarily to
?
A.
dismiss a plausible supposition
?
B. mock an
outrageous claim
?
C. bolster an accepted opinion
?
D. summarize a
particular experiment
?
E. undermine a controversial hypothesis
12
综合
108
Descended
from West African slaves,
Georgia‘s Sea
Islanders retain not only many
African
rhythms and musical instruments but
also singing games more like British games than
African ones. One spiraling game is
―Wind up this
borrin.‖ Some
teachers claim ―borrin‖ is a
corruption
of ―borrowing,‖ and explain that
penniless
islanders always borrowed.
The
game‘s spiraling,
happy
ending shows their joy in having enough so that
they no longer need
to borrow. This is
pure
invention.
(L7)
Yes, islanders always
borrowed. But that has nothing
to do
with the ―borrin‖ in this
game. The spiraling figure is the
English ―wind
the bobbin‖;
the
teachers‘ claim may
sound
persuasive, but i
t
just isn‘t true.
1. In line 7
, ―pure‖ most
nearly means
(A) chaste
(B) immaculate
(C) guiltless
(D) absolute
(E) abstract
2. In line 7
(―Yes . . .
borrowed‖), the author does
which of
the following?
(A) Denies a possibility
(B) Makes a concession
(C)
Exaggerates a claim
(D) Refutes a
theory
(E) Draws an inference
单项
252
Questions
16
–
24 are based on the
following passage.
African elephants
now are an endangered species. The following
passage, taken from an
article written
in 1989, discusses the potential ecological
disaster that might occur if the
elephant were to become extinct.
The African
elephant
—
mythic symbol of a
continent, keystone of its ecology and the largest
land animal remaining on
earth
—
has become the object
of one of the biggest, broadest
international efforts yet mounted to
turn a threatened species off the road to
extinction. But
it is not only the
elephant‘s
survival that is at stake,
conservationists say. Unlike the
endangered tiger, unlike even the great
whales, the African elephant is in great measure
the
architect of its environment. As a
voracious eater of vegetation, it largely shapes
the
forest-and-savanna surroundings in
which it lives, thereby setting the terms of
existence for
millions of other storied
animals
—
from zebras to
gazelles to giraffes and
wildebeests
—
that
share its habitat. And as the elephant
disappears, scientists and conservationists say,
many
other species will also disappear
from vast stretches of forest and savanna,
drastically
altering and impoverishing
whole ecosystems.
It is the elephant‘s
metabolism and appetite
that make it a
disturber of the environment and
therefore an important creator of
habitat. In a constant search for the 300 pounds
of
vegetation it must have every day,
it kills small trees and underbrush and pulls
branches off
big trees as high as its
trunk will reach. This creates innumerable open
spaces in both deep
tropical forests
and in the woodlands that cover part of the
African savannas. The resulting
13
patchwork, a mosaic of
vegetation in various stages of regeneration, in
turn creates a
greater variety of
forage that attracts a greater variety of other
vegetation-eaters than
would otherwise
be the case.
In studies over the last
twenty years in southern Kenya near Mount
Kilimanjaro, Dr. David
Western has
found that when elephants are allowed to roam the
savannas naturally and
normally, they
spread out at ―intermediate
densities.‖ Their foraging creates a
mixture of
savanna woodlands
(what the Africans call bush) and grassland. The
result is a highly
diverse array of
other plant-eating species: those like the zebra,
wildebeest and gazelle,
that graze;
those like the giraffe, bushbuck and lesser kudu,
that browse on tender shoots,
buds,
twigs and leaves; and plant-eating primates like
the baboon and vervet monkey.
These
herbivores attract carnivores like the lion and
cheetah.
When the elephant population
thins out, Dr. Western said, the woodlands become
denser
and the grazers are squeezed
out. When pressure from poachers forces elephants
to crowd
more densely onto
reservations, the woodlands there are knocked out
and the browsers and
primates
disappear.
Something similar appears to
happen in dense tropical rain forests. In their
natural state,
because the overhead
forest canopy shuts out sunlight and prevents
growth on the forest
floor, rain
forests provide slim pickings for large, hoofed
plant-eaters. By pulling down trees
and
eating new growth, elephants enlarge natural
openings in the canopy, allowing plants to
regenerate on the forest floor and
bringing down vegetation from the canopy so that
smaller
species can get at it.
In such situations, the rain forest
becomes hospitable to large plant-eating mammals
such
as bongos, bush pigs, duikers,
forest hogs, swamp antelopes, forest buffaloes,
okapis,
sometimes gorillas and always a
host of smaller animals that thrive on secondary
growth.
When elephants disappear and
the forest reverts, the larger animals give way to
smaller,
nimbler animals like monkeys,
squirrels and rodents.
16.
The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining why elephants are facing
the threat of extinction
(B) explaining
difficulties in providing sufficient forage for
plant-eaters
(C) explaining how the
elephant‘s impact on its
surroundings
affects other species
(D)
distinguishing between savannas and rain forests
as habitats for elephants
(E)
contrasting elephants with members of other
endangered species
17. The word
―mounted‖ in line 5 means
(A) ascended
(B) increased
(C) launched
(D) attached
(E) exhibited
18. In the
opening paragraph, the author mentions tigers and
whales in order to emphasize
which
point about the elephant?
(A) Like
them, it faces the threat of extinction.
(B) It is herbivorous rather than
carnivorous.
(C) It moves more
ponderously than either the tiger or the whale.
(D) Unlike them, it physically alters
its environment.
(E) It is the largest
extant land mammal.
14
19. A necessary component of the
elephant‘s ability
to transform the
landscape is its
(A) massive
intelligence
(B) threatened extinction
(C) ravenous hunger
(D) lack
of grace
(E) ability to
regenerate
20. The
aut
hor‘s style can best be described
as
(A) hyperbolic
(B) naturalistic
(C)
reportorial
(D) esoteric
(E)
sentimental
21. It can be inferred from
the passage that
(A) the lion and the
cheetah commonly prey upon elephants
(B) the elephant is dependent upon the
existence of smaller plant-eating mammals for its
survival
(C) elephants have
an indirect effect on the hunting patterns of
certain carnivores
(D) the floor of the
tropical rain forest is too overgrown to
accommodate larger planteating
species
(E) the natural tendency of elephants
is to crowd together in packs
22. The
passage contains information that would answer
which of the following questions?
I.
How does the elephant‘s foraging affect
its
surroundings?
II. How do
the feeding patterns of gazelles and giraffes
differ?
III. What occurs in the rain
forest when the elephant population dwindles?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and
III only
(E) I, II, and III
23. The word ―host‖ in line 76
means
(A) food source for
parasites
(B) very large number
(C) provider of hospitality
(D) military force
(E)
angelic company
24. Which of the
following statements best
expresses the
author‘s attitude toward the
damage to vegetation caused by foraging
elephants?
(A) It is an unfortunate by-
product of the feeding process.
(B) It
is a necessary but undesirable aspect of elephant
population growth.
(C) It fortuitously
results in creating environments suited to diverse
species.
(D) It has the unexpected
advantage that it allows scientists access to the
rain forest.
(E) It reinforces the
impression that elephants are a disruptive force.
15
第
5
节
Paule Marshall‘s Brown
Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the
depiction of female
characters in Black
American literature. Marshall
avoided
the oppressed and
tragic heroine
in conflict with White
society that had been typical of the protest
novels of the early
twentieth century.
Like
her immediate
predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn
Brooks, she focused her novel on an
ordinary Black woman‘s search for
identit
y within the
context
of a Black community. But Marshall
extended
the analysis of
Black female
characters begun by
Hurston and Brooks
by
depicting her heroine‘s development in
terms of
the relationship between her
Barbadian American parents, and
by
exploring how male and
female roles were defined by their
immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by
the
materialism of White America. By
placing characters within a wider cultural
context,
Marshall attacked racial and
sexual stereotypes and
paved the way
for
explorations of race,
class, and gender in the novels of the
1970‘s.
综合
53
Questions 16
–
24
are based on the following passage.
The
following passage about pond-dwellers is excerpted
from a classic essay on natural
history
written by the zoologist Konrad Lorenz.
There are some terrible
robbers
in the pond world,
and, in our aquarium, we may witness
all the cruelties of an embittered
struggle for existence enacted before our very
eyes. If you
have introduced to your
aquarium
(L5)a mixed catch
,
you will soon see an example of
such
conflicts, for, amongst the new arrivals, there
will probably be a larva of the
water-
beetle
Dytiscus
. Considering
their relative size, the voracity and cunning with
which
these animals destroy their prey
eclipse the methods of even such notorious robbers
as
tigers, lions, wolves, or killer
whales. These are all as lambs compared with the
Dytiscus
larva.
(L14)
It is a slim,
streamlined insect, rather more than two inches
long. Its six legs are
equipped with
stout fringes of bristles, which form broad oar-
like blades that propel the
animal
quickly and surely through the water. The wide,
flat head bears an enormous,
pincer-
shaped pair of jaws that are hollow and serve not
only as syringes for injecting poison,
but also as orifices of ingestion.
(L21)
The animal lies in
ambush on some waterplant;
suddenly it
shoots at lightning speed towards its prey, darts
underneath it, then quickly
jerks up
its
head and grabs the victim in its
jaws. ―Prey,‖ for
these creatures, is
all that
moves or that smells of
―animal‖ in any way. It has often
happened to me
that, while
standing quietly in the water of a
pond, I have been ―eaten‖ by a
Dytiscus
larva. Even for
man, an injection of the poisonous
digestive juice of this insect is extremely
painful.
These beetle larvae are among
the few animals that digest
(L33)
“out of doors.”
The
glandular secretion that they inject,
through their hollow forceps, into their prey,
dissolves
the entire inside of the
latter into a liquid soup, which is then sucked in
through the same
channel by the
attacker. Even large victims, such as fat tadpoles
or dragon-fly larvae, which
have been
bitten by a
Dytiscus
larva,
stiffen after a few defensive moments, and their
inside,
which, as in most water
animals, is more or less transparent, becomes
opaque as though
fixed by formalin. The
animal swells up first, then gradually shrinks to
a limp bundle of skin
16
that hangs from the deadly jaws, and is
finally allowed to drop. In the confines of an
aquarium, a few large
Dytiscus
larvae will, within
days, eat all living things over a quarter of
an inch long. What happens then? They
will eat each other, if they have not already done
so;
this depends less on who is bigger
and stronger than upon who succeeds in seizing the
other
first. I have often seen two
nearly equal sized
Dytiscus
larvae each seize the other
simultaneously and both die a quick
death by inner dissolution. Very few animals, even
when threatened with starvation, will
attack an equal sized animal of their own species
with
the intention of devouring it. I
only know this to be definitely true of rats and a
few related
rodents; that wolves do the
same thing, I am much inclined to doubt, on the
strength of
some observations of which
I shall speak later. But
Dytiscus
larvae devour
animals of their
own breed and size,
even when other nourishment is at hand, and that
is done, as far as I
know, by no other
animal.
16. By robbers
(line 1), the author refers to
(A)
thieves
(B) plagiarists
(C)
people who steal fish
(D) creatures
that devour their prey
(E) unethical
scientific observers
17. As used in
line 5, a
―mixed catch‖ most likely
is
(A) a device used to shut
the aquarium lid temporarily
(B) a
disturbed group of water beetle larvae
(C) a partially desirable prospective
denizen of the aquarium
(D) a random
batch of creatures taken from a pond
(E) a theoretical drawback that may
have positive results
18. The presence
of Dytiscus larvae in an aquarium most likely
would be of particular
interest to
naturalists studying
(A) means of
exterminating water-beetle larvae
(B)
predatory patterns within a closed environment
(C) genetic characteristics of a mixed
catch
(D) the effect of captivity on
aquatic life
(E) the social behavior of
dragon-fly larvae
19. The author‘s
primary purpose in lines 14–
21 is to
(A) depict the typical victim of a
Dytiscus larva
(B) point out the threat
to humans represented by Dytiscus larvae
(C) describe the physical appearance of
an aquatic predator
(D) refute the
notion of the aquarium as a peaceful habitat
(E) clarify the method the Dytiscus
larva uses to dispatch its prey
20. The
passage mentions all of the following facts about
Dytiscus larvae EXCEPT that they
(A)
secrete digestive juices
(B) attack
their fellow larvae
(C) are attracted
to motion
(D) provide food for
amphibians
(E) have ravenous appetites
17
21. By digesting ―out of
doors‖
(line 33), the author is
referring to the Dytiscus
larva‘s
(A) preference for
open-water ponds over confined spaces
(B) metabolic elimination of waste
matter
(C) amphibious method of
locomotion
(D) extreme voraciousness of
appetite
(E) external conversion of
food into absorbable form
22. According
to the author, which of the following is (are)
true of the victim of a Dytiscus
larva?
I. Its interior increases in opacity.
II. It shrivels as it is drained of
nourishment.
III. It is beheaded by the
larva‘s jaw
s.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) II and
III only
23. In the final paragraph,
the author mentions rats and related rodents in
order to
emphasize which point about
Dytiscus larvae?
(A) Unless starvation
drives them, they will not resort to eating
members of their own
species.
(B) They are reluctant to attack equal-
sized members of their own breed.
(C)
They are capable of resisting attacks from much
larger animals.
(D) They are one of
extremely few species given to devouring members
of their own breed.
(E) Although they
are noted predators, Dytiscus larvae are less
savage than rats.
24. The author
indicates that in subsequent passages he will
discuss
(A) the likelihood of
cannibalism among wolves
(B) the
metamorphosis of dragon-fly larvae into dragon-
flies
(C) antidotes to cases of
Dytiscus poisoning
(D) the digestive
processes of killer whales
(E) the
elimination of Dytiscus larvae from Aquariums
综合
885
Questions
16
–
24 are based on the
following passage.
This passage is from
a book written by a contemporary American surgeon
about the art of
surgery.
One holds the knife as one holds the
bow of a cello or a tulip
—
by
the stem. Not palmed nor
gripped nor
grasped, but lightly, with the tips of the
fingers. The knife is not for pressing. It
is for drawing across the field of
skin. Like a slender fish, it waits, at the ready,
then, go! It
darts, followed by a fine
(L7)wake of red
. The flesh
parts
, falling away to
yellow globules
of fat. Even now, after
so many times, I still marvel at its
power
—
cold, gleaming,
silent.
More, I am still struck with
dread that it is I in whose hand the blade
travels, that my hand
is its vehicle,
that yet again this terrible steel-bellied thing
and I have conspired for a most
unnatural purpose, the laying open of
the body of a human being.
A stillness
settles in my heart and is carried to my hand. It
is the quietude of resolve layered
18
over fear. And it is this
resolve that lowers us, my knife and me, deeper
and deeper into the
person beneath. It
is an entry into the body that is nothing like a
caress; still, it is among the
gentlest
of acts. Then stroke and stroke again, and we are
joined by other instruments,
hemostats
and forceps, until the wound blooms with
(L24) strange flowers
whose
looped
handles fall to the sides in
steely array.
There is a
sound, the tight click of clamps fixing teeth into
severed blood vessels, the snuffle
and
gargle of the suction machine clearing the field
of blood for the next stroke, the litany of
monosyllables with which one prays his
way down and in:
clamp, sponge, suture,
tie, cut
.
And there is
color. The green of the cloth, the white of the
sponges, the red and yellow of the
body. Beneath the fat lies the fascia,
the tough fibrous sheet encasing the muscles. It
must
be sliced and the red beef of the
muscles separated. Now there are retractors to
hold apart
the wound. Hands move
together, part, weave. We are fully
(L38) engaged
, like children
absorbed in a game or the craftsmen of
some place like Damascus.
Deeper still.
The peritoneum, pink and gleaming and membranous,
bulges into the wound.
It is grasped
with forceps, and opened. For the first time we
can see into the cavity of the
abdomen.
Such a primitive place.
(L45)One
expects to find drawings of buffalo on the
walls.
The sense of
trespassing
is keener now, heightened
by the world‘s light
illuminating
the organs, their secret colors
revealed
—
maroon and salmon
and yellow. The vista is
sweetly
vulnerable at this moment, a kind of welcoming. An
arc of the liver shines high and
on the
right, like a dark sun. It laps over the pink
sweep of the stomach, from whose lower
border the gauzy omentum is draped, and
through which veil one sees, sinuous, slow as
just-fed snakes, the
indolent coils of the intestine. You
turn aside to wash your gloves. It is a ritual
cleansing. One
enters this temple
doubly washed. Here is man as microcosm,
representing in all his parts
the
Earth, perhaps the universe.
I must
confess that the priestliness of my profession has
ever been impressed on me. In the
beginning there are vows, taken with
all solemnity. Then there is the endless harsh
novitiate
of training, much fatigue,
much sacrifice. At last one emerges as a
celebrant, standing close
to the truth
lying curtained in the ark of the body. Not
surplice and cassock but mask and
gown
are your regalia. You hold no chalice, but a
knife. There is no wine, no wafer. There are
only the facts of blood and flesh.
16. The passage is best
described as
(A) a definition of a
concept
(B) an example of a particular
method
(C) a discussion of an agenda
(D) a description of a process
(E) a lesson on a technique
17. The ―wake of red‖ to which the
author refers
(line 7) is
(A) a sign of embarrassment
(B) an infectious rash
(C) a
line of blood
(D) the blade of the
knife
(E) a trail of antiseptic
19
18. In line 7, ―parts‖ most nearly
means
(A) leaves
(B) splits
(C) rushes
(D) shares
(E) quivers
19. The ―strange flowers‖ with which
the wound
blooms (line 24) are
(A) clots of blood
(B)
severed blood vessels
(C) scattered
sponges
(D) gifts of love
(E) surgical tools
20. In
writing of the ―strange flowers‖ with
which
the wound blooms (lines
22
–
25), the
author is being
(A)
technical
(B) derogatory
(C)
ambivalent
(D) metaphorical
(E) didactic
21. The word
―engaged‖ in line 38 most nearly means
(A) compromised
(B)
engrossed
(C) delighted
(D)
determined
(E) betrothed
22.
In lines 45
–46, the comment ―One
expects to find
drawings of
buffalo on the walls‖
metaphorically
compares the abdominal cavity to
(A) an
art gallery
(B) a zoological display
(C) a natural history museum
(D) a prehistoric cave
(E) a
Western film
23. In creating an
impression of abdominal surgery for the reader,
the author makes use of
(A) comparison
with imaginary landscapes
(B) contrast
to other types of surgery
(C)
description of meteorological processes
(D) evocation of the patient‘s
emotions
(E) reference to
religious observances
24. One aspect of
the passage that may make it difficult to
appreciate is the author‘s
apparent assumption throughout that
readers will
(A) have qualms about
reading descriptions of major surgery
(B) be already familiar with handling
surgical tools
(C) be able to visualize
the body organs that are named
(D)
relate accounts of specific surgical acts to their
own experience of undergoing surgery
(E) remember their own years of medical
training
20
综合
698
Questions 13
–
24
are based on the following passage.
Rock musicians often affect the role of
social revolutionaries. The following passage is
taken
from an unpublished thesis on the
potential of rock and roll music to contribute to
political
and social change.
It should be clear from the
previous arguments that rock and roll cannot
escape its role as
a part of popular
culture. One important part of that role is its
commercial nature. Rock and
roll is
―big
corporation business in America
and around the globe. As David De Voss has
noted: ?Over fifty
U.S. rock
artists annually earn from $$2 million to $$6
million.
(L8-11)
At
last count, thirty-five artists and
fifteen additional groups make from three to seven
times
more than America‘s highest
paid
business
executive.‘‖
Perhaps the
most damning argument against rock and roll as a
political catalyst is suggested
by John
Berger in an essay on advertising. Berger
argues that ―publicity turns
consumption
into a
substitute for democracy. The choice of what one
eats (or wears or drives) takes the
place of significant
political choice.‖ To the extent that
rock and
roll is big business, and that
it is marketed like other consumer
goods, rock and roll also serves this role. Our
freedom to
choose the music we are sold
may be distracting us from more important
concerns. It is this
tendency of rock
and roll, fought against but also fulfilled by
punk, that Julie Burchill and
Tony
Parsons describe in
The Boy
Looked at Johnny: The Obituary of Rock
and Roll.
Never mind, kid,
there‘ll soon be another
washing-machine/spot-cream/rock-band on
the market to solve all your problems
and
keep you quiet/off the
street/distracted from
the real
enemy/content till the next pay-day.
Anyhow, God Save Rock and Roll. . . it
made you a consumer, a potential Moron.
. .
IT‘S ONLY ROCK AND ROLL AND
IT‘S
PLASTIC, PLASTIC, YES
IT IS!!!!!!
(L27-35)
This is
a frustrating conclusion to reach, and it is
especially frustrating for rock and roll
artists who are dissatisfied with the
political systems in
which they live.
If rock and roll‘s
ability to promote
political change is hampered by its popularity,
the factor that gives it the
potential
to reach significant numbers of people, to what
extent can rock and roll artists act
politically? Apart from charitable
endeavors, with which rock and roll artists have
been quite
successful at raising money
for various causes, the potential for significant
political activity
promoting change
appears quite limited.
The history of
rock and roll is filled with rock artists who
abandoned, at least on vinyl, their
political commitment.
(L51-55)Bob Dylan
, who, by
introducing the explicit politics of folk
music to rockand roll, can be credited
with introducing the political rock and roll of
the sixties,
quickly abandoned politics
for more personal issues. John Lennon, who was
perhaps more
successful than any other
rock and roll artist at getting political material
to the popular
audience, still had a
hard time walking the line between being overtly
political but unpopular
and being
apolitical and
extremely popular. In
1969 ―Give Peace a
Chance‖
reached number
fourteen on the
Billboard singles char
ts. 1971 saw
―Power to the
People‖ at
number eleven.
But the apolitical
―Instant Karma‖ reached number three on
the
charts one year earlier.
―Imagine,‖ which mixed
personal and political concerns, also reached
number three one
21