词素分类word版

In

linguistics

, a

morpheme

is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the

smallest

meaningful

unit

of

a

language.

The

field

of

study

dedicated

to

morphemes

is

called

morphology

. A morpheme is not identical to a

word

, and the principal difference between the

two is that a morpheme

may

or

may not

stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding.

When it stands by itself, it is considered as a

root

because it has a meaning of its own (e.g. the

morpheme

cat

) and when it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it

has a grammatical function (e.g. the

–

s

in

cats

to indicate that it is plural).

[1]

Every word comprises

one or more morphemes.

在语言学

,

一个语素是最小的语法单位的语言。

换句话说

,

它是 最小的有意义的语言单位。

领

域的研究致力于词素形态。

语素是不相同的词两者之间的主要区别是

,

一 个语素可能或可能

不独立

,

而一个词< /p>

,

根据定义

,

是 独立的。

当它本身

,

它被认为是一个根因为它有一个自己的

(

例

),

当它取决于另一个语素表达一 个想法

,

它是一个词缀

,

因为它有一个语法功

能

(

例 如

- s

在猫表明它是复数

)

。

[1]

每一个字都包含一个或多个语素。

Classification of morphemes[edit]

Free and bound morphemes[edit]

Every

morpheme

can

be

classified

as

either

free

or

bound.[2]

These

categories

are

mutually

exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them.

Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other

lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).

Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes

with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to

form

a

word.

Most

bound

morphemes

in

English

are

affixes,

particularly

prefixes

and

suffixes.

Examples of suffixes are -tion, -ation, -ible, -ing, etc. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are

called cranberry morphemes.

语素的分类

(

编辑

]

自由和黏着语素

(

编辑

每一个语素可以分为免费或绑定。

[2]

这 些类别是相互排斥的

,

因此

,

一个给定的语素将属于正

是其中之一。

自由语素

(

如可以独立运行的话。小镇

,

狗

),

会出现与其 他词位

(

如。市政厅

,

狗窝

)

。

< br>黏着语素仅出现部分单词

,

总是与一个根有时与其他绑定 语素。

例如

,

联合国

-

只出现伴随着

其他语素组成 一个单词。

英语中最黏着语素词缀

,

特别是前缀和后缀。

后缀的例子有表 示结

果

,

信息

,

可能

,ing

等等。没有词缀叫做绑 定语素蔓越莓词素。

Classification of bound morphemes[edit]

Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.

Derivational morphemes[edit]

Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of

speech

of

the

affected

word.

For

example,

in

the

word

happiness,

the

addition

of

the

bound

morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness).

In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word

formed by the root kind. Generally the affixes used with root word are the bound morphemes.

Inflectional morphemes[edit]

Inflectional

morphemes

modify

a

verb's

tense,

aspect,

mood,

person,

or

number,

or

a

noun's,