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英语语言学复习资料（名词解释）
1 language: language is a system of
arbitrary vocal symbols used for
human
communication.
1
interlanguage:The
type
of
language
produced
by
nonnative
speakers
in
the
process
of
learning
a
second
language
or
foreign
language.
1 Linguistics :
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific
study
of language
2
Phonetics
:
The
study
of
sounds
which
are
used
in
linguistics
communication is
called example,vowels and consonants
3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds
are put togeth
er and used
in
communication
is
called
example,phone,phoneme,and
allophone.
4
Morphology
形态学
:The
study
of
the way
in
which
morphemes
are
arranged
to
form
words
is
called
example,boy
and
“ish”
---boyish,teach---
teacher.
5
Syntax
句型
:
The
study
of
how
morphemes
and
words
are
combined
to
form
sentences
is
called
esample,”
John
like
linguistics.”
6
Semantics
语义学
:
The
study
of
meaning
in
language
is
called
semantics.
For
example,:The
seal
could
not
be
zoo
keeper
became worried.” The
seal could not be found,The king became worried.”
Here the word seal means
different things.
7
Pragmatics
语用学
:
The
study
of
meaning
in
context
of
use
is
called
example,
“I
do”
The
word
do
means
different
context.
二
音系学
1
Phonetics:
The
study
of
sounds
that
are
used
in
linguistic
communication is
called phonetics.
2
Phonology: The study of how sounds are put
together and used in
communication is
called phonology.
3 Phone:
Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds
we use
when
speaking
a
language.
A
phone
is
a
phonetic
unit
or
segement.
It
does
not necessarily distin
guish meaning;
some do,some don’t.
4
Phoneme
音素
:
Phonology
is
concerned
with
the
speech
sounds
which
distinguish
meaning.
The
basic
unit
in
phonology
is
called
phoneme;it is a unit
that is of distinctive value.
5
allophone
同位音
:
The
different
phones
which
can
represent
a
phoneme in different phonetic
environment are called the allophones
of
that phoneme.
6
Complementary
distribution:
These
two
allophones
of
the
same
phoneme
are said to be in complementary distribution.
7 Minimal pair: When two
different forms are identical in every way
except
for
one
sound
segement
which
occurs
in
the
same
place
in
the
stings, the two words are said to form
a minimal pair.
10
intonation
朗诵
: When pitch,
stress and sound length are tied to
the
sentence rather than the word in isolation, they
are collectively known
as intonation.
Intonation plays an important role in conveying
meaning in
almost every
language,especially in a language like
English{$$isbest}
三
形态学
1
morphology:
Morphology
is
a
branch
of
grammer
which
studies
the
internal structure of words and the rules by which
words are formed.
2
inflectional
morphology:
Inflectional
morphology
studies
the
inflections of word-formation.
3 derivational morphology:
Derivational morphology is the study of
word-formation.
4
morpheme
词素
:
Morpheme
is
the
smallest
meaningful
unit
of
language.
5
free
morpheme:
Free
morpheme
are
the
morphemes
which
are
independent units of
meaning and can be used freely all by themselces
or
in combination with other morphemes.
6
bound
morpheme:
Bound
morphemes
are
the
morphemes
which
cannot
be
used
independently
but
have
to
be
combined
with
other
morphemes, either free
or bound, to form a word.
7
root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it
can never stand by
itself although it
bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined
with
another root or an
affix to form a word.
8
affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and
derivational.
9 prefix:
Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.
10 suffix: Suffixes are
added to the end of the stems; they modify the
meaning of the original word and in
many cases change its part of speech.
11
derivation:
Derivation
affixes
are
added
to
an
existing
form
to
creat a tion can be
viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to
form nes words.
12 compounding: Like derivation,
compounding is another popular
and
important way of forming new words in English.
Compounding can
be viewed as the
combination of two or sometimes more than two
words
to creat new words.
四
句法学
1
linguistic
competence:
Comsky
defines
competence
as
the
ideal
user’s knowledge of the rules of his
language,and performance the actual
realization of this knowledge in
linguistic communication.
2
sentence : A sentence is a structurally
independent unit that usually
comprises
a number of words to form a complete statement
question or
command.
3
transformation
rules:
Syntactic
movement
is
governed
by
transformational
rules.
The
operation
of
the
transformational
rules
may
change
the syntactic representation of a sentence.