英语语言学 术语英汉对照

整体

,

言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语

5.

语法创始人

:Noam Chomsky

提出概念语言能力与语言运用

competence and performance

1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of

the unique properties of language:

a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language

b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.

c. we can u se language to refer to something not present

d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.

is the most important function of language?

a. interpersonal

b. phatic

c. informative

ingual

function of the sentence

a informative

b. phatic

c. directive

d. performative

distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __

a saussure

b. halliday

c. chomsky

d. the prague school

5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?

a. saussure

b. chomsky

c. halliday

d anomymous

第二节

语音学

1.

发音器官由声带

the vocal cords

和三个回声腔组成

2.

辅音

consonant:there

is

an

obstruction

of

the

air

stream

at

some

point

of

the

vocal

tract.

3.

辅音的发音方式

爆破音

complete obstruction

鼻音

nasals

破裂音

plosives

部分阻塞辅音

partial obstruction

擦音

fricatives

破擦音

affricates

等

4.

辅音清浊特征

voicing

辅音的送气特征

aspiration

5.

元音

vowel

分类标准舌翘位置

,

舌高和嘴唇的形状

6

双元音

diphthongs,

有元音过渡

vowel glides

1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.

a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech

b. the perception of sounds

c. the combination of sounds

d. the production of sounds

2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __

a. the place of articulation

obstruction f airstream

c. the position of the tongue

d. the shape of the lips

3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t

a. voiceless

b. spread

4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?

a. voicing

b. aspiration

ess

d. nasality

of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?

a. voicing

c. approximation

d. aspiration

phonological features of the consonant k are __

a. voiced stop

b. voiceless stop

c. voiced fricative

d. voiceless fricative

7.p is divverent from k in __

a. the manner of articulation

b. the shape of the lips

c. the vibration of the vocal cords

palce of articualtion

ion of the vocal cords results in __

a. aspiration

ty

c. obstruction

d. voicing

第三节

音位学

phonology

1.< /p>

音位学与语音学的区别

:

语音学着重于语 音的自然属性

,

主要关注所有语言中人可能发出

的所有声音

;

音位学则强调语音的社会功能

其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的

那 些语音。

2.

音位

phoneme:

最小语音单位

3.

音位变体

allophones:

读音差别

4.

对比性分布

:

如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中

,< /p>

而且产生了两个不同的单词

,

5.

互补性分布

;

如果两个基本相似的音段绝不 会出现在相同的语音环境中

,

那么它们之间就

< br>是互补性分布的关系

,

如送气

p

绝不会出现在

s

之后

< br>,

不送气的

p

绝不会出现在词首

6.

音节

s yllable,

分为节首

onset,

节峰

peak,

节尾

coda

7.

辅音群

:

一般 作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音

,

节尾不能超过

4

个

8.

最小语音对

minimal pairs

I. Introduction

1. What is Language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. What is Linguistics(

语言学

)

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

Basic Distinctions(

区分

) in Linguistics

3.1 Speech and Writing

One general principle(

原则

) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over

writing.

Writing

gives

language

new

scope(

范畴

)

and

uses

that

speech

does

not

have.

3.2 Descriptive(

描述性

) or Prescriptive(

说明性

)

A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it

is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for

3.3 Synchronic(

共时

) and Diachronic(

历时

) Studies

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The

description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

3.4 Langue(

语言

) and Parole(

言语

)

This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist Saussure (

索绪尔

)early last

century.

langue

refers

to

the

abstract

linguistic

system

shared

by

all

the

members

of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(

实际的

) language, or