英语语言学 术语解释

1. Design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality,

creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.

2.

Function:

the

use

of

language

to

communicate,

to

think

,etc.

Language

functions

inclucle

informative

function,

interpersonal

function,

performative

function,interpersonal

function,performative

function,emotive

function,phatic

communion,recreational

function

and

metalingual function.

3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American lingu

ist Pike’s distinction of

phonetics

and

etic

mans

making

far

too

many,

as

well

as

behaviously

inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic ic analysis in

linguistics proper.

4. emic: a term in contrast

with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of

phonetics and emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as

meaningful

via

final

resource

to

the

native

members

of

a

speech

communith

rather

than

via

qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.

5.

synchronic:

a

kind

of

description

which

takes

a

fixed

instant(usually,but

not

necessarily

,the

present),as its point of grammars are of this kind.

onic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,

down rules for language use.

9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.

10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of

linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

11.

duality:

one

design

feature

of

human

language,which

refers

to

the

property

of

having

two

levels of are composed of elements of the and each of the two levels has its own

principles of organization.

12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable

their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,

at the moment of communication.

13. Aphetic communion: one function of human language, which refers to the social interaction of

language.

14. Met

language:

certain

kinds

of

linguistic signs

or

terms

for

the

analysis

and description

of

particular studies.

15.

macro

linguistics:

he

interacting

study

between

language

and

language-related

disciplines

such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence es

of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et

16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.

17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.

18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.

19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).

20

．

Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.

21

．

Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations

are

involved..Coarticulation

can

be

further

divided

into

anticipatory

coarticulation

and

perseverative coarticulation.

22

．

Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal

cords.

23

．

Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called

broad

transcription;the

use

of

a

simple

set

of

symbols

in

transcription

is

called

broad

transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to

as narrow transcription.

24

．

Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at

some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity

.

25

．

Phoneme:

the

abstract

element

of

sound,

identified

as

being

distinctive

in

a

particular

language.

26

．

Allophone:any

of

the

different

forms

of

a

phoneme(eg.is

an

allophone

of

/t/in

/t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of

the phoneme/t/.

27

．

Vowl:are

sound

segments

produced

without

such

obstruction,so

no

turbulence

of

a

total

stopping of the air can be perceived.

28

．

Manner of articulation: in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the

actual

relationship

between

the

articulators

and

thus

the

way

in

which

the

air

passes

through

certain parts of the vocal tract.

of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in

the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.

30

．

Distinctive

features:

a

term

of

phonology,i.e.a

property

which

distinguishes

one

phoneme

from another.

31

．

Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the

same ones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.

32

．

IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International

Phonetic

Association

in

1888

then

it

has

undergong

a

number of

is

a

comprised

system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete

letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.

33

．< /p>

Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than

single

sound

principal

supra- segmental

features

aresyllable,stress,tone,,and

intonation.

34

．

Suprasegmental:aspects

of

speech

that

involve

more

than

single

sound

principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.

35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression_r and

content,a

unit

that

cannot

be

divided

into

further

small

units

without

destroying

or

drastically

altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.

36.

compoundoly

morphemic

words

which

consist

wholly

of

free

morphemes,such

as

classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

tion:

the

manifestation

of

grammatical

relationship

through

the

addition

of

inflectional

affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical

class of the stems to which they are attached.

: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another

morpheme(the root or stem).

39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes

40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.

rph:

any

of

the

different

form

of

a

example,in

English

the

plural

mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs

and as/iz/ in /s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.

:

any

morpheme

or

combination

of

morphemes

to

which

an

inflectional

affix

can

be

added.

43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is

added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.

morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.

:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)

n:

a

list

of

all

the

words

in

a

language

assigned

to

various

lexical

categories

and

provided with semantic interpretation.

tical

word:

word

expressing

grammatical

meanings,such

conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.

48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and

quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.

-class:

a

word

whose

membership

is

in

principle

infinite

or

unlimited,such

as

nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.

50.

blending:

a

relatively

complex

form

of

compounding,in

which

two

words

are

blended

by

joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial

parts of the two words.

51.

Loanword:

a

process

in

which

both

form

and

meaning

are

borrowed

with

only

a

slight

adaptation, in some cases, to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.