英语语言学名词

现代语言学

一

绪论

1

Linguisitics:

语言学

Linguistics

is

generally

defined

as

the

scientific

study

of

language

2

Phonetics:

语

音

学

The

study

of

sounds

which

are

used

in

linguistics

communication is called phonetics. For example,

vowels and consonants

元音、

辅音、

声

调、重音以及节奏、音变

3

Phonology:

音韵学

The

study

of

how

sounds

are

put

together

and

used

in

communication is called phonology. For example,

phone, phoneme, and allophone

.

4

Morphology:

形态学

The study of the way

in which

morphemes are arranged to

form

words

is

called

morphology.

For

example,

boy

and

“ish”

---boyish,

teach---teacher.

5

Syntax:

句法学

The

study

of

how

morphemes

and

words

are

combined

to

form

sentences is called syntax. For example,

”John like linguisti

cs.

”

6

Semantics:

语义学

The

study

of

meaning

in

language

is

called

semantics.

For

example:

“

The

seal

could

not

be

found.

The

zoo

keeper

became

worried.

The

seal

could not be found,

The king became

worried.” Here the

word seal means different

things.

同义词、反义词，同音词

7 Pragmatics:

语用学

The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.

For example, “I do” The word do means different context.

在特定情景中的特定话语，

研究如何

通过语境来理解和使用语言。

8

Sociolinguistics:

社会语言

The

study

of

language

with

reference

to

society

is

called

sociolinguistics.

For

example:

regional

dialects

,

social

variation

in

language.

方言，

9 Psycholinguistics:

语言心理

The study of language with reference to workings of

mind is called psycholinguistics.

二

音系学

1 Phonetics:

语音学

The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is

called phonetics.

2

Phonology:

音

韵

The

study

of

how

sounds

are

put

together

and

used

in

communication is called phonology.

3

Phone:

语音

Phone

can

be

simply

defined

as

the

speech

sounds

we

use

when

speaking a language. A

phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily

distinguish meaning; some do,

some don’t.

4

Phoneme:

音素；音位

Phonology

is

concerned

with

the

speech

sounds

which

distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is

of distinctive value.

5

Allophone:

音位变体

The

different

phones

which

can

represent

a

phoneme

in

different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.

6 Complementary distribution:

互补分布

，语言学专业名词。当 两个语言成分（辅音、元音、词

素等）

不能在同一个环境中出现 ，

即可形成语言互补分布。

These two allophones of the same phoneme

are said to be in complementary distribution.

7

Minimal

pair:

最小对

，在一种语言中， 在某一方面差异最小的一组成分

When

two

different

forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the

same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

8 Stress:

重读

When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable

is pronounced with great force than the other or others

.

9

tones:

声调

Tones

are

pitch

variation,

which

are

caused

by

the

different

rates

of

vibration

of

the

vocal

cords.

Pitch

variations

can

distinguish

meaning

just

like

phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature.

10

Intonation:

语调

When

pitch,

stress

and

sound

length

are

tied

to

the

sentence

rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation

plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in

a language like English

三

形态学

1

morphology:

形态学

Morphology

is

a

branch

of

grammer

which

studies

the

internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed

.

2

inflectional < /p>

morphology:

曲

折

态

学

Inflectional

morphology

studies

the

inflections of word-formation.

3

derivational

morphology:

派生形态学

Derivational

morphology

is

the

study

of

word- formation.

4 morpheme:

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

5

free

morpheme:

自

由

语

素

Free

morpheme

are

the

morphemes

which

are

independent

units

of

meaning

and

can

be

used

freely

all

by

themselves

or

in

combination with other morphemes.

6 bound morpheme:

黏着词素

Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot

be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or

bound, to form a word.

7 root:

A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it

bears

clear,

definite

meaning;

it

must

be

combined

with

another

root

or

an

affix

to

form a word.

8 affix:

词缀

Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.

9 prefix:

前缀

Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.

10 suffix:

后缀

Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning

of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.

11 derivation:

派生

Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.

Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.

12

compounding:

复合词

Like

derivation,

compounding

is

another

popular

and

important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the

combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.

四

句法学

1 linguistic competence:

Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge

of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge

in linguistic communication.

2

sentence

:

A

sentence

is

a

structurally

independent

unit

that

usually

comprises

a

number of words to form a complete statement question or command.

3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The

operation

of

the

transformational

rules

may

change

the

syntactic

representation

of

a

sentence.

4

D-structure

:

A

sentence

may

have

two

levels

of

syntactic

representation.

One

exists

before

movement

take

place,

the

other

occurs

after

movement

take

place.

In

formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed

as D-structure.

5 Move

а

:

Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar

schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any

constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а

五

语义学

1

semantics:

语义学

Semantics

can

be

simply

defined

as

the

study

of

meaning

in

language.

2 sense:

Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the

collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.

3

reference:

Reference

means

what

a

linguistic

form

refers

to

in

the

real,

physical

world;

it

deals

with

the

relationship

between

the

linguistic

element

and

the

non- linguistic world of experience.

4 synonymy:

同义词

Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.

Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.

5 polysemy:

一词多义

Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have

more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic

word.

6 antonymy:

反义词

Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are

opposite in meaning are called antonyms.

7

homonymy:

同音异意

Homonymy

refers

to

the

phenomenon

that

words

having

different meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical in sound or

spelling, or in both.

8 hyponymy:

下义关系

Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general,

more inclusive word and a more specific word.

9 componential analysis:

成分分析

Componential analysis is a way to analyze wprd

meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.

10 grammatical meaning:

语法意义

The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers

to

its

grammaticality,i.e.

its

grammatical

well-formedness.

The

grammaticality

of

asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.

11

semantic

meaning

:

The

semantic

meaning

of

a

sentence

is

governed

by

rules

called selectional restrictions.

12

predication:

预言

In

semantic

analysis

of

a

sentence,

the

basic

unit

is

called

predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.

六

语用学

1 pragmatics:

Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language

use sentences to effect successful communication.

2 context:

语境，上下文

The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of

language.

Generally

speaking,

it

consists

of

the

knowledge

that

is

shared

by

the

speaker and the hearer.

3

utterance

meaning:

话语意义

Utterance

is

based

on

sentence

meaning;

it

is

realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,

or simply in a context.

4

locutionary

act:

言

内

行

为

A

locutionary

act

is

the

act

of

utterance

words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,

lexion and phonology.

5 illocutionary act:

言外行为

An illocutionary

act is the act expressing the speaker’s

intention; It is the act performed in saying something.

6

perlocutionary

act:

言后行为

A

illocutionary

act

is

the

act

performed

by

or

resulting from saying something: it is the consequence of, or the change brought about

by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.

七

历史语言学

1 historical linguistics:

Historical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies

language change.

2 apocope:

字尾音消失（省略）

Another well- documented sound loss is the deletion

of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope.

3

epenthesis:

插入音

A change that involves the insertion of

a

consonant or vowel

sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis.

4 metathesis:

音位转换，语音异位

Sound change as a result of sound movement is

known as metathesis.

5 compounding:

Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one

lexical unit.

6 derivation:

Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the

addition of affixes to the roots.