语言学术语英文表达

语言学作业

CHAPTER

1

Design

features

refers

to

the

defining

properties

of

human

language,

including

arbitrariness,

duality, creativity and displacement.

Function

may be practical. For example, we use language to chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read

and

write,

to

greet,

praise

and

condemn

people,

etc.

But

linguists

talk

about

FUNCTIONS

of

language

in

an

abstract

sense

and

attempt

some

broad

classifications

of

the

basic

functions

of

language

like

the

following:

informative,

interpersonal

function,

performative

function,

emotive

function, phatic function, recreational function, metalingual function.

Synchronic

: Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language at one particular point in time

Diachronic

:

Diachronic linguistics studies how a language changes over a period of time

Descriptive:

to describe the fact of linguistic usage as they are, and not how they ought to be, with

reference to some real or imagined ideal state.

Prescriptive:

a

term

used

to

characterize

any

approach

which

attempt

to

lay

down

rules

of

correctness as to how language should be used.

Arbitrariness

refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to

their meaning. For instance, we can not explain why a

book

is called /buk/ and a pen /pen/.

Duality

means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level

are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles

of organization. It involves system of sounds and system of meaning. A small number of sounds

can

be

grouped

and

regrouped

into

a

larger

unit

of

meaning,

and

the

units

of

meaning

can

be

arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentence.

Displacement

means

human

languages

enable

their

users

to

symbolize

objects,

events

and

concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. That is, our

language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.

Phatic communion

:

refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social

contact rather than for exchange information or ideas (e.g. comments on the weather, or enquiries

about health).

Metalanguage

: is

the language that can be used to talk about itself.

Macrolinguistics:

is linguistics which has interactive links with other sciences such as psychology,

sociology, ethnography, the science of law and artificial intelligence.

Competence

:

competence is a language user 's underlying knowledge about the system of rules.

Performance

: performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.

Langue

-

--refers to the language system shared by a community of speakers.

Parole

-

--is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker.

Chapter 2

Phonetics

-

--the

science

which

studies

the

characteristics

of

human

sound-making,

especially

those

sounds

used

in

speech,

and

provides

methods

for

their

description,

classification

and

transcription.

Articulatory phonetics

:

the study of the way speech sounds are made by the vocal organs

Phonology

:

studies the sound systems of languages.

The aim of phonology is to demonstrate the

patterns of distinctive sound found in a language, and to make as general statements as possible

about the nature of sound systems in the languages of the world.

Speech organs:

are those part of the human body involved in the production of speech.

Voicing:

pronouncing a sound(usu. A vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.

International Phonetic Alphabet:

A phonetic alphabet and diacritic modifiers sponsored by the

International Phonetic Association to provide a uniform and universally understood system for

transcribing the speech sounds of all languages.

Consonant:

A speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air steam by any

various constrictions of the speech organs.

Vowel:

A speech sound created by the relatively free passage of breath through the larynx and oral

cavity, usually forming the most prominent and central sound of a syllable.

Manner of articulation

: refers to the way in which articulation can be accomplished.

Place of articulation:

refers to the point where a consonant is made.

Cardinal Vowels:

are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended

to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.

Semi- vowels:

are those segments which are neither vowels nor consonants but midway between

the two categories.

Vowel glide

:

vowels where there is an audible change of quality.

Co- articulation

:

a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations

are involved. Co-articulation can be further divided into anticipatory co-articulation and

preservative co-articulation.

Phoneme:

(

phoneme refers to a unit of explicit sound contrast: the existence of a minimal pair

automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.)

A class of sounds which are identified by a native speaker as the same sound.

A phonological unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is represented or

realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.

A term used to denote the smallest sound unit that can be segmented from the acoustic flow

of speech and which can function as semantically distinctive units

Allophone

: a positional or free variant of a phoneme

If a sound does not cause a meaning difference in a language, thus it

’

s nondistinctive.

The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme and are known as

allophones.

Assimilation

refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.

Dissimilation

refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment on the production of another,

so that the two sounds in a sequence become less alike or different.

[Elsewhere

condition:

There

are

necessary

and

sufficient

conditions

for

determining

disjunctive

ordering. There are necessary conditions which a pair of rules must meet in order to be disjunctive,

but that disjunctive ordering is still unpredictable once those conditions are meet. ]

Distinctive feature

:

A feature that is able to signal a difference in meaning by changing its plus or

minus value

Syllable

:

A unit of spoken language that is next bigger than a speech sound and consists of one or

more vowel sounds alone or of a syllabic consonant alone or of either with one or more consonant

sounds preceding or following

Maximal onset principle

:

a principle determining underlying syllable division. It states that

intervocalic consonants are maximally assigned to the onsets of syllables in conformity with

universal and language- specific conditions

Stress

:

stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.

Intonation

:

intonation involves the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns ,each of which is

used with a set of relatively consistent meanings, either on single words of on groups of words of

varying length .

Tone

:

(linguistics) a pitch or change in pitch of the voice that serves to distinguish words in tonal

languages.

Chapter 3

Morpheme

:

is the smallest meaningful unit of speech.

Compound:

refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme or the way to

join two separate words to produce a single form

Inflection

:

It indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes, and when inflectional

affixes are added, the grammatical class of the stems will not change.

Affix

is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another

morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound.

Derivation:

It shows a relationship between roots and affixes. It can make the word class of the

original word either changed or unchanged.

Root

is the base form of a word that cannot be further be analyzed without destroying its meaning.

Allomorph

:

some morphemes have a single form in all contexts, while in other instances there

may be considerable variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms.

The alternate shapes or phonetic forms are said to be allomorphs of the same morpheme.

Stem

is any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflection affix can be added.

Bound Morpheme

:

The morphemes which must appear with at least another morpheme, and are

called bound morpheme.

Free

Morpheme:

Those

which

may

occur

alone,

that

is,

those

which

may

constitute

words

by

themselves, are free morphemes.

Lexeme

is the smallest meaningful unit of words.

Lexicon:

generally synonymous with vocabulary. In its technical sense here, lexicon deals with

the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations. It should be noted that lexicon is to be

distinguished from syntax, the association of the latter being purely syntactic. In this sense,

morphology is partly related to lexicon, partly to syntax.

Grammatical words:

grammatical words are words which mainly work for constructing group,

phrase,

clause,

clause

complex,

or

even

text,

such

as

conjunctions,

prepositions,

articles

and

pronouns.

Lexical words

:

lexical words are words which mainly work for referring to substance, action and

quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

Closed- class

:

closed class is one whose membership is fixed or limited and cannot easily add or

deduce a new member, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles and

others.

Open- class:

open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite and unlimited, such as

nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs.