-
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.
Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as
the scientific study of language.
8.
langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic
system shared by all the members of a
speech community.
9. parole
:Parole refers to the realization of langue in
actual use.
10. competence : The ideal
user’s knowledge of the rules of his
language.
mance
:
The
actual
realization
of
this
knowledge
in
linguistic
communication.
12.
language
:
Language
is
a
system
of
arbitrary
vocal
symbols
used
for
human
communication.
features
:
Design
features
refer
to
the
defining
properties
of
human
language
that distinguish it from any animal system of
communication.
14. arbitrariness:
Arbitrariness refers to no logical connection
between meaning and
sound.
15.
productivity:
Users
can
understand
and
produce
sentences
that
they
have
never
heard before.
16.
duality:
Language
consists
of
two
sets
of
structure,
with
lower
lever
of
sound,
which
is meaningless, and the higher lever of meaning.
17.
displacement:
Language
can
be
used
to
refer
to
the
contexts
removed
from
the
immediate
situation
of
the
speaker
no
matter
how
far
away
from
the
topic
of
conversation in time or space.
18. cultural transmission: Language is
culturally transmitted. It is taught and learned
from one generation to the next, rather
than by instinct.
Chapter 2: Phonology
1. phonic medium : The meaningful
speech sound in human communication.
2.
phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language
and it is concerned with all
sounds in
t
he world’s languages.
3. articulatory phonetics : It studies
sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how
a speaker uses his speech organs to
articulate the sounds.
4.
auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the
hearer’s point of view, i.e. how
the
sounds are perceived by the hearer.
5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the
way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves,
the physical means by which sounds are
transmitted through the air from one person
to another.
6. voicing: the
way that sounds are produced with the vibration of
the vocal cords.
7. voiceless: the way
that sounds are produced with no vibration of the
vocal cords.
8. broad transcription:
The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds
or sounds
sequences in written form.
9. narrow transcription: The use of
letter symbol, together with the diacritics to
show
sounds in written form.
10. diacritics: The symbols used to
show detailed articulatory features of sounds.
11. IPA: short for International
Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists
of
letters and diacritics, used to
represent the pronunciation of words in any
language.
12. aspiration: A little puff
of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.
13. manner of articulation : The manner
in which obstruction is created.
14.
place of articulation : The place where
obstruction is created.
15.
consonant:
a
speech
sound
in
which
the
air
stream
is
obstructed
in
one
way
or
another.
16.
vowel
:
a
speech
sound
in
which
the
air
stream
from
the
lung
meets
with
no
obstruction.
17. monophthong
: the individual vowel.
18. diphthong :
The vowel which consists of two individual vowels,
and functions as a
single one.
19. phone : The speech sound we use
when speaking a language.
20.
phoneme
:
The
smallest
unit
of
sound
in
a
language
which
can
distinguish
two
sounds.
21.
allophone
:
any
different
forms
of
the
same
phoneme
in
different
phonetic
environments.
22.
phonology
:
The
description
of
sound
systems
of
particular
languages
and
how
sounds function to distinguish meaning.
23.
phonemic
contrast
:
two
similar
sounds
occur
in
the
same
environment
and
distinguish meaning.
24.
complementary
distribution
:
allophones
of
the
same
phoneme
and
they
don’t
distinguish meaning but complement each
other in distribution.
25. minimal
pair: two different forms are identical in every
way except one sound and
occurs in the
same position. The two sounds are said to form a
minimal pair.
26.
sequential
rules:
The
rules
to
govern
the
combination
of
sounds
in
a
particular
language.
27. assimilation rule: The rule
assimilates one sound to another by copying a
feature
of a sequential phoneme, thus
making the two phones similar.
28.
deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be
deleted although it is orthographically
represented.
29.
suprasegmental features: The phonemic features
that occur above the level of the
segments----syllable, word, sentence.
30.
tone:
Tones
are
pitch
variations,
which
are
caused
by
the
differing
rates
of
vibration of the vocal cords.
31. intonation: When pitch, stress and
sound length are tied to the sentence rather than
the word in isolation, they are
collectively known as intonation.
Chapter 3: Morphology
1. morphology: A branch of linguistics
that studies the internal structure of words and
rules for word formation.
2.
open class: A group of words, which contains an
unlimited number of items, and
new
words can be added to it.
3.
closed
class:
A
relatively
few
words,
including
conjunctions,
prepositions
and
pronouns, and new words
are not usually added to them.
4.
morpheme:
The
smallest
unit
of
meaning
of
a
language.
It
can
not
be
divided
without altering or destroying its
meaning.
5. affix: a letter or a group
of letter, which is added to a word, and which
changes the
meaning or function of the
word, including prefix, infix and suffix.
6. suffix: The affix, which is added to
the end of a word, and which usually changes
the part of speech of a word.
7.
prefix:
The
affix,
which
is
added
to
the
beginning
of
a
word,
and
which
usually
changes the meaning
of a word to its opposite.
8. bound
morpheme: Morpheme that can not be used alone, and
it must be combined
wit others. E.g.
–
ment.
9. free
morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone as a
word.
10. derivational morpheme: Bound
morpheme, which can be added to a stem to form
a new word.
11. inflectional
morpheme: A kind of morpheme, which are used to
make grammatical
categories, such as
number, tense and case.
12.
morphological
rules:
The
ways
words
are
formed.
These
rules
determine
how
morphemes combine to
form words.
13.
compound
words:
A
combination
of
two
or
more
words,
which
functions
as
a
single words
14.
inflection:
the
morphological
process
which
adjusts
words
by
grammatical
modification,
e.g. in The rains came, rain is inflected for
plurality and came for past
tense.
Chapter 4: Syntax
1.
syntax:
A
branch
of
linguistics
that
studies
how
words
are
combined
to
form
sentences and the rules
that govern the formation of sentences.
2. category:
It refers to a
group of linguistic items which fulfill the same
or similar
functions in a particular
language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a
verb.
6.
phrase:
syntactic
units
that
are
built
around
a
certain
word
category
are
called
phrase, the category
of which is determined by the word category around
which the
phrase is built.
8. head: The word round which phrase is
formed is termed head.
9. specifier:
The words on the left side of the heads are said
to function as specifiers.
10.
complement: The words on the right side of the
heads are complements.
11. phrase
structure rule: The special type of grammatical
mechanism that regulates
the
arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is
called a phrase structure rule.
14.
coordination: Some structures are formed by
joining two or more elements of the
same
type
with
the
help
of
a
conjunction
such
as
and
or
or.
Such
phenomenon
is
known as coordination.
15.
subcategorization: The information about a word’s
complement is included in the
head and
termed suncategorization.
16.
complementizer:
Words
which
introduce
the
sentence
complement
are
termed
complementizer.
17.
complement
clause:
The
sentence
introduced
by
the
complementizer
is
called
a
complement clause.
18.
complement phrase: the elements, including a
complementizer and a complement
clause
is called a complement phrase.
19.
matrix clause: the contrusction in which the
complement phrase is embedded is
called
matrix clause.
20. modifier: the
element, which specifies optionally expressible
properties of heads
is called modifier.
21. transformation : a special type of
rule that can move an element from one position
to another
22.
inversion
:
the
process
of
transformation
that
moves
the
auxiliary
from
the
Infl
position
to a position to the left of the subject, is
called inversion.
23. Do insertion : In
the process of forming yes-no question that does
not contain an
overt
Infl,
interrogative
do
is
inserted
into
an
empty
Infl
positon
to
make
transformation work.
24.
deep structure : A level of abstract syntactic
representation formed by the XP rule.
25. surface structure : A level of
syntactic representation after applying the
necessary
syntactic movement, i.e.,
transformation, to the deep structure. (05)
26.
universal
grammar:
the
innateness
principles
and
properties
that
pertain
to
the
grammars of all human
languages.
Chapter 5: Semantics
1. semantics: Semantics can be simply
defined as the study of meaning.
3.
sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent
meaning of the linguistic form. It is the
collection
of
all
the
features
of
the
linguistic
form.
It
is
abstract
and
de-
contexturalized. It is the aspect of meaning
dictionary compilers are interested in.
4. reference : Reference means what
a linguistic form refers to in the
real, physical
world.
It
deals
with
the
relationship
between
the
linguistic
element
and
the
non-linguistic world of experience.
5. synonymy: Synonymy refers to the
sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words
that are close in meaning are called
synonyms.
6. dialectal synonyms:
synonyms that are used in different regional
dialects.
7. stylistic synonyms:
synonyms that differ in style, or degree of
formality.
8.
collocational
synonyms:
Synonyms
that
differ
in
their
colllocation,
i.e.,
in
the
words they go together with.
9. polysemy : The same word has more
than one meaning.
10.
homonymy:
Homonymy
refers
to
the
phenomenon
that
words
having
different
meanings have the
same form, i.e., different words are identical in
sound or spelling,
or in both.
11. homophones: When two
words are identical in sound, they are homophones.
12. homographs: When two words are
identical in spelling, they are homographs.
13. complete homonymy: When two words
are identical in both sound and spelling,
they are complete homonyms.
14. hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the
sense relation between a more general, more
inclusive word and a more specific
word.
15.
superordinate:
The
word
which
is
more
general
in
meaning
is
called
the
superordinate.
16. co-
hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are
co-hyponyms.
17. antonymy: The term
antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning.
20.
relational
opposites:
Pairs
if
words
that
exhibit
the
reversal
of
a
relationship
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：拉丁文辞典语法缩略词
下一篇：河北省浅山丘陵区土地利用变化及人文驱动分析