-
1
、
TWO MAIN LEGAL
FAMILIES
Common/English/English-American Law
(Legal) System/Family
普通法系
- case law system- Anglo-Saxon case-law
system- Anglo-American legal system
Continental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal)
System/Family
大陆法系
- civilian legal system- civil-law
system
2
、
civil
law
民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法
3
、
substantive
Law
（实体法）
VS procedural
Law
（程序法）
4
、
case
law
（案例法）
vs.
statutory law
（成文法）
statutory / written / codified /
enacted law
制定法、成文法
5
、
adversary trial
system
（对抗制）
vs.
inquisitorial system
（纠问制）
6
、
jury trial
system
陪审团制度
7
、
The reports of
the
United States Supreme
Court
联邦最高法院判例汇编
The reports of some
States
州法院判例汇编
8
、
legal
cases
法律案例
9
、
private law and
/ vs. public law
10
、
the statutory
law continues to be subject to binding
interpretation through case law
（其成文法继续适用通过判例法
(
注：即先例
)
进行的有约束力的解释）
11
、
Common law (in
narrow sense):
- common
general law
-
local law
- itinerant
judges of the English royal court
- enforcement of a claim
- special form of action: writ
- classical
Roman law
-
Provisions of Oxford
(1258)
牛津条例
-
“
writ upon the
case
”
本案令状
12
、
enforcement
强制执行；
claim
请求；
action
诉讼行为；
writ
法院令状；
recourse
追
索权；追索，追偿
13
、
Equity
law
衡平法
-
“
equity
”——
doing equity
-
chancellor
- relief
救济
- judiciary
- Court of Chancery
（衡平法院）
and / vs. ordinary
common law courts
-maxim
-
fixed, inflexible
- equitable doctrines
(e.g. law of salvage at sea)
- In a
conflict between law & equity,equity should
prevail.
14
、
award
compensatory, compensate
damages
specific performance
特定履行
|
实际履行
< br>
injunction
强制令
real/immoveable
property
（不动产）
and
/ vs. personal/moveable property
（动产）
15
、
c
ommon law
remedy/relief:
普通法救济
- (compensatory)
damages
金钱赔偿
16
、
e
quity/equitable
remedies/relief:
衡平法救济
- injunction ( a temporary
or final order to do or not to do a specific
act)
强制令
-
specific
performance
(a
party
to
an
agreement
is
ordered
by
the
court
to
perform
his
obligations according to
the terms of the agreement)
- restitution
17
、
judicial
express
（明示）
vs. implied
（默示）
provision,
provide
jurisdiction
管辖区域
,
法域
;
(
司法）管辖权
civil
suit
民事诉讼
title
the law of
property
财产法
before the
judge
在法庭上
17
、
a<
/p>
pply/applicable/available
适用于<
/p>
be subject to
受。
。
。
。的约束
?
This case is
subject to Chinese law.
受
……
约束，引申为适用
?
Chinese law
applies / is applicable to / is available to this
case.
适用于
18
、
pr
ecedent
先例
judge-
made law
法官制定的法律
make the law
制定法律
usage
term
connote / mean
in contrast
to, as contrasted with
subject
matter
标的
19
、
Two parallel
court systems(Double Track
system)
双轨制
?
Federal Court
System
联邦法院系统
- U.S. / Federal District
Court
联邦地区法院
- U.S. / Federal Court of
Appeals
联邦上诉法院
- U.S. / Federal Supreme
Court
联邦最高法院
?
State Court
System
州法院系统
- Trial / circuit Court
审判法院<
/p>
|
巡回法院
- State Appellate Court (Court of
Appeals)
上诉法院
- State Supreme
Court
最高法院
20
、
Separation of
powers
- Legislative
branch:
Congress
- Executive branch:
President
- Judicial
branch:
Courts
Checks and Balances
Judicial Review
- the ability of a court to decide on
the constitutionality of legislation
21
、美国的法官
?
联邦和州最高法院的法官
?
——
大法
官，
justice
Chief Justice
Associate
Justice
?
上诉法院和审判法院的法官
?
——
法官，
judge
Chief Justice
Associate
Justice
?
基层法院的审判人员
?
——
治安法官，
justice of
the peace
?
——
司法官，
magistrate
22
、
The U.S.
Supreme Court, compose of nine justices, sits as
the final and controlling voice over all
these systems.
美国联邦最高法院由
9
个大法官
(1 Chief Justice
and 8 Associate Justice)
组成，
对
全部
这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。
23
、
issue
问题，争论点
litigant
诉讼当事人
plead (the
case)
（向法庭）陈述案情
;
plead
（在法庭）申辩，认罪，辩护
;
申诉
;
答辩
;
为
…
辩
护
,
抗辩
before a court
court/judicial decisions
judgment / decision / holding
review / rehear
重审，再审，复审
appeal,
appealable
proceed through
hear, hearing
as
of right vs. discretionary
in which the
court is located
discretion
territory
abolish
tribunal
24
、
Two-tiered
system
两级审判制
25
、
Since 1988,
review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is
discretionary; virtually all civil appeals
as of right to the highest court have
been abolished.
从
1988
< br>年开始，最高法院对民事案件的复审有
决定权；实际上，所有民事案件都可以作为
(
法定）权利而上诉到最高法院的作法已经被废除了。
26
、
(compromise)
approach - (international conventions)
impose (on / upon sb.)
capital punishment
writ of
certiorari
provided for by statute
specific
27
、
ad hoc
V
ersus
(vs. or v.):
29
、允许上诉（
grant
leave to appeal),
30
、审查下级法院判决的诉讼文件移送命令（
writ of
certiorari)
31
、
US: Article
III, section 2 (UK: Section 3, paragraph 2; CN:
Article 3, paragraph 2)
Plaintiff vs.
Defendant
applicant /
claimant vs. respondent
appellant vs.
appellee
court of first / second / last
instance
court of last resort / final
hearing / final judgment
higher/superior court vs.
lower/inferior court
31
、
c
onstitutional 1.
宪法规定的
,
合乎宪法的
2.
宪法的
justice 1.
正义
;
公正
,
合理
2.
法律制裁
;
司法
;
审判
3.
法官
judicial
司法的
,
法庭的
,
审判的
,
法官的（
e.g.
judicial
acceptance,
judicial
system
，
judicial
decisions, judicial
interpretation
…
)
judiciary
司法，司法系统法庭或法庭制度；
(
总称
)
法官
,
审判官
;
司法系统，司法部
;
法院的
;
审判员的
;
司法的
career judiciary
职业法官
learned
judges
(e.g. Lord Denning)
justice (supreme court), judge
bench (court) trial and /
vs. jury trial
the rules
and regulations
规章制度
provisions, treaties
laws,
executive acts and regulations
法律，行政法令和条例
32
、
be
called/admitted to the
Bar
具有开业律师资格
bar
examination
the practicing
bar
执业律师
the
bench vs. the bar
be
required to be admitted to practice (law) but do
not practice while on the bench
American Bar Association (ABA)
be admitted ( to practice) before the
federal court
law firm
attorney / attorney at law / counselor<
/p>
（
civil
）
advocate
辩护律师
consultant, advisor, planner,
negotiator
house / corporate
counsel
专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问
The United States Department of Justice
(UK) solicitor / barrister
32
、律师
美国
Lawyer
< br>、
Attorney
、
Atto
rney
–
at-law
、
Counselor
、
Counselor
–
at-law
英国
Barrister
诉讼律师，大律师，出庭律师
Solicito
r
非诉律师，诉状律师，事务律师
32
、
大
学后教育
（
postgraduate
）
美国法学院设立的学位
JD
，
Juris
Doctor
——
法律博士
LLM
，
Master of
Laws
——
法学硕士
SJD
，
Doctor of
Juridical
Science
——
法学博士
33
、
unjust
enrichment
connote / refer to / mean
be available
elements,
requirements, conditions, requisites,
prerequisites
Legal effect
performance
create / make /
form / conclude / enter into
contracts
breach
34
、
I
t creates obligations for
which some sort of legal enforcement will be
available if performance
is not
forthcoming as promised.
它设立了当不按约履行时，
便可由某种法律强制手段保证实施
的义务。
35
、
T
hree elements in a
transaction
——
contract
?
1. The
agreement-in-fact
事实协议
?
2. The
agreement-in-written
书面协议
?
3. The set of
rights and duties ……
一系列权利与义务
36
、
ownership:
tangible
（有形的）
,
intangible
（无形的）
detailed / specific rules
govern / regulate
real
property/
immovable
property/
real
estate
（不动产）
vs.
personal
property/
movable
property/
chattel
（动产）
bodies of law
37
、
Copyrights
版权
Patents
专利权
Shares of
corporate stock
公司股权
Negotiable
instruments
票据权
-
e.g. cheques, promissory
，
note, bills of exchange
infliction of physical
injury
38
、
v
iolate (the rights, the
law), violation
property rights
commission, commit a crime, robbery,
etc.
individual rights
criminal acts
personal
rights
tortious acts
39
、
transfer /
convey (conveyance)
legal
mechanism
law of contracts / torts
expectations
40
、
Legal
mechanism for protecting the expectations that
arise from the making of agreements for
the future exchange of various types of
performance.
合同法是保护预期利益的法律机制，该预期利
益产生于就未来交易各类履行而制定的契约。
41
、
proceed
lease agreement
raise issues
loophole
breach of contract
and tort : concurrence
42
、
fraud”
conduct
欺诈行为
43
、
Example of
Contracts
?
Employment contracts
雇佣合同
?
Service Contracts
服务合同
?
Building Construction
建造合同
?
Insurance Contracts
?
Contract
involving real property
?
Sale of Intangibles(stocks, bonds,
patents, copyrights,etc)
44
、
Expectation
damages
预期赔偿金
Agreed upon
remedies
补救协议
Equitable
relief
衡平救济
45
、
Formation of
contract
合同的成立
?
contract
formation
?
both
parties to the contract
?
competent parties
有法定资格的主体，适格的主体
/
当事人
< br>
?
legal
capacity / ability
法律能力，
法定资格，法定身份
?
mutual assent
合意
?
meeting of the
minds / mutuality of agreement
意思表示一致
?
invitation to
treat / of offer
要约邀请
?
counter
offer
反要约
?
firm offer
实盘
?
revocation (revoke)
撤销
?
rejection
拒绝
?
lapse
届满
46
、
Performance of
contract
?
grounds for non-performance of
contracts
?
mistake
?
changed
circumstances:
impossibility and frustration of
purpose
合同目的落空
?
force majeure
不可抗力
?
lack of (legal) capacity: minors
未成年人
, mental deficiency
?
duress
胁迫
and undue
influence
不当影响
?
misrepresentation
误述
< br>,
虚伪陈述
?
unconscionability
显失公平
?
contracts against public
policy
，
illegal contracts
(legality)
47
、
Breach of
contract and remedies
?
compensatory damages
补偿性赔偿
vs.
punitive damages
惩罚性赔偿
?
expectation
loss
预期利益损失
vs. reliance loss
依赖利益损失
?
liquidated
damages
议定赔偿
vs.
unliquidated damages
未议定赔偿
?
specific
performance
?
restitution remedies
?
repudiate,
repudiation
拒绝履行
?
anticipatory
repudiation
预期违约
?
repudiatory
breach
毁约性违约
?
suspend
中止
?
cancel
（
cancellation) / terminate
(termination) / rescind (rescission)
the contract
解除合
同
?
mitigation of
damages
?
foreseeability
48
、
categories
?
unilateral
contract
单务合同
vs. bilateral
contract
双务合同
?
express
contract
明示合同
vs. implied
contract
默示合同
?
formal contact
要式合同
vs. informal contract
不要式合同
?
valid, void,
voidable contract
有效，无效，可撤销合同
?
quasi contract
准契约
49
、
c
laim vs. debt
债权，债务
creditor
vs. debtor
债权人，债务人
physical loss vs. non-physical loss
有形损失，无形损失
- e.g. loss of
or damage to the goods, economical loss
50
、
source /
authority
法律渊源
leading case, leading authority
apply the rules of law to
decide disputes , cases
prior / past judicial / court
decisions, cases
ordinances
条例，主要用于美国英语中
51
、
Primary
source
（首要法源）
VS
Secondary
source
（次要法源）
52
、
the case
subjudice / under adjudication
feel
obliged to
obligation
regime of law
be
justified on two grounds
justification
predictability
ascertainable
rules of law
binding on / upon
the case presented for decision
an appellate court of higher rank
(level) in
the same jurisdiction
material facts, circumstances
overrule the earlier decision,
overruling
retroactively
有溯及力的
the parties to the earlier case
the case under decision / adjudication
general application
enact
Statute of Frauds
evidenced
by a signed writing
enforceable
revision
Uniform Commercial
Code
govern, regulate
reasoning
be bound to follow
the provisions of a valid
statute
legislature
modify or
eliminate
ascertain / find
construction, interpretation
legislative debates, committee reports
promulgation
in draft form
section
force of law
- a statute or a court decision has
the
～
justify
cite, quote
judicial
discretion
54
、
U
nder the common law system:
a. Judicial views/opinions:
judicial decisions (primary authority, the law
itself)
b. Legal
commentary: commentary by legal scholars
(secondary authority, NOT the law)
treatise vs. treaty
reported
decisions of American courts
propose
solutions for unresolved issues / disputes
56
、
Intentional
tort
Negligence or negligent tort
Strict liability tort
57
、
Personal tort
Property tort
compensation
and damages
58
、
m
aritime tort
the
law
of
torts,
contracts
(tort
law,
actual loss vs.
intangible damage
contract
law)
intangible damage: e.g. mental
damage
damage claims
recovery, recover
plaintiff vs. defendant
verdict
be entitled to do
sth.
action, proceeding
attorney
award n. , v.
(
～
a verdict,
money, damages, compensation )
the
injured party, the aggrieved party, the offended
party, the victim, the sufferer
the tortfeasor,
the wrongdoer, the offender, the offending party
personal injury or death (loss of life)
recovery of damages, to recover damages
tort, contract claims