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英语句子成分划分详解
句子的成分
句子的组成成分叫句子成
分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把
句子分为不同的
组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。
英语的基本成分有八种
：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。
1.
主语
主语是谓语讲述所要说明或描述的人或事物，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代
词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。注意：不定式作主语时，常用形式主语
it
句型。
主语：名
词（
n.
）、代词
(pron.)
、不定式
(to do )
、动名词
(doing)
、从句。
1
．名词作主语。
A tree has fallen across the road.
一棵树倒下横在路上。
Little streams feed big rivers.
小河流入大江。
2
．代词用作主语。
You
’
re not far
wrong.
你差不多对了
He told a
joke but it fell flat.
他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑
3
．不定式用作主语。
To learn English well is important.
学好英语是重要的。
It
would be nice to see him again.
如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。
It is important to learn English well.
It is helpful to have a heathly boby.
It is necessary to get up so early.
It is unnecessaty to get there on time.
It is impossible to have a good rest.
It is possible to finish it before 8
o`clock.
It is hard to do exercise
everyday.
It is difficult to do so many
jobs.
It's good to learn English well.
It's healthy to eat more vegetables.
It's bad to read in the sun.
It's harmful to get up late.
4
．动名词用作主语。
Smoking is bad for you.
吸烟对你有害。
Taking
exercise in the morning is good for your health.
2.
谓语
说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”。
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
The plane took off at ten
o
’
clock.
飞机是十点起飞的。
What
are you going to do tomorrow?
I have
never seen this film.
When the police
arrived, the thief had run away.
I was
having a talk with Li Hua at that time.
The broken bike was mended by Li lei
this morning.
Two novels have been
written by him so far.
You must lock
the door when you leave.
The door must
be locked when you leave.
A new
hospital will be built in my hometown.
3.
表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，
如主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，
可以作表语的词
有：名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短
语。
它的位置在系动词后面。
1
．由名词构成
The wedding was that Sunday.
婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。
2
．由代词构成
So that
’
s that.
就是这样。
3
．由形容词构成
Are you busy?
你有空吗？
4
．由不定式构成
My dream is to be a famous star.
5
．由动名词构成
Her job is taking care of the old.
6
．由过去分词构成
I was so much surprised at it.
我对此事感到很惊讶。
I
’
m very pleased
with
what he has done.
我对他所做的很满意。
A
．五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都
是半系动词。
1
．
< br>look
“看起来像是”，后接
adj.
、
n.
、分词、介词短语、不定式等。
The girl looks sad.
2
．<
/p>
smell
“闻起来”，后接
adj.<
/p>
分词。
The flowers smell sweet.
这些花气味真香。
3
．
sound
“听起来”，后接
adj.
分词。
The music sounds
sweet.
这首诗听起来真悦耳。
4
．
taste
“尝起来”，后接
adj.
分词。
The apples
taste very good.
这些苹果很好吃。
5
．
feel
①“摸起来，给??感觉”；②“觉得”，后接
adj./p.p.
You will feel better after a
night
’
s sleep.
睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。
B
．状态系动词：
< br>1
．
be
，“是”，属完全系动
词。
I am a student.
我是一个学生。
2
< br>．
seem,
“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。
They seem quite happy.
他们似乎很快乐。
3
．
appear,
“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。
It appeared(to be)a true story.
4
．
keep
“保持??的状态”，半系动词，后接
adj
或介词短语。<
/p>
You
’
d better go to bed and
keep warm.
你最好躺在床上去暖和一下。
5
．
remain
“仍是”，半系动词。
I remained silent.
我仍然缄默。
6
．
stay
“保持（某种状态）”半系动词，后接
window stayed open all the night.
“证明是”，半系动词，后接
treatment proved to be successful.
8.
turn
out,
“证实，变成”
His plan turned
out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。
C
．动态系动词：都属于半系动词，
描述状态变化过程。
1
．
get
“变成，变得??起来”，后可接形容词
T
he days are getting longer and longer.
2
．
fall
“进入（某种状态）
，成为”，后常接以下形容词：
asleep, ill, flat.
The old man fell ill and died.
我的父亲生病死了。
3
．
grow
“渐渐变得??起来，长得”
It
’
s growing warm.
4
．
turn
“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。
He turns
doctor.(turn
变成
后接
单数名词要去掉
a/an,
而
beco
me
要加上
a/an)
He becomes a doctor.
5
．
go
“变成
（某
种坏的状态）”
go
之后常接的
adj
.
还有：
bad,
blind,
wild,
wrong,
hungry,
mad,
The telephone has gone dead.
电话不通了。
The
apples went bad.
6
．
< br>become
“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”
I became interested in drawing.
我开始对素描感兴趣了。
They became good friends.
他们成了好朋友。
7
．
come
，“变成为（已知的状态），证实为”，
后常接形容词
His wish to become
a pilot has come true.
他想当飞行员的愿望实现了。
4.
宾语
宾语是动作
、
行为的对象
，
在句中主要充当动作的承受者
，
在谓语之后
（一般皆置于及物动词之后）
，
可以用作宾语
的有：名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句等。它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。
1
．由名词构成
Do you fancy a drink?
你想喝一杯吗？
2
．由代词构成
They won
’
t hurt
us.
他们不会伤害我们。
3
．由不定式构成
Does she really mean to leave home?
她真的要离开家吗？
I
decide not to buy it.
4.
由动名词构成
I enjoy working with you.
I suggest going there by bus.
注意：介词之后的名词、代词、动名词
----
介宾<
/p>
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow,there are many rocks.
What do you think of riding bicycle?
懂得欣赏，
克制想象
Understand
appreciate
deny
imagine
喜欢实践，
逃避抵抗
Enjoy
practise
avoid
escape
resist
介意打扰，讨厌原谅
Mind
excuse
dislike
pardon
支持建议，
推迟考虑
Favour
suggest
delay
consider