-
?
1.
如果词尾的
ch
发
k
音，
要加
-s, e.g.
monarch
君主
, stomach,
patriarch
族长
, epoch
?
2.
但
是有些以字母
o
结尾的外来词或缩写词的复数形式只加
-s
，如果
o
前面的是
元音字母，也只加
-s
。
e.g.:
alto
男高音，
folio
对开纸
, cuckoo,
radio, bamboo
?
3. Nouns ending in y following a
consonant
（辅音）
form their plural by dropping the -y
and adding -ies:
baby-babies, country-
countries, lady-ladies, fly-flies
(
例外
: stand-bys)
?
Nouns ending in
y following a vowel
（元音）
form their plural by adding
–
s:
boy-boys,
day
—
days, donkey-donkeys
(
词尾为
quy
时，
变
y
为
i
再加
-es
，如
soliloquy,
colloquy
?
4. 14
nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add
ves. These nouns are
calf, half, knife,
leaf, life, loaf,
self, shelf, thief,
wife, wolf, elf, housewife
loaf-loaves,
wife-wives, wolf-wolves etc.
scarf, wharf,
staff, dwarf, handkerchief, hoof,
可以加
-s
或
-ves.
Other words ending in f or fe add s in
the ordinary way:
cliff-cliffs, safe-
safes
?
2.2
Irregular plurals
?
1.
A
few
nouns
form
their
plural
by
a
vowel
change
改变元音
:
foot-feet,
mouse-mice,
woman-women,
goose-geese,
man-men, tooth-teeth
The plurals of
child and ox are
children,
oxen.
?
2.
Some nouns do not change
in the plural: deer-deer, sheep-sheep, Chinese-
Chinese,
?
直接从汉语译音的名词一般无复数，但要用斜体，
e.g.:
li, dan, mu, renminbi, yuan, liang
?
3.
Certain words are always plural:
clothes, trousers, barracks, series,
species,
etc.
?
4. Collective
nouns
,crew, family, team
,
etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular
if we consider the
word to mean a
single group or unit:
?
Our team is the best.
?
or
plural if we take it to
mean a number of individuals:
?
Our team are
wearing their new
jerseys
（运动衫
).
?
5. crisis
类
，将
-sis
换成
-ses
，如
thesis,
analysis, diagnosis;
?
datum
类，将
-tum
换成
-ta
，如
stratum, medium;
?
cri
terion
类，将
-on
换成
-a
，如
phenomenon;
?
plateau
< br>类，将
-u
换成
-ux
，如
adieu;
?
nucleus
< br>类，将
-us
换成
-i
，如
cactus, focus, fungus
?
2.3 Compound
nouns
?
1.
Normally the last word is made plural:
boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents
But where man and woman is prefixed
both parts are made plural: men drivers, women
doctors
?
2. The
first word is made plural with compounds formed of
verb+ er nouns
+ adverbs: hangers-
on
（奉迎
者）
, lookers-
on, runners-up
（亚军队）
and
with compounds composed of
noun +
preposition + noun
: ladies-in-
waiting
（侍女）
, sisters-in-law,
?
2.4
Nouns that can be countable and uncountable
?
advice(
< br>劝告
)--advices(
通知
)
?
green(
绿色
)--greens(
青菜
)
?
air(
空气
)--airs(
神气
)
2
?
<
/p>
good(
好事
)--goods(
货物
)
?
?
?
?
arm(
手臂
)--arms(
武器
)
iron(
铁
)--irons(
镣铐
)
brain(
脑
)--brains(
智力
)
look(
看
)--looks(
外表
)
?
Authority
（权威
)--authori
ties(
当局
)
?
pain(
疼痛
)--pains(
努力
)
?
clo
th(
布
)--clothes(
衣服
)
?
paper(
纸
)--papers(
文件
)
?
condition(
情况
)--conditions(
条件
)
?
regard
(
尊敬
)--regards(
问候<
/p>
)
?
con
tent(
内容
)--contents(
目录
)
?
time(
时间
)--times(
时代
)
?
custom(
风俗
)--customs(
海关
)
?
water(
水
)--waters(
水域
)
?
force(
力量
)--forces(
军队
)
?
work(
工作
)--works(
作品
)
?
glass(
玻璃
)--glasses(
眼镜
)
?
2.5 Number
forms of proper nouns
?
Proper nouns are unique
in
reference and therefore have no plural forms,
except for such proper
names
as
the United States, the
Philipines,
the
Netherlands
, etc which are themselves
plural in form.
?
When a proper
noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some
characteristics of a common noun, eg:
?
Have you
invited the Browns ?
?
There are two
Miss Smiths / Misses Smith in our
class.
?
3.
Partitives
单位词
?
Partitives,
also called unit nouns, are commonly
used to denote a part of a
whole
整体的一部分
or
the
quantity
of
an
undifferentiated
mass
未分化物质的数量
.
Both
count
and
noncount
nouns
can
enter
partitive
constructions
单位词结构
. With
plural count nouns, partitive constructions can
denote the idea
of
etc. With noncount nouns,
such constructions can achieve countability.
?
1)
General partitives
一般表示个数的单位词
?
a piece of
advice
?
a bit of
trouble
?
an item
of news
?
an
article of furniture
?
several pieces of bread
?
three items of
news
?
2)
Partitives related to the shape of
things
表示形状的单位词
?
a cake of
soap
一块肥皂
?
a bar of
chocolate
?
two
ears
穗
of corn
?
ten head of
cattle / cabbage
?
要表示
“牛”
的头数，
可借助
head(
头
)
这个词。
如：
ten head of
cattle
(10
头牛
)
，
forty head of cattle(
40
头牛
)
等，
这些表达中的
head of
也可省略，
即可说
ten cattle, forty
cattle
等，
但是我们通常不说
one
cattle
,
而应说成
one
head
of
cattle,
因为
cattle
是一个表复数意义的集合名词。同时应注意：以上
3
各例中的
head(
头
)
是一个单复数同形的名词，所以没用
heads
这样的形式。
?
?
?
?
3) Partitives related to
volume
表示容积的单位词
a
bottle of ink / oil
two bowls of rice
several pails of water
?
a glass of beer
?
4) Partitives
related to the state of
action
表示动作状态的单位词
?
The use of
these partitives is limited to
certain
set phrases
, eg:
?
a
fit
突然发作
,
一阵
of anger / coughing /
laughter / fever
?
a peal
隆隆声
of
applause / laughter / thunder
?
a
flash
一瞬间
of hope / light /
lightning
?
a display
表现
of
courage / force / power / skill / fireworks
?
5) Partitives
denoting pairs, groups, flocks,
etc
表示成双、成组、成群的单位词
?
a pair of shoes
/ scissors/trousers
?
a flock (
禽、畜等的
)
群
of birds / chickens / sheep /
goats
?
a
herd
牧群
of elephants / cattle
?
a
swarm
蜂群
,
一大群
of bees / flies / animals
/ people
?
a
troupe
一群一伙或一群
of actors
?
a gang(
< br>一
)
伙
,
(
一
)
群
of
hooligans
小流氓
/ criminals
?
a pack<
< br>贬
>
一群
of lies /
cards / thieves
?
a bench of judges
?
4.
Genitive
名词属格
?
CASE
格
is a grammatical category. It denotes
the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun
showing its
relationship
with other words in a sentence
.
?
4.1
genitive
?
4.2 of + noun
?
4.3 independent
genitive
?
4.4 double genitive
?
4.1 Genitive
?
4.1.1
Formation,
?
4.1.2 meanings
?
4.1.3 and uses
of genitive nouns
?
4.1.1 Formation
of genitive nouns
?
Rules of formation are as follows:
?
a) The genitive
is formed in writing by adding
's
to singular nouns and to
those plural nouns that do not
end in
-s
, eg:
?
my mother's
arrival
?
women's
clothes
?
b) Plural nouns
ending in
–
s
takes an apostrophe
撇号
as a genitive marker, eg:
?
the girls’
dormitory
?
a teachers'
college
?
c) In
compound
nouns
复合名词
or a
postmodified noun
phrase
有后置限定词的名词词组
, the
genitive
ending is added to the end of
the compound or to the end of the noun phrase, eg:
?
my mother-in-
law's
death
4
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