-
Figures
of
speech
(
修辞
)are
ways
of
making
our
language
figurative.
When
we
use
words
in
other
than
their
ordinary
or
literal
sense
to
lend
force
to
an
idea,
to
heigh
ten
effect,
or
to
create
suggestive
imagery,
we
are
said
to
be
speaking
or
writing
fi
guratively.
Now
we
are
going
to
talk
about
some
common
forms
of
figures
of
speec
h.
1)
S
imile
：
(
明喻）
It
is
a
figure
of
speech
which
makes
a
comparison
between
two
unlike
elements
having
at
least
one
quality
or
characteristic
(
特性
)in
common.
To
make
the
comparison,
words
like
as,
as...as,
as
if
and
like
are
used
to
transfer
the
quality
we
associate
with
one
to
the
other.
For
example,
As
cold
waters
to
a
thirst
y
soul,
so
is
good
news
from
a
far
country.
2)
M
etaphor
：
(
暗喻）
It
is
like
a
simile,
also
makes
a
comparison
between
two
unli
ke
elements,
but
unlike
a
simile,
this
comparison
is
implied
rather
than
stated.
For
example,
the
world
is
a
stage.
3)
Analogy
:
(
类比）
It
is
also
a
form
of
comparison,
but
unlike
simile
or
metaphor
which
usually
uses
comparison
on
one
point
of
resemblance,
analogy
draws
a
parall
el
between
two
unlike
things
that
have
several
common
qualities
or
points
of
resem
blance.
4)
Personification
:
(
拟人）
It
gives
human
form
of
feelings
to
animals,
or
life
and
personal
attributes(
赋予
)
to
inanimate(
无生命的
)
objects,
or
to
ideas
and
abstrac
tion
s(
抽象
).
For
example,
the
wind
whistled
through
the
trees.
5)
Hyperbole:
(
夸张）：
It
is
the
deliberate
use
of
overstatement
or
exaggeration
t
o
achieve
emphasis.
For
instance,
he
almost
died
laughing.
6)
Understatement:
(
含蓄陈述）
It
is
the
opposite
of
hyperbole,
or
overstatement.
It
achieves
its
effect
of
emphasizing
a
fact
by
deliberately(
故意地
)
understating
it,
i
mpressing
the
listener
or
the
reader
more
by
what
is
merely
implied
or
left
unsaid
than
by
bare
statement.
For
instance,
It
is
no
laughing
matter.
7)
Euphemism
:
(
委婉）
It
is
the
substitution
of
an
agreeable
or <
/p>
inoffensive(
无冒犯
)
expression
for
one
that
may
offend
or
suggest
something
unpleasant.
For
instance,
we
refer
to
as”
pass
away
8)
Metonymy
(
转喻）
It
is
a
figure
of
speech
that
has
to
do
with
the
substitution
of
the
mane
of
one
thing
for
that
of
another.
For
instance,
the
pen
(words)
is
mi
ghtier
than
the
sword
(forces).
9)
Synecdoche
(
提喻）
It
is
involves
the
substitution
of
the
part
for
the
whole,
or
the
whole
for
the
part.
For
instance,
they
say
there's
bread
and
work
for
all.
She
was
dressed
in
silks.
10)
Antonomasia
(
换喻）
It
has
also
to
do
with
substitution.
It
is
not
often
mentio
ned
now,
though
it
is
still
in
frequent
use.
For
example,
Solomon
for
a
wise
man.
Daniel
for
a
wise
and
fair
judge.
Judas
for
a
traitor.
11)
Pun:
(
双关语）
It
is
a
play
on
words,
or
rather
a
play
on
the
form
and
meani
ng
of
words.
For
instance,
a
cannon-ball
took
off
his
legs,
so
he
laid
down
his
arm
s.
(Here
has
two
meanings:
a
person's
body;
weapons
carried
by
a
soldier.)
12)
Solipsism:
(
一语双叙）
It
has
two
connotations.
In
the
first
case,
it
is
a
figur
e
by
which
a
word,
or
a
particular
form
or
inflection
of
a
word,
refers
to
two
or
m
ore
words
in
the
same
sentence,
while
properly
applying
to
or
agreeing
with
only
o
n
of
them
in
grammar
or
syntax(
句法
).
For
example,
He
addressed
you
and
me,
an
d
desired
us
to
follow
him.
(Here
we
are
used
to
refer
to
you
and
me.)
In
the
second
case,
it
a
word
may
refer
to
two
or
more
words
in
the
same
sente
nce.
For
example,
while
he
was
fighting,
and
losing
limb
and
mind,
and
dying,
othe
rs
stayed
behind
to
pursue
education
and
career.
(Here
to
losing
one's
limbs
in
liter
al;
to
lose
one's
mind
is
figurative,
and
means
to
go
mad.)
13)
Zeugma
:
(
轭式搭配）
It
is
a
single
word
which
is
made
to
modify
or
to
gover
n
two
or
more
words
in
the
same
sentence,
wither
properly
applying
in
sense
to
o
nly
one
of
them,
or
applying
to
them
in
different
senses.
For
example,
the
sun
shal
l
not
burn
you
by
day
or
the
moon
by
night.
(Here
noon
is
not
strong
enough
to
burn)
14)
Irony:
(
反语）
It
is
a
figure
of
speech
that
achieves
emphasis
by
saying
the
opposite
of
what
is
meant,
the
intended
meaning
of
the
words
being
the
opposite
of
their
usual
sense.
For
instance,
we
are
lucky,
what
you
said
makes
me
feel
real
good.
15)
Innuendo:
(
暗讽）
It
is
a
mild
form
of
irony,
hinting
in
a
rather
roundab
out
(
曲折
)way
at
something
disparaging(
不一致
)
or
uncomplimentary(
不赞美
)
to
the
person
or
subject
mentioned.
For
example,
the
weatherman
said
it
would
be
worm.
He
must
take
his
readings
in
a
bathroom.
16)
Sarcasm
:
(
讽刺）
It
Sarcasm
is
a
strong
form
of
irony.
It
attacks
in
a
tauntin
g
and
bitter
manner,
and
its
aim
is
to
disparage,
ridicule
and
wound
the
feelings
of
the
subject
attacked.
For
example,
laws
are
like
cobwebs,
which
may
catch
small
f
lies,
but
let
wasps
break
through.
17)
Paradox
:
(
似非而是的隽语）
It
is
a
figure
of
speech
consisting
of
a
statement
or
proposition
which
on
the
face
of
it
seems
self-contradictory,
absurd
or
contrary
t
oestablished
fact
or
practice,
but
which
onfurther
thinking
and
study
may
prove
to
be
true,
well-founded,
and
even
to
contain
a
succinct
point.
For
example
more
hast
e,
less
speed.
18)
Oxymoron
:
(
矛盾修饰）
It
is
a
compressed
paradox,
formed
by
the
conjoinin
g(
结合
)
of
two
contrasting,
contradictory
or
incongruous(
不协调
)
terms
as
in
bitter-s
weet
memories,
orderly
chaos(
混乱
)
and
proud
humilit
y(
侮辱
).
19)
Antithesis
:
(
对照）
It
is
the
deliberate
arrangement
of
contrasting
words
or
i
deas
in
balanced
structural
forms
to
achieve
emphasis.
For
example,
speech
is
silver;
silence
is
golden.
20)
Epigram
:
(
警句）
It
states
a
simple
truth
pithily(
有利地
)
and
pungently(
强烈地
).
It
is
usually
terse
and
arouses
interest
and
surprise
by
its
deep
insight
into
certain
aspects
of
human
behavior
or
feeling.
For
instance,
Few,
save
the
poor,
feel
for
th
e
poor.
21)
Climax
:
(
渐进）
It
is
derived
from
the
Greek
word
for
and
implies
th
e
progression
of
thought
at
a
uniform
or
almost
uniform
rate
of
significance
or
inte
nsity,
like
the
steps
of
a
ladder
ascending
evenly.
For
example,
I
came,
I
saw,
I
co
nquered.
22)
Anti-climax
or
bathos
:
(
突降）
It
is
the
opposite
of
Climax.
It
involves
statin
g
one's
thoughts
in
a
descending
order
of
significance
or
intensity,
from
strong
to
weak,
from
weighty
to
light
or
frivolous.
For
instance,
But
thousands
die,
without
or
this
or
that,
die,
and
endow(
赋予
)
a
college,
or
a
cat.
23)
Apostrophe
：
(
顿呼）
In
this
figure
of
speech,
a
thing,
place,
idea
or
perso
n
(dead
or
absent)
is
addressed
as
if
present,
listening
and
understanding
what
is
being
said.
For
instance,
England!
awake!
awake!
awake!
24)
Transferred
Epithet
:
(
转类形容词）
It
is
a
figure
of
speech
where
an
epithet
(an
adjective
or
descriptive
phrase)
is
transferred
from
the
noun
it
should
rightly
m
odify(
修饰
< br>)
to
another
to
which
it
does
not
really
apply
or
belong.
For
instance,
I
s
pent
sleepless
nights
on
my
project.
25)
Alliteration
:
(
头韵）
It
has
to
do
with
the
sound
rather
than
the
sense
of
wo
rds
for
effect.
It
is
a
device
that
repeats
the
same
sound
at
frequent
intervals(
间隔
)
and
since
the
sound
repeated
is
usually
the
initial
consonant
sound,
it
is
also
calle
d
rhyme
For
instance,
the
fair
breeze
blew,
the
white
foam
flew,
the
furrow
followed
free.
26)
Onomatopoeia
:
(
拟声）
It
is
a
device
that
uses
words
which
imitate
the
soun
ds
made
by
an
object
(animate
or
inanimate),
or
which
are
associated
with
or
sug
gestive(
提示的
)
of
some
action
or
movement
。
Explanation
version1
一、什么是修辞格
修辞格
(figures
of
speech)
是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形
象、具体
活泼，
给人以美的享受。
要翻
译好英语修辞格，首先要弄清其特点、弄清英汉两种语言在这
方面的异同，
然后根据具体情况采用恰当的技巧进行翻译。
英语修辞格种类很多，
但粗略分
来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。
（一）音韵修辞格
(phonological
rhetorical
devices)
顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用
词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。它主要包括
onoma
t
opoeia
、
alliterat
ion
和
assonance
。
Onomatopoeia
是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与
汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。如：
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