2015博士英语试题

财政部财政科学研究所

2015

年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试

英语试题

PART ONE: Grammar (15 points

)

Directions

:

Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose

the

one

that

is

closest

in

meaning

to

the

underlined

word

in

the

sentence

or

that

best

completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the

Answer Sheet

.

1

. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree

the students

’

potentiality is developed.

A. of which

B. with which

C. in which

D. to which

2.

Another food crop raised by Indians

strange to the European was called Indian

corn.

A. who were

B. that were

C. that was

D. who was

3

.

We

moved

to

the

new

house

in

the

suburbs

so

that

the

kids

would

have

a

garden

.

A. in which to play

B. to play with

C. to play

D. where to play

4

. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona,

contributes significantly

to the state

’

s economy.

A. a fact

B. which fact

C. whose fact

D

. that

5.

Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe

it provides the building

blocks from which the other elements are produced.

A. so that

B.

but that

C. in that

D. provided that

6

. Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum

properly

extracted.

?

A. after

B. if

C. when it

D. is

7

. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate

concerning

or individual states should have more power.

A. whether the federal government

B. either the federal government

C. that the federal government

D. the federal government

1

8

. Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the

planets

within the next 50 years.

A. will have been contacted

B. will have contacted

C. will be contacted

D. will contact

9

. By the year of 2025, scientists probably

a cure for cancer.

A. will be discovering

B. are discovering

C. will have discovered

D. have discovered

?

10

. Thomas Edison

’

s first patented invention was a device

in Congress.

?

A. for counting votes

B. that counting votes

C. counts votes

D. counted votes

11

. Using many symbols makes

to put a large amount of information on a single map.

A. possible

B. it is possible

C. it possible

D. that possible

12

. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely

to the outside world.

A. being lost

B. having lost

C. losing

D. lost

13

. Beef cattle

of all livestock for economic growth in the certain geographic

regions.

?

A. the most are important

B. are the most important

C. is the most important

D. that are most important

14

.

advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself is

never at rest.

?

A. Not only when the tides do

B. As the tides not only do

C. Not only do the tides

D. Do the tides not only

15

.

divorce ourselves from the masses of the people.

?

A. In no time we should

B. In no time should we

C. At no time we should

D. At no time should we

PART TWO: Reading comprehension (20 points)

Directions

:

There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some

questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C,

and

D.

You

should

decide

on

the

best

choice

and

write

the

corresponding

letter

on

the

Answer Sheet

.

?

Passage 1 (5 points)

The good news made headlines nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have

declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer

patients and their families. Every year, more than 500000 people in the United States still

die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer will die of their

disease within a few years. And while it

’

s true survival is longer today than in the past, the

2

quality

of

life

for

these

patients

is

often

greatly

diminished.

Cancer

–

and

many

of

the

treatments

used

to

fight

it

-

causes

pain,

nausea,

fatigue,

and

anxiety

that

routinely

go

undertreated or untreated.

In the nation

’

s single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued

the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological

symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily

lives

of

cancer

patients

and

their

families

than

good

symptom

control

and

supportive

therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal government

’

s leader in cancer

research

and

training,

spent

less

than

one

percent

of

its

1999

budget

on

any

aspect

of

research or training in palliative care.

The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit

to

and

fund

research

aimed

at

improving

symptom

control

and

palliative

care.

NCI

also

could designate

“

centers of excellence

”

among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that

designation, centers would deliver innovative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of

the

populations

the

centers

serve;

train

professionals

in

medicine,

nursing,

psychology,

social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative care; and conduct research.

Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by

forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care. This

“

either/or

”

approach does

not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice

benefit

is

designed

specifically

for

people

in

the

final

stages

of

illness

and

allows

enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes

patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.

That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices,

which

may

have

the

most

skilled

practitioners

and

the

most

experience

in

administering

palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could

really benefit but still are

pursuing active treatment.

It

is

innately

human

to

comfort

and

provide

care

to

those

suffering

from

cancer,

particularly

those

close

to

death.

Yet

what

seems

self-evident

at

an

individual,

personal

level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable,

but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and

to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnoses to death, our public institutions need

to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care.

16. Palliative care is concerned with improving patients

’

.

A. survival rates

B. quality of life

C. lifespans

D. options for health insurance providers

17. According to the author, research on palliative care for

.

A. is more important than research for cancer cures

B. has been overlooked by researchers

C. is virtually non-existent

D. is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topic

3

18. The main problem of insurance coverage for hospice care and active treatment is

that

.

A. it does not allow patients to seek both

B. it only covers patients whose life expectancy is less than six months

C. it deprives patients of the right to choose between two proven treatment methods

D. hospice care is only covered when it may extend a patient

’

s life expectancy

19. Hospices offer cancer patients

.

A. an alternative to palliative care

B. comfort in their early stages of illness

C. skilled and experienced palliative care

D. an alternative to active treatment

20. This text is mainly about

.

A. improving cancer research in the U.S

B. reforming insurance coverage for cancer patients

C. understanding different options for cancer treatment and care

D. reducing the suffering of cancer patients

Passage 2 (5 points)

Man

and

women

do

think

differently,

at

least

where

the

anatomy

of

the

brain

is

concerned, according to a new study. The brain is made primarily of two different types of

tissue, called gray matter and white matter. This new research reveals that men think more

with

their

gray

matter,

and

women

think

more

with

white.

Researchers

stressed

that

just

because the two sexes think differently, this does not affect intellectual performance.

Psychology

professor

Richard

Haier

of

the

University

of

California,

Irvine

led

the

research along with colleagues from the University of New Mexico. Their findings show

that in general, men have nearly 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related intelligence

compared with women, whereas women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter

related to intelligence compared with men.

“

These findings suggested that human evolution

has

created

two

different

types

of

brains

designed

for

equally

intelligent

behavior,

”

said

Haier, adding that,

“

by pinpointing these gender-based intelligence areas, the study has the

potential to aid research on dementia and other cognitive-impairment diseases in the brain.

The

results

are

detailed

in

the

online

version

of

the

journal

NeuroImage

.

In

human

brains, gray matter represents information processing centers, whereas white matter works

to network these processing centers. The results from this study may help explain why men

and

women

excel

at

different

types

of

tasks,

said

co-author

and

neuropsychologist

Rex

Jung

of

the

University

of

New

Mexico.

For

example,

men

tend

to

do

better

with

tasks

requiring

more

localized

processing,

such

as

mathematics,

Jung

said,

while

women

are

better

at

integrating

and

assimilating

information

from

distributed

gray-matter

regions

of

the brain, which aids language skills. Scientists find it very interesting that while men and

women use two very different activity centers and neurological pathways, men and women

perform equally well on broad measures of cognitive ability, such as intelligence tests.

This

research

also

gives

insight

to

why

different

types

of

head

injuries

are

more

disastrous to one sex or the other. For example, in women 84 percent of gray matter regions

and 86 percent of white matter regions involved in intellectual performance were located in

4

the frontal lobes, whereas the percentages of these regions in a man

’

s frontal lobes are 45

percent and zero, respectively. This matches up well with clinical data that shows frontal

lobe damage in women to be much more destructive than the same type of damage in men.

Both

Haier

and

Jung

hope

that

this

research

with

someday

help

doctors

diagnose

brain

disorders in men and women earlier, as well as provide help designing more effective and

precise treatments for brain damage.

21. Which of the following statements is true, according to paragraph 1 ?

A. The brain is a monolithic organ.

B. Intellectual ability depends on which part of the brain is used.

C. Intellectual ability varies between men and women.

D. The anatomy of men

’

s brains and women

’

s brains differ.

22. According to paragraph 2, this discovery is significant because

.

A. it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the brain when dealing with diseases

affect thought processes

B. it shows that men and women are equally intelligent

C. it shows that men and women are equally intelligent overall, but specialize in

different ways of thinking

D. many diseases of the brain are specific to gender or the other

23. Which of the following statements is true about gray brain matter?

A. It helps put together information from different parts of the brain.

B. It is used for processing

i

nformation.

C. There is less of it in men

’

s brains.

D. There is a direct correlation between the amount of gray brain matter and

mathematical ability.

24. Which of the following statements is false about white brain matter?

A. Women have more of it than men.

B. It is used for putting together information from different parts of the brain.

C. There is direct correlation between the amount of white brain matter and linguistic

ability.

D. The amount of white brain matter is not directly related to overall intelligence.

25. The final paragraph suggests that

.

A. men and women are equally intelligent

B. men and women have different frontal lobes

C. head injuries can have varied effects, according to whether a person is male or

female

D. the research will be useful to other scientists

Passage 3 (5 points)

So

much

data

indicate

the

world

’

s

progress

towards

meeting

the

Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs), a set of targets adopted by world leaders at the UN more than

ten

years

ago.

But

the

goal-setting

exercise

has

further

pitfalls.

Too

often,

the

goals

are

reduced

to

working

out

how

much

money

is

needed

to

meet

a

particular

target.

Yet

the

countries

that

have

made

most

progress

in

cutting

poverty

have

largely

done

so

not

by

spending public money, but by encouraging faster economic growth. As Shanta Devarajan,

5

the World Bank

’

s chief economist for Africa, points out, growth does not just make more

money

available

for

social

spending.

It

also

increases

the

demand

for

such

things

as

schooling, and thus helps meet other development goals. Yet the goals, as drawn up, made

no mention of economic growth.

Of course growth by itself does not solve all the problems of the poor. It also clear that

while money helps, how it is spent and what it is spent on are enormously important. For

instances,

campaigners

often

ask

for

more

to

be

spent

on

primary

education.

But

throughout

the

developing

world

teachers

on

the

public

payroll

are

often

absent

from

school. Teacher- absenteeism rates are around 20% in rural Kenya, 27% in Uganda and 14%

in Ecuador.

In

any

case,

money

that

is

allocated

for

such

services

rarely

reaches

its

intended

recipients. A study found that 70% of the money

allocated for drugs and supplies by the

Uganda government in 2000 was lost; in Ghana, 80% was siphoned off. Money needs to be

spent,

therefore,

not

merely

on

building

more

schools

or

hiring

more

teachers,

but

on

getting

them

to

do

what

they

are

paid

for,

and

preventing

resources

from

disappearing

somewhere between the central government and their supposed destination.

The

good

news

is

that

policy

experiments

carried

out

by

governments,

NGOs,

academics and international institutions are slowly building up a body of evidence about

methods

that

work.

A

large- scale

evaluation

in

Andhra

Pradesh

in

southern

India

was

shown, for example, that performance pay for teachers is three times as effective at raising

pupil

’

s test scores as the equivalent amount spent on school supplies.

And

in

Uganda

the

government,

appalled

that

money

meant

for

schools

was

not

reaching

them,

took

to

publicizing

how

much

was

being

allotted,

using

radio

and

newspaper. Money wastage was dramatically reduced. The World Bank hopes to bring such

innovations to the notice of other governments during the summit, if it can. For if the drive

against poverty is succeed, it will owe more to such ideas and wider use than to targets set

at UN-sponsored summits.

26. According to the text, which of the following merits can

’

t we derive from economic

growth?

A. It increases other demands such as education.

B. It may help the government to fulfill Millennium Development Goals.

C. Faster growth will lift the poor out of poverty.

D. Economic growth may solve some problems of the poor.

27. Teacher-absenteeism is cited as example

.

A. to call for governments apply performance pay for teachers

B. to underline the importance of money should be spent on where it is needed

C. to state that the allocated money should get staffs to do what they are paid for

D.

to

show

that

African

countries

have

a

long

way

to

go

before

reaching

the

UN

’

s

goalposts

28. According to the author, we should

when dealing with allocated money.

A. avoid the leakage of money

B. give the anti-poverty plans the priority

C. promote education to a higher level

D. improve public infrastructure first

6

29. On which of the following would the author most probably agree?

A. Economic growth does not make more money available for social spending.

B. Money leakage is a big problem that Africa encounters.

C. Millennium Development Goals may involve each country

’

s GDP growth.

D. Millennium Development Goals have come to seen as applying to each developing

country.

30.

We may infer from the last paragraph that

.

A. the World Bank plays an important role in helping Uganda fix money leakage

B. money leakage is rampantly flourishing in Uganda

C. Millennium Development Goals may have failed in lifting the poor out of poverty

D. innovative ideas should come before targets set by UN

Passage 4 (5 points)

In the 20th century, all the nightmare- novels of the future imagined that books would

be burnt. In the 21th century, our dystopias imagine a world where books are forgotten. To

pluck just one, Gary Steynghart

’

s novel

Super Sad True Love Story

describes a world where

everybody is obsessed with their electronic Apparat

–

an even more omnivorous i-phone

with a flickering stream of shopping and reality shows and porn

–

and have somehow come

to believe that the few remaining unread paper books left off a rank smell. The book on the

book, it suggests, is closing.

The book

–

the physical paper book

–

is being circled by a shoal of sharks, with sales

down 9 percent this

year alone. It

’

s being chewed by the e-book. It

’

s being gored by the

death of the bookshop and the library. And most importantly, the mental space it occupied

is being eroded by the thousand Weapons of Mass Destruction that surround us all. It

’

s hard

to admit, but we all sense it: it is becoming almost physically harder to read books.

In his gorgeous little book

The Lost Art of Reading

–

Why Books Matter in a Distracted

Time

, the critic David Ulin admits to a strange feeling. All his life, he had taken reading as

for granted as eating

–

but then, a few years ago, he

“

become aware, in an apartment full of

books, that I could no longer find within myself the quiet necessary to read

”

. He would sit

down to do it at night, as he always had, and read a few paragraphs, then find his mind was

wandering,

imploring

him

to

check

his

email,

or

Twitter,

or

Facebook.

“

What

I

’

m

struggling

with,

”

he

writes,

“

is

the

encroachment

of

the

buzz,

the

sense

that

there

’

s

something out there that merits my attention.

”

I think most of us have this sense today, if we are honest. If you read a book with your

laptop thrumming on the other side of the room, it can be like trying to read in the middle

of a party, where everybody is shouting to each other. To read, you need to slow down. You

need mental silence except for the words. That

’

s getting harder to find.

No, don

’

t misunderstand me. I adore the web, and they will have to wrench my Twitter

feed from my cold dead hands. This isn

’

t going to turn into an antediluvian rant against the

glories

of

our

wired

world.

But

there

’

s

a

reason

why

that

word

–

“

wir ed

”

–

means

both

“

connected to the internet

”

and

“

high, frantic, unable to concentrate

”

.

In the age of the internet, physical paper books are a technology we need more, not less.

In the 1950s, the novelist Herman Hesse wrote:

“The more

the need for entertainment and

mainstream

education

can

be

met

by

new

inventions,

the

more

the

book

will

recover

its

7