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语态
专题一
(
下
)
语态
2010.10.24
语态
?
语态也是动词的一种形式，
表示主语
（动作的发出者或动作的承受者）
和谓语之间的关系。
?
语态分两种形式：
主动语
态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态；
主语是动作
的接受者时为被动语态。
构成
?
主语
+
助动词
be +
动词过去分词
（
+ by +
动作执行者）
，时态通过
be
表现出来。
< br>
?
The fire
was put out by the firefighters.
?
大火被消防员扑灭了。
各个时态的被动式
被动
am/ is/ are
done
am/ is/ are being done
have/ has been done
have/ has been being done
will be done
will be being done
will have
been done
will have been
being done
was/ were done
was/ were being done
had been done
had been being done
would be done
would be being done
would
have been done
would have
been being done
常用的被动语态
典型的被动结构
?
It is said that…
据说
?
It
is reported that…
据报道
?
It is believed
that…
大家相信
?
It is hoped
that…
大家希望
?
It is well known that…
众所周知
?
It is thought
that…
大家认为
?
It is suggested
that…
据建议
?
It is taken
granted that…
被视为当然
?
It has been decided that…
大家决定
?
It must be
remembered that…
务必记住的是
用主动形式表示被动含义的几种情况
?
表示状态特征的连系动词，如：
lo
ok, sound, smell, taste, prove+
表语
。
?
It smells
badly.
它闻起来很不好
2.
表示开始、结束和运动的动词，如：
begin,
start, finish, open, close, end, shut, run, move
?
The store opens at 6 every
morning.
这个商店每天早上
6
点开始营业
3.
表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如：
read,
write,
sell, wash, clear,
wear, open, cook, dry,
eat, drink.
?
The pen writes
smoothly.
这支钢笔好用
?
The shoes sell well.
这双鞋卖得很好
4.
主语＋系动词＋
adj to
do sth.
The
book is difficult to
understand.
这本书很难懂
5.
主语（动作的承受者）
need /want
/require+ doing
表示事物（或人）客观上需要
……
?
The classroom
wants/needs/requires cleaning.
教室需要打扫。
=The
classroom wants to be cleaned.
使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
①
主动变化被动时双宾语的变化
。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book
on my birthday.
我的朋友在我生日的时候给了我一本有
趣的书
An
interesting book was given to me by my friend on
my birthday.
I was given an
interesting book by my friend on my birthday.
②主动变被动时，宾补成主补；作补语的不定式前需加
to
。
The boss
made him work
all day long.
He
was made to
work
all day long(by the boss)
老板让他整天工作
③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉
“
尾巴
”
。
She took
good care of the children.
The children
were taken good care of (by her)
1.I don’t know the park,
but it’s ___________to be quite
beautiful.
A. said
B. told
C. spoken
D.
talked
year thousands of lives
________ in road accidents because of careless
driving.
A. lose
B. lost
C.
have lost
D.
are lost
the
Minister
of
Education
had
finished
speaking
at
the
press
conference,
he
was
made_________ all sorts
of awkward questions.
A. answer
B.
answering
C. answered
D. to answer
4.
—
Take this
medicine twice a day, Peter?
—
Do
I have to take it? It _________so terrible.
A. is tasting
B. is tasted
C. tastes
D.
has tasted
5.
—
Why
does he look sad?
—
There are so
many problems_________.
A. remaining to
settle
B.
remained settling
C. remaining to
be settled
D. remained to be settled
6.
The atmosphere _________ certain gases mixed
together in definite proportions.
?
A. composes of
B. is made up
?
C.
consists of
D. makes up of
专题二
非谓语动词
非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。动词不
作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，
叫做非谓语动词。
< br>
二、非谓语形式有：
1
、动词不定式：
to do
2
、动词的分词
：现在分词：
doing
过去分词：
done
3
、动名词：
doing
一、不定式
?
动词的不定式有两种，带
to
的不定式和不带
to
的不定式。如：
I
come to ask your
advice.
我来问你的建议
What you said made me
think.
你所说的让我有所思考
?
不带
to
的
不定式和动词原形相同，有人称作光秃不定式，不过大多数不定式都带
to
。
其他常见结构
?
It is/was+ noun + to do
?
It’s a shame to do
that.
那么做很丢人
?
It is +too +adj. +to do
?
It’s too early
to go there.
现在去那儿太早了
例题
?
Would you let _________ to
the park with my classmate, Mum?
A. me go
B. me going
C. I go
D. I going
?
A sudden noise of a fire-
engine made him _________ to the door.
A. hurrying
B. hurried
C. hurry
D. to hurry
?
The manager will not
_________ us to use his car.
A. have
B. let
C. agree
D.
allow
?
Would you like
something_________?
A. drink
B. to drink
C. drinking
D. for drinking
常用不定式的结构
二、动名词
动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作，不定式则通常表示具体的动作。
< br>
Doing nothing is doing
ill
．一直不做就是作恶。
It’s an honor for me to be invited to
the party
．我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。
①常用
-ing
形式作主语的句型有：
?
It
+be +a waste of time doing
做
……
是浪
费时间的
?
It is/was
no good/use doing
做
……
是没用处的
?
It is/was worth/worthwhile
doing
做
……
是值
得的
?
There is no
sense in doing
做
……<
/p>
没有道理
?
There is/was no use doing
干
……
无意义
?
There is/was no
point doing
干
……
无意义
?
②当动名词用作主语时，
其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成，
不能换不定
式。
?
My sister's
being ill made we worried.
?
我姐姐病了，使我很担心。
2
．作宾语
.
动名词
作宾语有两种情况。一是有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语；二是有些动词既可后
接动名词
也可后接不定式作宾语。
①只能后
接动名词作宾语的动词，
常见的有
avoid
< br>，
consider
，
enjo
y
，
keep
，
finish
，
suggest
，<
/p>
dislike
，
delay
，
escape
，
can
not help
，
imagine
，
mind
，
miss
< br>，
practise
，
cann
ot stand, be busy
等。如：
I can’t avoid
going
．我不能不去。
②既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词，
常见的有：
begin
，
st
art
，
continue
，
like
，
love
，
prefer
，
by
< br>，
mean
，
forget
，
remember
，
hate
等。
A
．在
like
，
love
，
hate
，
pr
efer
等动词之后，用
-ing
或不
定式意义上没有什么不同，只是侧
重点有些不同，动名词表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具
体的一次性动作。
I like
swimming
, but I don’t like
to swim this afternoon
.
我喜欢游泳，
但今天我不愿去游
泳
B
．在
begin/st
art
，
continue
之后，用动
名词和不定式，意义无甚区别，尤其是当主语是人
的时候。
C
．在动词
forget
，
remember
，<
/p>
regret
之后，用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作
先于谓语发生，不定式表示后于谓语动作，如：
1
）
I
remember posting the
letter
．我记得我已把信寄了。
I’ll remember
to post the letter
．我会记着去寄信的。
2) I shall never forget seeing the
famous writer
．
我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。
Don’t forget to write to your
mother
．
不要忘了给你母亲写信。
3) I
regret missing the
report
我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。
I regret to say I can’t t
ake
your advice
我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。
D
．
在
try
，
mean
之后，
意义各不相同，
如
try to
do (
设法
)
，
try doing (
试试
)
，
mean to do (
打
算，有意
要做
)
，
mean doing (<
/p>
意思是，意味着
)
。
1) We must try to get
everything done in
time
．我们必须设法及时把一切搞好。
2) Let’s try doing the
working in some other
way
．我们用别的方法做这工作试试。
3) I didn’t mean to make you
angry
．我并不想叫你生气。
4) Your plan would mean spending
hours
．你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。
E·
go on doing
和
go on to
do
意义不同
go on
doing
继续做一直在做的事；
go on to
do
接着做另一件事。如：
1)
Please go on doing
the same
exercise
．请接着做这同一个练习。
2)
Please go on to
do
the other
exercise
．请做另外一个练习
F
．
stop
doing
与
stop to do: Stop
doing
停止做，
stop to do
停下正在干的事去干另一件事。
如：
?
We stopped
talking
．
我们停止了交谈。
?
We stopped to
talk
．
我们停了下来去谈话。
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