2018年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)

a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers

were each

（

14

）

to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester

would ask,

“

What< /p>

’

s in here?

”

before looking into the container, smiling,

and exclaiming,

“

Wow!

”

Each subject was then invited to look

（

15

）

. Half

of them found a toy; the other hal f

（

16

）

t he container was empty-and

realized the tester had

（

17

）

them.

Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were

（

1 8

）

to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that

they trusted his leadership.

（

19

）

, only five of the 30 children paired with

the

“（

20

）”

tester participated in a follow-up activity.

1. A

．

on

B

．

like

C

．

for

D

．

from

2. A

．

faith

B

．

concern

C

．

attention

D

．

interest

3. A

．

benefit

B

．

debt

C

．

hope D

．

price

4. A

．

Therefore B

．

Then

C

．

Instead

D

．

Again

5. A

．

Until

B

．

Unless

C

．

Although D

．

When

6. A

．

selects B

．

produces

C

．

applies

D

．

maintains

7. A

．

consult

B

．

compete C

．

connect

D

．

compare

8. A

．

at

B

．

by

C

．

of D

．

to

9. A

．

context B

．

mood

C

．

period

D

．

circle

10. A

．

counterparts

B

．

substitutes

C

．

colleagues

D

．

supporters

11. A

．

Funny B

．

Lucky

C

．

Odd

D

．

Ironic

12. A

．

monitor B

．

protect

C

．

surprise

D

．

delight

13. A

．

between

B

．

within

C

．

toward

D

．

over

14. A

．

transferred

B

．

added C

．

introduced

D

．

entrusted

15. A

．

out

B

．

back

C

．

around D

．

inside

16. A

．

discovered

B

．

proved

C

．

insisted

D

．

remem

bered

17. A

．

betrayed

B

．

wronged C

．

fooled

D

．

mocked

18. A

．

forced B

．

willing

C

．

hesitant

D

．

entitled

19. A

．

In contrast

B

．

As a result

C

．

On the whole

D

．

For

instance

20. A

．

inflexible

B

．

incapable C

．

unreliable

D

．

unsuitable

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text

by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40

points)

Text 1

Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that

will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What

happens when the robots come for their jobs?

Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at

high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study,

with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs

like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle-class

occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering

—

have

aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will

be fine.

This isn't to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological

upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution

didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized

looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs

than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost

productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers

from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers

may need a lot of help adjusting.

The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The

Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training.

Curriculums

—

from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus

less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex

communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering

problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.

Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make

extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire

new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.

The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the

U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies

must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change,

entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine

labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality

haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will

invent them.

Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between

capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be

rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies

such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would

boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and

reduce inequality.

Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next

few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and

careers upended by automation.

Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.

But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.

will be most threatened by automation?

A

．

Leading politicians.

B

．

Low-wage laborers.

C

．

Robot owners.

D

．

Middle-class workers.

答案

D

22 . Which of the following best represent the author's view?

A

．

Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

B

．

Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.

C

．

Issues arising from automation need to be tackled

D

．

Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided

答案

C

ion in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_____.

A

．

creative potential.

B

．

job-hunting skills.

C

．

individual needs.

D

．

cooperative spirit.

答案

A

author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_____.

A

．

encouraging the development of automation.

B

．

increasing the return on capital investment.

C

．

easing the hostility between rich and poor.

D

．

preventing the income gap from widening.

答案

D

this text, the author presents a problem with_____.

A

．

pposing views on it.

B

．

possible solutions to it.

C

．

its alarming impacts.

D

．

its major variations.

答案

B

Text 2

A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of

young Americans disapprove of President Trump

’

s use of Twitter. The

implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be

filtered through other source, Not a president

’

s social media platform.

Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as

distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up

their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016

presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter

users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according

to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News

found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the

media giant.

Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more

skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation

focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they

use

“

distributed trust

”

to verify stories. They cross-check sources and

prefer news from different perspectives

—

especially those that are open

about any bias.

“

Many young people assume a great deal of personal

responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out

opposing viewpoints,

”

the survey concluded.

Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey

conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of

Wisconsin-Madison found that young people

’

s reliance on social media

led to greater political engagement.

Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately

and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a

projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more

conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna

research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake

news phenomenon is

“

reader error,

”

more so than made-up stories or

factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news

lies in

“

misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news

”

via social

media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be

the heart of the issue.

“

This indicates there is a real personal

responsibility in counteracting this problem,

”

says Roxanne Stone,

editor in chief at Barna Group.

So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,

they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills

–

and in their choices on

when to share on social media.

ing to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans

cast doubts on

A

．

the justification of the news-filtering practice.

B

．

people's preference for social media platforms.

C

．

the administrations ability to handle information.

D

．

social media was a reliable source of news.

答案

D

phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to

A

．

sharpen

B

．

define

C

．

boast

D

．

share

答案

A

ing to the knight foundation survey, young people

A

．

tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.

B

．

verify news by referring to diverse resources.

C

．

have s strong sense of responsibility.

D

．

like to exchange views on

“

distributed trust

”

答案

B

Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news

problem is

A

．

readers outdated values.

B

．

journalists' biased reporting

C

．

readers' misinterpretation

D

．

journalists' made-up stories.

答案

C

of the following would be the best title for the text?

A

．

A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

B

．

A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend

C

．

The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.

D

．

The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.

答案

A

Text 3

Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between

Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by

acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the

leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of

this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to

further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that

background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has

issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under

the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million

patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too

little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.

DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its

ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS

and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary

permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has

been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.

But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most

important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,

since under existing law it

“

controlled

”

the data and DeepMind merely

“

processed

and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data

value.

The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the

data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of

damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That

misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an

individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of