-
【海淀一模】
D
Eudaimonia
is
an
Ancient
Greek
word,
particularly
stressed
by
the
philosophers
Plato
and
Aristotle, which
deserves far more attention than it has because it
corrects the shortfalls
(
缺失）
in
one of the
most central, but troubling words in our modem
language: happiness.
When we nowadays
try to clearly express the purpose of our
lives
，
it is the word
“
happiness
”
that we commonly turn to. We tell
ourselves and others that the most important
principle for our
jobs,
our
relationships
and
the
conduct
of
our
day-to-day
lives
is
the
pursuit
of
happiness.
It
sounds
like
an
innocent
enough
idea,
but
too
much
reliance
on
the
term
means
that
we
frequently
unfairly
tend
to
quit
or,
at
least,
heavily
question
a
great
many
challenging
but
worthwhile
situations.
The
Ancient
Greeks
did
not
believe
that
the
purpose
of
life
was
to
be
happy; they proposed that it was to
achieve Eudaimonia, a word which has been best
translated
as
“fulfilment”.
What
distinguishes
happiness
from
fulfilment
is
pain.
It
is
very
possible
to
be
fulfilled
and
—
at
the
same
time
—
under
pressure,
suffering
physically
or
mentally,
overburdened
and,
quite frequently, in an
irritable (
易怒的）
mood. This is
a slight psychological difference that is
hard for the word
“
happiness
”
to
capture, for it
’
s tricky to
speak of being happy yet unhappy, or
happy yet suffering. However, such a
combination is readily accommodated within the
respected
and noble-sounding idea of
Eudaimonia.
The word encourages us to
trust that many of life
’s most
worthwhile projects will some
times
be
in
conflict
with
contentment,
and
yet
will
be
worth
pursuing.
Properly
exploring
our
professional
talents,
managing
a
household,
keeping
a
relationship
going,
creating
a
new
business venture or
engaging in politics... none of these goals are
likely to leave us cheerful and
grinning on a daily basis. They will,
in fact, involve us in all manner of challenges
that will deeply
exhaust and weaken us,
provoke (
激怒）
and wound us.
And yet we will perhaps, at the end of our
lives,
still
feel
that
the
tasks
w
ere
worth
undertaking.
Through
them,
we’ll
have
achieved
something deeper and more interesting
than happiness.
With the word
Eudaimonia in mind, we can stop imagining that we
are aiming for a pain-free
existence
—
and
then blaming ourselves unfairly for
bein
g in a bad mood. We’ll know that we
are
trying to do something far more
important than smile all the time: we're striving
to do justice to
our full human
potential.
47.
What do we
know about “Eudaimonia” from the
passage?
A. It was first
created by two Greek philosophers.
B .
It has received a lot of attention from the
public.
C.
It still has some
shortfalls that need to be corrected.
D.
It was regarded as the
purpose of life in ancient Greece.
48.
According to Paragraph 3, happiness
.
A. is the
opposite of fulfillment
B. is free from
physical or mental pain
C.
stresses the psychological difference
D.
serves as a respected and
noble life goal
49.
We can
leam from the passage that
.
A.
aiming for happiness may lead to wrong self-
blaming
B. goals that wound and weaken
us result in happiness
C.
challenges leading to contentment are
worth undertaking
D.
feeling
fulfilled means we should avoid tough situations
50.
The passage encourages
the readers to
.
A.
find fulfillment with all efforts
B. seek for a pain-free existence
C. keep optimistic whatever happens
D. balance happiness and suffering
47. D
48. B
49. A
50. A
【西城一模】
D
Ownership used
to be about as straightforward as writing a
cheque. If you bought something,
you
owned it. If it broke, you fixed it. If you no
longer wanted it, you sold it or threw it away. In
the digital age, however, ownership has
become more slippery. Since the coming of
smartphones,
consumers have been forced
to accept that they do not control the software in
their devices; they
are only licensed
to use it. As a digital chain is wrapped ever more
tightly around more devices,
such as
cars and thermostats, who owns and who controls
which objects is becoming a problem.
Buyers should be aware that some of
their most basic property rights are under threat.
The
trend
is
not
always
harmful.
Manufacturers
seeking
to
restrict
what
owners
do
with
increasingly
complex
technology
have
good
reasons
to
protect
their
copyright,
ensure
that
their
machines do not break down, support
environmental standards and prevent hacking.
Sometimes
companies
use
their
control
over
a product’s
software
for
the
owners’
benefit.
When
Hurricane
Irma hit Florida this month,
Tesla remotely updated the software controlling
the batteries of some
models to give
owners more range to escape the storm.
But
the
more
digital
strings
are
attached
to
goods,
the
more
the
balance
of
control
leans
towards producers and away from owners.
That can be inconvenient. Picking a car is hard
enough,
but harder still if you have to
dig up the instructions that tell you how use is
limited and what data
you must give. If
the products are intentionally designed not to
last long, it can also be expensive.
Already,
items
from
smartphones
to
washing
machines
have
become
extremely
hard
to
fix,
meaning that they are thrown away
instead of being repaired.
Privacy
is also at
risk. Users
become terrified when iRobot, a robotic vacuum
cleaner, not
only cleans the floor but
also creates a digital map of the inside of a home
that can then be sold to
advertisers
(though the manufacturer says it has no intention
of doing so). Cases like this should
remind people how jealously they ought
to protect their property rights and control who
uses the
data that is collected.
Ownership
is
not
about
to
go
away,
but
its
meaning
is
changing.
This
requires
careful
inspection. Devices, by and large, are
sold on the basis that they enable people to do
what they
want. To the extent they are
controlled by somebody else, that freedom is
compromised.
47. What
benefit does it bring to customers if companies
control the ownership of products?
A.
It provides them with knowledge to prevent
hacking.
B. It gives them the chance
to be protected from danger.
C.
It enables them to own the copyright of the
products.
D. It helps them know more about
complex technology.
48.
The
underlined words “that freedom” in the last
paragraph refer to the freedom to
_____.
A. control
other people
B. share the ownership
C.
inspect devices at any time
D. use
devices as one wishes
49. The author
may agree _____.
A. customers should buy
fewer digital devices
B. producers should control
property rights
C. property rights need to
be protected
D. better after sales
service is required
50. Which of the
following shows the development of ideas in the
passage?
I:
Introduction
P: Point
Sp: Sub-point
(
次要点
)
C: Conclusion
47. B
【朝阳一模】
第一节（共
15
小题；每小题
2
分，
共
30
分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的
A
、
B<
/p>
、
C
、
D
四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡
上将该项涂黑。
D
Is Positive Thinking
Powerful?
The $$11 billion self-help
industry is built on the idea that you should turn
negative thoughts
like
“
I
never
do
anything
right
”
into
positive
ones
like
“
I
can
succeed
”
.
But
was
the
positive
thinking advocate
Norman Vincent Peale right? Is there power in
positive thinking?
Researchers in
Canada just published a study in
Psychological Science
that
says trying to get
people
to
think
more
positively
can
actually
have
the
opposite
effect:
it
can
simply
stress
how
unhappy they are. The
study
’
s authors, Joanne Wood
and John Lee of the University of Waterloo
and Elaine Perunovic of the University
of New Brunswick, begin by using older research
showing
that
when
people
get
feedback
(
反馈
)
which
they
believe
is
overly
positive,
they
actually
feel
worse,
not
better.
If
you
tell
your
friend
who
is
not
very
clever
that
he
has
the
potential
of
an
Einstein,
you
’
re
just
underlining
his
faults.
In
the
1990s,
a
team
including
psychologist
Joel
Cooper
of
Princeton
conducted
an
experiment.
The
participants
were
asked
to
write
essays
opposing
financial
support
for
the
disabled,
expressing
little
sympathy
for
them.
When
these
participants
were
later
praised
for
their
sympathy,
they
felt
even
worse
about
what
they
had
written.
In
this
experiment,
Wood,
Lee
and
Perunovic
measured
68
students
’
self-respect.
The
48. D
49. C
50. A
participants were then asked to write
down their thoughts and feelings for four minutes.
Every 15
seconds, one group of students
heard a bell. When it rang, they were supposed to
tell themselves,
“
I am
lovable.
”
Those with low
self-respect didn
’
t feel
better after the forced self-approval. In fact,
their feelings turned significantly
worse than those of members of the control group,
who weren
’
t
urged
to think positive thoughts.
The study
provides support for newer forms for psychotherapy
(
心理治疗
) that urge people
to accept their negative thoughts and
feelings rather than fight them. In the fighting,
we not only
often
fail
but
can
make
things
worse.
Meditation
(
静思
)
techniques,
on
the
contrary,
can
teach
people to realize
their shortcomings from a larger, more realistic
perspective. Call it the power of
negative thinking.
67. What is the finding of the Canadian
researchers?
A. There can be no simple
solutions to psychological problems.
B.
Encouraging positive thinking may do harm to
people.
C. The power of positive
thinking is limited.
D. Unhappy people
cannot think positively.
68. The
underlined part in Paragraph 2 probably means
______.
A. you are pointing out the
mistakes he has made
B. you are not
taking his mistakes seriously enough
C.
you are stressing the fact that he is not
intelligent
D. you are not trying to
make him feel better about his faults
69. What do we learn from the
experiment of Wood, Lee and Perunovic?
A. Self-approval can bring a positive
change to one
’
s feelings.
B. People with low self-respect seldom
write down their true feelings.
C. It
is important for people to continually improve
their self-respect.
D. Forcing people
to think positive thoughts may lower their self-
respect.
70. It can be
learned from the last paragraph that ______.
A. people can avoid making mistakes
through meditation
B. different people
tend to have different ways of thinking
C. meditation may prove to be a good
form of psychotherapy
D. the effects of
positive thinking differ from person to person
BCDC
【丰台一模】
第一节（共
15
小题；每小题
2
分，共
30
分
< br>）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的
A
、
B
、
C
、
D
四个选项中，选出最佳选项，
并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
D
The organic food has gained a lot of
popularity as they are being considered as
healthier and tastier. A fair number of
people advocate a large-scale shift
to
organic
farming from
conventional agriculture. But this might not seem
well-founded.
Since
the
mid-19
th
century,
conventional
industrial
agriculture
has
become
incredibly efficient on a simple land
to food basis. Conventional farming gets more
and more crop per square foot of land,
which can mean less wilderness needs to be
transformed to farmland.
To
make
farming
more
efficient,
conventional
agriculture
uses
a
significant
amount of synthetic
fertilizer(
合成肥料
) each year,
and all that nitrogen(
氮
)
enables
much faster plant growth.
However, the cost is paid in vast polluted dead
zones at the
mouths of many of the
world’s rivers, because much of the nitrogen ends
up running
off
the
soil
and
into
the
oceans.
This
also
makes
conventional
farming
one
of
the
major threats to the environment.
To weaken the environmental impact of
agriculture, improve soil quality as well
as
produce
healthier
foods,
some
farmers
have
turned
to
organic
farming.
Environmentalists
have also welcomed organic food as better for the
planet than the
food
produced
by
agricultural
corporations.
Organic
practices
—
refusing
artificial
fertilizers
and
chemical
pesticides
—
are
considered
far
more
sustainable.
Sales
of
organic
food
rose
7.7%
in
2010,
up
to
$$26.7
billion
—
and
people
are
making
those
purchases for their
moral senses as much as their tongues.
Yet a new meta-analysi
s in
Nature
does the math and
comes to a hard conclusion:
organic
farming produces 25% fewer crops on average than
conventional agriculture.
This is
definitely a downside of organic farming,
especially when global population is
still growing rapidly.
In
the
Nature
analysis,
scientists performed an analysis of 66 studies
comparing
conventional
and
organic
methods
across
34
different
crop
species,
from
fruits
to
grains.
They found that organic farming delivered a lower
output for every crop type,