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Chapter 6
Economies
of Scale, Imperfect Competition,
and
International Trade
?
Chapter
Organization
Economies of Scale and
International Trade: An Overview
Economies of Scale and Market Structure
The Theory of Imperfect Competition
Monopoly: A
Brief Review
Monopolistic Competition
Limitations of the
Monopolistic Competition Model
Monopolistic Competition and Trade
The Effects of
Increased Market Size
Gains from an Integrated Market: A
Numerical Example
Economies of Scale and Comparative
Advantage
The
Significance of Intraindustry Trade
Why Intraindustry Trade
Matters
Case
Study: Intraindustry Trade in Action: The North
American Auto Pact
Dumping
The Economics of Dumping
Case Study:
Anti-Dumping as Protection
Reciprocal Dumping
The Theory of External Economies
Specialized
Suppliers
Labor
Market Pooling
Knowledge Spillovers
External Economies and
Increasing Returns
22
Krugman/Obstfeld
?
International
Economics: Theory and Policy,
Eighth
Edition
External Economies and
International Trade
External Economies and the Pattern of
Trade
Trade and
Welfare with External Economies
Box: Tinseltown Economics
Dynamic
Increasing Returns
Economic Geography
and Interregional Trade
Summary
Appendix: Determining Marginal Revenue
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Chapter
Overview
In previous chapters, trade
between nations was motivated by their differences
in factor productivity or
relative
factor endowments. The type of trade which
occurred, for example of food for manufactures, is
based on comparative advantage and is
called
interindustry trade
.
This chapter introduces trade based on
economies of scale in production. Such
trade in similar productions is called
intraindustry trade
, and
describes, for example, the trading of
one type of manufactured good for another type of
manufactured
good. It is shown that
trade can occur when there are no technological or
endowment differences, but
when there
are economies of scale or increasing returns in
production.
Economies of scale can
either take the form of (1)
external
economies
, whereby the cost per unit
depends
on the size of the industry but
not necessarily on the size of the firm; or as (2)
internal economies
, whereby
the production cost per unit of output
depends on the size of the individual firm but not
necessarily on the
size of the
industry. Internal economies of scale give rise to
imperfectly competitive markets, unlike the
perfectly competitive market structures
that were assumed to exist in earlier chapters.
This motivates
the review of models of
imperfect competition, including monopoly and
monopolistic competition. The
instructor should spend some time
making certain that students understand the
equilibrium concepts of
these models
since they are important for the justification of
intraindustry trade.
In markets
described by monopolistic competition, there are a
number of firms in an industry, each of which
produces a differentiated product.
Demand for its good depends on the number of other
similar products
available and their
prices. This type of model is useful for
illustrating that trade improves the trade-off
between scale and variety available to
a country. In an industry described by
monopolistic competition, a
larger
market
—
such as that which
arises through international
trade
—
lowers average price
(by increasing
production and lowering
average costs) and makes available for consumption
a greater range of goods.
While an
integrated market also supports the existence of a
larger number of firms in an industry, the
model presented in the text does not
make predictions about where these industries will
be located.
It is also interesting to
compare the distributional effects of trade when
motivated by comparative advantage
with
those when trade is motivated by increasing
returns to scale in production. When countries are
similar
in their factor endowments, and
when scale economies and product differentiation
are important, the income
distributional effects of trade will be
small. You should make clear to the students the
sharp contrast between
the predictions
of the models of monopolistic competition and the
specific factors and Heckscher-Ohlin
theories of international trade.
Without clarification, some students may find the
contrasting predictions
of these
models confusing.
Another important
issue related to imperfectly competitive markets
is the practice of price discrimination,
namely charging different customers
different prices. One particularly controversial
form of price
discrimination is
dumping, whereby a firm charges lower prices for
exported goods than for goods sold
domestically. This can occur only when
domestic and foreign markets are segmented. The
economics
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