管理学

1. 3 skills managers must have

Technical-Skills

knowledge of and proficiency in a certain specialized field.

lower-level management

managing

employees

who

use

tools

and

techniques

to

produce

the

organization’s products or service the organization’s

customers

Human- ability

to work well with other people both individually and in a group.

know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm

and trust

Play a role in reporting to higher managers and well known to the

employees

Conceptual- ability

think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations

see the organization as a whole

understand the relationships among sub units

visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment

2.

Advantages and Disadvantages of being a manager

A:

creating a work environment

organizational members can do their work to the best of their ability

find meaning and fulfillment in their work

help the organization achieve its goals

have the opportunity to think creatively and use your imagination.

meet and work with a variety of people

—

both inside and outside the

organization.

D

tough and often thankless job

have to deal with a variety of personalities and make do with limited

resources.

challenge to motivate workers in the face of uncertainty

not in full control of your destiny. Your success is dependent upon

others’ work performance

3.

what are the three necessary components

of organization?

Organization

each organization has a distinct purpose

each organization is composed of people

all organizations develop some deliberate structure

scientific management out of date? Why or why not?P40

(princiles of scientific management -

1 use of scientific methods to define the one best way for a fob to be

done.

2

perspective

of

improving

the

productivety

and

efficiency

of

manual workers.

3 applied the scientific method the shop floor jobs.

When managers analyze the basic work tasks that must be performed,

use

time-and-motion

study

to

eliminate

wasted

motions,

hire

the

best- qualified

workers

for

a

job,

or

design

incentive

systems

based

on

output, they’re using the principles of scientific management.

pros

（优点）

and cons of bureaucracy?

Pros

：

Ideal type of organization:

division of labor

clearly defined hierarchy

detailed rules and regulations

impersonal relationships

Cons

：

hinders individual employees’ creativity

limits an organization’s ability to respond quickly to an increasingly

dynamic

environment.

However,

even

in

flexible

organizations

of

creative

professionals

—

such

as

Mic rosoft

—

necessary

to

ensure

that

resources are used efficiently and effectively.

6.

what is Hawthorne studies? What is it’s historical significance?

studied

the

relationship

between

working

conditions

and

production

efficiency, including external environment and psychological influencing

factors

being watched or observed, they will

change some behaviors or verbal

expression.

historical significance:

Howthorne

studies

could

be

used

in

many

fields,

like

psychology,

human resources, management and even medical treatment.

For

example,

Hawthorne's

experiment

proves

that

in

order

to

mobilize

workers' enthusiasm for production, efforts must be made from social and

psychological aspects.

For instance, we, students, want to increase the efficiency of learning and

communication and it is better to let ourselves noticed by the public.

7. what are the two opposing views on managers ? please analyse in

detail. (3-4)P49

The Omnipotent View

someone

has

to

be

held

accountable

when

organizations

perform

poorly regardless of the reasons, and that “someone” is the manager.

When profits are up, managers can be rewarded

When

profits

are

down,

top

managers

are

often

fired

in

the

belief

that “new blood” will

bring improved results.

For instance, the CEO of Cott Corporation was fired because some

of

its

largest

customers

were

threatening

to

leave

and

the

company’s

share prices had declined sharply.

The symbolic view

manager’s ability to affect performance ou

tcomes is influenced and

constrained by external factors

According

to

this

view,

managers

can

not

significantly

affect

an

organization’s

performance.

Performance

is

influenced

by

factors

over

which

managers

have

little

control

such

as

the

economy,

customers,

governmental

policies,

competitors’

actions,

industry

conditions,

and

decisions made by previous managers.

8. Describe the various ways that employees learn culture

Stories: a narrative of significant events or people.