-
新视野研究生英语读说写
2
英语原文加翻译
1
大学课堂：还有人在听吗？
A former teacher of mine, Robert A.
Fowkes of New York University, likes to tell
the story of a class he took in Old
Welsh while studying in Germany during the 1930s.
On the first day the professor strode
up to the podium shuffled his notes, coughed, and
began,
―
Guten
Tag,
Meine
Damen
und
Herren<
/p>
‖
(
―
Good
day,
ladies
and
gentlemen
‖
).
Fowkes glanced around uneasily. He was the only
student in the course.
纽约大学的
Robert A Fowkes
< br>是我过去的一位老师。
他喜欢讲在上世纪
30
年代他
在德国上，
古威尔士语课的故事。
第一天上课，
教授大步走上讲台，
翻了翻笔记，
咳嗽了一声，开始说道：
“早
上好，女士们、先生们。
”
Fowkes
不安地扫视一番。
他是上这门课的唯一学生。
Toward the middle of the semester,
Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he
returned,
the
professor
nodded
vaguely
and,
to
Fowkes
‘
s
astonishment,
began
to
deliver not the next
lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he,
in fact, lectured
to
an
empty hall in
the absence of his
solitary student?
Fowkes
thought
it perfectly
possible.
在学期中间，
Fowkes
因病缺了
一次课。他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情
地向他点了点头。
接
着令
Fowkes
大吃一惊的是，
教授
并没有按照顺序讲下一课，
而是讲了后面一课。
难道他真的在他
唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一
课？
Fowkes<
/p>
认为这太有可能了。
Today
American colleges and universities (originally
modeled on German ones)
are under
strong attack from many quarters. Teachers, it is
charged, are not doing a
good
job
of
teaching,
and
students
are
not
doing
a
good
job
of
learning.
American
businesses and industries suffer from
unenterprising, uncreative executives educated
not
to
think for
themselves but
to
mouth
outdated truisms the rest
of the world
has
long discarded. College
graduates lack both basic skills and general
culture. Studies
are
conducted
and
reports
are
issued
on
the
status
of
higher
education,
but
any
changes that result
either are largely cosmetic or make a bad
situation worse.
今天美国的大学
（原本是以德国的大学为模型的）
受到了各方面的严厉指责。
人们指责老师没有教好，
学生没有学好。
美国的
商业和工业饱受无进取心的、
缺
乏创造力的管理人员之苦，
这些人受的教育是自己不用思考，
而是说一些过时的、
在世界上其他地方早已抛弃的陈词滥调。
大学毕业生即没有基本技能也没有全
面
修养。
有人对高等教育的状况做了研究并发表了报告，
但由此引发的变化很大程
度上不是表面的，就是使已经糟糕的情形变得
更糟。
One aspect
of American education too seldom challenged is the
lecture system.
Professors
continue
to
lecture
and
students
to
take
notes
much
as
they
did
in
the
thirteenth century, when
books were so scarce and expensive that few
students could
own them. The time is
long overdue for us to abandon the lecture system
and turn to
methods that really work. <
/p>
美国教育中很少被挑战的方面是讲课制度。
教授不停地讲，
学生不停地记笔
记，
就想十三世纪时的情形一
样，
那时因为课本缺乏又昂贵，
很少有学生买得起。
我们早就该舍弃讲课制度，开始使用真正有用的方法。
Some days Mary sits in the
front row, from where she can watch
the
professor
read from a stack of yellowed
notes that seem nearly as old as he is. She is
bored by
the
lectures,
and
so
are
most
of
the
other
students,
to
judge
by
the
way
they
are
nodding off or doodling
in their notebooks. Gradually she realizes the
professor is as
bored as his audience.
At the end of each lecture he asks,
―
Are there any
questions?
‖
in a
tone of voice that makes it plain he would much
rather there weren
‘
t. He
needn
‘
t
worry
—
the
students are as relieved as he is that the class
is over.
有几天玛丽坐在前排，
她可以看到教授在读
一叠几乎和他年纪一样老的发黄
的讲义。
她听课听烦了，
其他大部分同学也听烦了，
这从他们的行为中可以做出
判断：
他们要么在打盹，
要么在笔记本上涂鸦。
渐渐地她意识到教授和他的听众
一样感到无聊。每次课结束时他都问道
：
“有问题吗？”他的语气明显表明他更
希望没有问题。他不必
担心，学生和他一样感到下课是一种解脱。
Mary
knows
very
well
she
should
read
an
assignment
before
every
lecture.
However, as the professor gives no
quizzes and asks no questions, she soon realizes
she needn
‘
t
prepare.
At
the
end of term she
catches up by skimming
her notes and
memorizing a list of
facts and dates. After the final exam, she
promptly forgets much
of
what
she
has
memorized.
Some
of
her
follow
students,
disappointed
at
the
impersonality of it all, drop out of
college altogether. Others, like Mary , stick it
out,
grow resigned to the system and
await better days when, as juniors and seniors,
they
will attend smaller classes and at
last get the kind of personal attention real
learning
requires.
< br>玛丽清楚的知道她应该在每次上课前阅读布置的作业。
但是，
因为教授不做
小测验也不提问，
她很快就认识到她不必准备
。
学期末她只要看看笔记，
再记记
一些
事件、
年代就可以跟上进度。
期末考试后她会立刻忘掉她背下来
的大部分内
容。
她的有些同学对这种无人情味的学习很失望，<
/p>
干脆辍学。
其他人像玛丽一样
坚持下来，
无奈地接受了这种制度，
等待着到大三大四时的好日子，
那时他们就
会有较小的班级，最终也会得到真正的学习所需要的那种针
对个人的关注。
I admit
this picture is
overdrawn
—
most universities
supplement lecture courses
with
discussion
groups,
usually
led
by
graduate
students;
and
some
classes
such
as
first-
year English and always relatively small.
Nevertheless, far too many courses rely
principally
or
entirely
on
lectures,
an
arrangement
much
loved
by
faculty
and
administrators but
scarcely designed to benefit the students.
我承认上面的描述言过其实。
大多数
大学有讨论课来补充听力课，
通常讨论
课是由研究生主持的。而
且有些班级，如一年级的英语课，也总是相对较小的。
但是，
还
有太多的课主要或者完全依赖于讲课，
这种安排受到教师和管理人员的
< br>青睐，但绝不是为学生的利益而设计的。
One
problem
with
lectures
is
that
listening
intelligently
is
hard
work.
Reading
the same material in
a textbook is a more efficient way to learn
because students can
proceed as slowly
as they need to until the subject matter become
clear to them. Even
simply paying
attention is very difficult; people can listen at
a rate of four hundred to
six hundred
words a minute, while the most impassioned
professor talks at scarcely a
third
of
that
speed.
This
time
lag
between
speech
and
comprehension
leads
to
daydreaming.
Many
students
believe
years
of
watching
television
have
sabotaged
their attention
span, out their real problem is that listening
attentively is much harder
than they
think.
听课存在的一个问题是：
会听是件很难的事。<
/p>
阅读课本中的相同内容是更有
效的学习方法，
因为学生可以根据其需要慢慢阅读直到他们理解这些内容，
甚至
仅仅做到专心听课都很难。人听的速度可以达到每分钟
400---600
个词，而最富
有激情的教授说话的速度也很难达到这个速度的
1/3
。讲课和理解之间的时间差
异导致开小差。
很多学生认为多年来看电视已经削弱了他们保持注意力的能力。
但是他们真正的问题是专
心听课比他们认为的要难得多。
Worse
still,
attending
lectures
is
passive
learning,
at
least
for
inexperienced
listeners.
Active learning, in which students write essays or
perform experiments and
them have their
work evaluated by an instructor, is far more
beneficial for those who
have
not
yet
fully
learned
how
to
learn.
While
it
‘
s
true
that
techniques
of
active
listening,
such
as
trying
to
anticipate
the
speaker
‘
s
next
point
or
taking
notes
selectively, can enhance the value of a
lecture, few students possess such skills at the
beginning of their college careers.
More commonly, students try to write everything
down and even bring tape recorders to
class in a clumsy effort to capture every word.
更糟的是，
听课是被动学习，
至少对没有经
验的听众如此。
主动学习时学生
些文章或做实验，
然后由教师评价他们的作业，
因此主动学习对那些还没有完全
学会如何学习的学生来说益处要大得多。
的确，
积极听
讲的技巧，
如设法预测说
话人的下一个要点或有选择的记笔记，
能够提高听课的价值，
但是很少有学生在
大学学习的开始阶段就已经掌握了这些技巧。
更为常见的是学生试图写下所有的
内容，甚至还带着录音机去听课，以这种笨拙的方式来记录每个词。
Students need to question
their professors and to have their ideas taken
seriously.
Only
then
will
they
develop
the
analytical
skills
required
to
think
intelligently
and
creatively. Most students learn best by
engaging in frequent and even heated debate,
not
by
scribbling
down
a
professor
‘
s
often
unsatisfactory
summary
of
complicated
issues. They
need small discussion classes that demand the
common labors of teacher
and students
rather than classes in which one person, however
learned, propounds his
or her own
ideas.
学生需要向教授提问，
也需要别人重视他们的想法。
只有这样他们才能开发
出聪明的
、
创造性的思考所必需的分析能力。
大多数学生通过参加频繁的
、
甚至
激烈的辩论才会学的更好，
而不
是通过胡乱记下教授对复杂事件所作出的常常不
能令人满意的总结，他们需要小型讨论课
，这种课需要教师和学生的共同努力，
他们不需要那种让一个人提出自己观点的课堂，无
论这个人多么有学识。
The lecture system ultimately harms
professors as well. It reduces feedback to a
minimum,
so
that
the
lecturer
can
neither
judge
how
well
students
understand
the
material
nor
benefit
from
their
questions
or
comments.
Questions
that
require
the
speaker
to
clarify
obscure
points
and
comments
that
challenge
sloppily
constructed
arguments
are
indispensable
to
scholarship.
Without
them,
the
liveliest
mind
can
atrophy. Undergraduates
may not be able to make telling contributions very
often, but
lecturing
insulates
a
professor
even
from
the
beginner
‘
s
na?
ve
question
that
could
have
triggered a fruitful line of thought.
讲
课制度最终也会危害到教授们。
反馈减少到了最低点，
因此讲课
者既不能
判断学生对材料的了解程度，
也不能受益于学生的提问
或评论。
学生要求说话者
澄清模糊论点所提出的问题，
以及挑战结构松散的论据的评论，
这对于学术是必
不可少的。
没有这些，
最活跃的头脑也会萎缩。
大学生也许还不能够常常做出显
著的贡献，
但是讲课
把教授同新生天真的问题阻隔开了，
而这些问题很可能会引
起一
系列思考。
If
lectures
make
so
little
sense,
why
have
they
been
allowed
to
continue?
Administrators
love them, of course. They can cram far more
students into a lecture
hall than into
a discussion class, and for many administrators
that is almost the end of
the story.
But the truth is that faculty members, and even
students, conspire with them
to
keep
the
lecture
system
alive
and
well.
Lectures
are
easier
on
everyone
than
debates. Professors can pretend to
teach by lecturing just as students can pretend to
learn
by
attending
lectures,
with
no
one
the
wiser,
including
the
participants.
Moreover,
if
lectures
afford
some
students
an
opportunity
to
sit
back
and
let
the
professor
run the show, they offer some professors an
irresistible forum for showing
off.
In
a
classroom
where
everyone
contributes,
students
are
less
able
to
hide
and
professors less tempted to engage in
intellectual exhibitionism.
如果说讲课如此不同情理
，
为什么还一直允许继续下去呢？当然是因为教学
管理者喜欢了
。
他们可以把更多的学生塞进演讲厅，
而无法把这么多学生塞进
讨
论班。
对许多管理者而言，
这基本上
就是他们所关心的了。
但是，
事实上，
教师，
甚至学生和管理者联合起来使得这一制度继续存在，
且运
行的很好。
对任何人来
说，
讲课都比辩
论容易。
教授可以通过讲课假装在教，
就像学生可以通过听课假
装在学，这一点没有人意识到，包括参与者（指老师和学生）
。
此外，如果听课
给某些学生袖手旁观，
而让老师唱主角的机会，
这也给一些教授提供了炫耀其才
学的不可抗拒的舞台。
如果课堂上人人参与，
学生就无法躲藏，
教授也
不太会被
吸引去进行学识上的自我表现。
Smaller
classes
in
which
students
are
required
to
involve
themselves
in
discussion put an end to
students
‘
passivity.
Students become actively involved when
forced
to
question
their
own
ideas
as
well
as
their
instructor
‘
s.
their
listening
skills
improve
dramatically
in
the
excitement
of
intellectual
give-and-take
with
their
instructors and yellow students. Such
interchanges help professors do their job better
because they allow them to discover who
knows what
—
before final
exams, not after.
When exams are given
in this type of course, they can require analysis
and synthesis
from
the
students,
not
empty
memorization.
Classes
like
this
require
energy,
imagination,
and
commitment
from
professors,
all
of
which
can
be
exhausting.
But
they compel students to
share responsibility for their own intellectual
growth.
如果班级较小又要求学生参加讨论，
这就会消
除学生的被动性。
学生被迫对
他们自己和老师的思想表示怀疑时
，
他们就变得主动参与了。
他们听的技巧在与
< br>老师和同学的学术交流所带来的刺激中大大得到提高。
这种交替互动能够帮助教<
/p>
师做得更好，
因为他们会发现谁知道什么
---
在期末考试前，
而不是之后。
这
种形
式的课程考试要求学生分析和综合，
而不是空洞的记忆。<
/p>
这样的课程需要教授们
的活力、想象力和投入，所有这些都会令人
精疲力竭的。但是，这也使得学生为
他们自己
的学术成长分担责任。
Lectures
will
never
entirely
disappear
from
the
university
scene
both
because
they seem to be
economically necessary and because they spring
from a long tradition
in a setting that
values tradition for its own sake. But the
lectures too frequently come
at
the
wrong
end
of
the
students
‘
educational
careers
—
during
the
first
two
years,
when
they
most
need
close,
even
individual,
instruction.
If
lecture
classes
were
restrictod to juniors
and seniors, who are less in need of scholarly
nurturing and more
able
to
prepare
work
on
their
own,
they
would
be
far
less
destructive
of
students
‘
interests and enthusiasms
than the present
system.
After all, students
much
learn to
listen before they can listen
to learn.
讲课这一方式不会完全从大学消失。<
/p>
一是因为讲课似乎从经济角度考虑是必
需的，二是讲课起源于悠久
的传统，而且人们又把传统本身看得很重。但是，讲
课通常出现在学生接受教育生涯的错
误的那一端
------
在大学的第一和第二年。
那
时他们最需要密切是甚至是针对个体的辅导。
如果
讲课这一形式局限于三、
四年
级的学生，
则对学生的兴趣和热情的破坏力会比目前的制度小得多，
因为三、
四
年级的学生不太需要学科上的指导与帮助，
而且更有能力
自己制定学习计划。
毕
竟，学生在能够从听讲课中学到知识之前
必须先学会去听。
2
家与旅行
Margaret
Mead
1
、
For many
people, moving is one kind of thing and travel is
something very
different. Travel means
going away from home and staying away from home;
it is an
antidote
to
the
humdrum
activities
of
everyday
life,
a
prelude
to
a
holiday
one
is
entitled to enjoy after months of
dullness. Moving means breaking up a home, sadly
or
joyfully
breaking
with
the
past;
a
happy
venture
or
a
hardship,
something
to
be
endured
with good or ill grace.
对许多人来说，
< br>搬家和施行是截然不同的两回事，
施行意味着离开家外出一
段时日。
它是摆脱日常单调生活的一种手段，
是经过数月乏味
的生活之后一个人
应该开始享有的度假生活。
面对于搬家，
有人喜爱有人厌恶，
因为它意味着破坏
一个
家园，或悲伤或兴高采烈地摆脱过去而踏上也许幸福也许艰难的历险征途
。
4
、
Every winter we
went to live in or near Philadelphia so that
Father would not
have to travel too far
or stay in the city on the nights that he lectured
at the University.
From the time I was
seven years old, we went somewhere for the summer,
too. So we
moved four times a year,
because for the fall and spring we returned to the
house in
Hammonton.
每年冬天我们都会
去费城或附近居住。
这样父亲到大学讲学就不必走很远的
路。<
/p>
也不必在城里过夜。
从我
7
岁起，
每年夏天我们也会去其他地方居住。
这样，<
/p>
我们一年要搬
4
次家，因为秋天和春天我
们会搬回到哈蒙顿的家。
7
、
In
Hammonton
we
had
five
whole
acres,
a
good
part
of
which
was
second-growth
bush,
studded
with
blueberries,
which
the
little
Italian
children
who
were our neighbors
picked and sold back to us. In Lansdowne and
Swarthmore there
were
bits
of
woodlot.
But
in
Philadelphia
there
was
nothing,
only
stone
walls
of
different heights on which to walk.
Nothing, except for the winter when we lived at
the edge of the park near the zoo.
在哈蒙顿，我们拥有整整
5
英亩土地，其中很大
一部分是再生灌木丛，里面
点缀着蓝莓。邻居的意大利小孩会采摘蓝莓的果实再卖给我们
。在
Lansdowne
和
Swart
thmore
我们有些植林地。但在费城却什么也没有，只有高高矮矮的石头墙，
上面可以走路，
其它什么都没有了。
不过冬天
当我们住在动物园附近公园边上的
时候是要除外的。
12
、
There were
treasures on Mother‘s dressing table, too
—
a Wedgwood pin
dish, a little porcelain Mary and her
lamb, the pale green, flowered top of a rose bowl
that
had
broken,
and
Mother‘s
silver
-backed
comb
and
brush
and
mirror.
All
these
things held meaning
for me. Each was
—
and still
is
—
capable of evoking a
rush of
memories.
母亲的梳妆台上摆放着
一些珍藏的物品
—
一个韦奇伍德的放别针的小碟，
一
个小小的
“玛丽和她的小绵羊”
< br>的瓷器制品。
一个里面镶花但己破碎的浅绿色的
玫瑰碗，
以及母亲那把镀银的梳子，刷子和镜子。所有这些对我都深有含义，每
件东西都曾经并且
仍然能够勾起我串串回忆。
13
、
Taken
altogether, the things that mattered a great deal
to me when I was a
child are very few
when I compare them to the overloaded tables and
overcrowded
shelves through which
children today have to thread their way. Only if
they are very
fortunate will they be
able to weave together into memories the ill-
assorted mass of
gadgets, toys, and
easily forgotten objects, objects without a past
or a future, and piles
of snapshots
that will be replaced by new, brightly colored
snapshots next year.
现在的孩子书桌和书架上都堆满了东西。
和他们比起来，
童年时对我有意义
的东
西加在一起也没有几件。
但是只有当他们非常幸运的时候，
他们
记忆中才有
可能出现那些杂乱无章的小玩意、
玩具、
容易被人遗忘的没有过去和未来的东西
和一叠叠第二年就会被更新更好看的
照片所取代的照片。
14
、
The
difficulty, it seems to me, is not
—
as so many older people
claim
—
that
in
the past life was simple and there were fewer
things, and so people were somehow
better, as well as more frugal. It is,
rather, that today‘s children have to find new
ways
of anchoring the changing moments
of their lives, and they have to try to do this
with
very little help from their
elders, who grew up in an extraordinarily
different world.
How many of the young
people who are rebelling against the tyranny of
things, who
want to strip their lives
down to contents of a rucksack, can remember and
name the
things that lay on their
mother‘s dress tab
le or can describe
every toy and book they
had as a child?
我认为问题的症结并不是许多年纪大的人所认为的那样：
认为过
去生活很简
单，
物质也不够丰富，
所以
人们反而生活得比现在更好更简朴。
关键是现在的孩
子不得不找
到新的方式来适应他们生活中变化的时刻，
而且他们还不得不尝试着
在没有得到家长多少帮助的情况下做到这点，
因为家长们的成长环境和他们现在
的环境大相径庭。
这些年轻人正在反抗着控制他们的专治。
他们想把生活的内容
简单到只需一个帆布背包就能容纳。
他们中有多少人能记得并说出他们母亲梳妆
台上的东西，又有多少人能描绘孩提
时所拥有的每一个玩具和每一本书呢？
15
、
It has been
found that when desperate, unhappy youngsters are
preparing to
break away from a
disordered, drug-ridden commune in which they have
been living
for months, they first
gather together in one spot their few possessions
and introduce a
semblance
of
order
among
them.
The
need
to
define
who
you
are
by
the
place
in
which
you live remains intact, even when that place is
defined by a single object, like
the
small blue vase that used to mean home to one of
my friends, the daughter of a
widowed
trained
nurse
who
continually
moved
from
one
place
to
another.
The
Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert often
build no walls when they camp in the desert.
They
simply
hollow
out
a
small
space
in
the
sand.
But
then
they
bend
a
slender
sapling
into an arch to make a doorway, an entrance to a
dwelling as sacrosanct from
invasion as
the walled estates of the wealt
hy are
or as Makati, in Manila, is, where
watchmen guard the rich against the
poor.
人们已经发现，当绝望的不幸少年打算摆脱他们曾经生活过数月的毫无秩<
/p>
序、
充斥着毒品的社区时，
他们通常会先
把他们有限的财产聚集到某个地方并按
顺序摆放起来。人们需要靠自己生活的地方来定义
自己的身份的做法没有改变，
即使那个地方只是用一件物品定义的。
就比如我的一个朋友——她的母亲是一位
经过专门训练的护，
寡居但是需要经常搬家——一个小小的蓝色花瓶对她的含义
就是家。
< br>卡拉哈里沙漠里的居民在沙漠中露营时通常是不建围墙的。
他们仅仅是
在沙漠中挖出一块小空间，
然后把一棵小树弯曲起来做成拱形当作入口。<
/p>
这个入
口是神圣不可侵犯的，就好比有钱人用墙围起来的地产或者
是在马尼拉的马卡
提，有保安人员为富人提防穷人一样。
17
、
Home, I
learned, can be anywhere you make it. Home is also
the place to
which you come back again
and again. The really poignant parting is the
parting that
may
be
forever.
It
is
this
sense
that
every
sailing
may
be
a
point
of
no
return
that
haunts the peoples of
the Pacific islands. On the very day I arrived in
Samoa, people
began to ask, ―When will
you leave?‖ When I replied, ―In a year,‖ they
sighed, ―Alas,
talofai‖ —
our love to you
—
with the
sadness of a thousand partings in their voices.
我领悟到一点：
家可以是在任何地方
，
家也是你一次次回来的地方。
真正让
人难过的分别是那种有可能的永远的分别。
正是这种感觉一直困扰着南太平洋岛
上的人们。
对他们来说，
每一次出海都可能不再
回来。
在我到达萨摩亚群岛的当
天，人们就开始问我：
“你何时离开？”当我告诉他们：
“一年后”
，
他们就会叹
息道：
“唉，
talofa
i
”
，
（意思是送上我们的爱）
，声音带着似乎告别无数次才会有
的悲伤。
因
为住在这些群岛的居民都曾是航海者，
他们出发时只是为了一次短途
航行，
但大风却把他们的小船吹离了航线数百英里。
然而即
使是一艘打鱼船出海，
它都有可能撞上危险的暗礁而使人溺水身亡，因此最短的航行都可
能意味着永
别。
18
、
I have seen
something similar on the seacoast of Portugal,
where every year
for
four
hundred
years
fishermen
set
out
in
their
frail
boats
for
the
fishing
banks
across
the
treacherous
Atlantic
and
no
one
could
tell
when
—
or
whether
—
they
would return. Portugal is still a
widow‘s walk. The old women, dressed in black,
still
seem to be looking out to sea for
the men who disappeared into the distance and an
unknown fate.
同样的情形我在葡萄牙的海岸边
也见过。
400
年来，那里的渔民们驾着他们
< br>不堪一击的小船穿越变化莫测的大西洋去浅水渔场。
但是没有人知道他们什么时<
/p>
候或者说能否回来。
现在葡萄牙仍然像是望台。
< br>身着黑衣的老妇们似乎仍在远眺
着大海，搜寻她们消失在远方的丈夫，揣测他们未
知的命运。
19
、
In
all
my
years
of
field
work,
each
place
where
I
have
lived
has
become
home.
Each small object I have brought with me, each
arrangement on a shelf of tin
cans
holding beads or salt for trade or crayons for the
children to draw with becomes
the
mark
of
home.
When
it
is
dismantled
on the
last
morning
—
a
morning
that
is
marked by the greed of those who have
little and hope for a share of whatever is left
behind, as well as by the grief of
feeling that someone is leaving forever
—
on that
morning, I weep. I, too, know that this
departure, unlike my forays from home as a
child, is likely to be forever.
在我多年实地考察的工作生涯中。
我所生活过的每个地方都是家。
我所带的
每一样小东西，架子上的每一件摆设
---
--
装着用来换东西的一珠子或盐的各种锡
罐。
或是孩子们用来画画的蜡笔都成了家的印记。
最终有个早晨，
< br>我的这个家消
失了。
那个早晨留下了穷人的贪婪的鲂，<
/p>
他们希望分享你留下的任何东西。
那个
早
晨也留下了悲伤的印记。
因为他们感到有人即将永远离别
---
---
在那个早晨，
我
哭了，而且我知
道。这次离别，和我儿时一次次离家探险有所不同，它可能是永
远的。
< br>
3
濒危物种
vs.
人类需求
Martha Grace Low
1
、
The most famous
endangered
species on earth
were the dinosaurs. They died
out in
one of five
life began on this planet
----periods in which, for natural causes ,a large
percentage of
the specices that ecisted
simply disappeared .We are now in the middle of a
six great
extinction
,but
this
one
has
been
caused
by
human
activity.
Consequently
,the
importance
of
preserving
species
is
a
popular
topic
today
,particurlarly
in
the
industrialized world . <
/p>
地球上最著名的濒危动物是恐龙。
自从地球上有生命以来，
发生过
5
次
“大
灭绝”
，每次都是由于自然的原因使得曾经存在的很多物种消失。恐
龙就在几百
万年中
5
次“大灭绝”中的
其中一次灭绝。现在我们正处在第六次“大灭绝”的
中期，但这次人类活动造成的。因此
，物种保护的重要性成了当今的热门话题，
尤其是在当今工业化世界。
< br>
2
、
But no
discussion of endangered species is complete
without an examination
of the reasons
behind its causes,which are human Africa ,where
the world's
population is growing the
fastest are shringking as people clear lands for
homes and
farms and cut wood for of
goats and sheep eat the vegetation,leaving the
bare soil to be carried away by wind
and water .Human kill wildlife to protect their
crops ,and may also kill them for the
illegal trade in ivory ,rhinoceros horns ,furs .In
Latin America and Southeast Asia
,rainforests are cleared for farmlands and for
fuel
and
timber .The
loss
of
the
forest
endangers
many
species
of
plants
and
destroys
many animals'
natural
homes .And in the oceans
,fish
supplies have been
greatly reduced by overfishing and by
pollutin.
但是，如果不考察导致物种濒危背后的
原因而去讨论物种灭绝是不全面的。
其背后的原因就是人类需要。
在全球人口增长速度最快的非洲，
森林在不断萎缩，
因为人们
为了住房和农场而开垦土地，
为了燃料而砍伐树木。
成群的山羊
和绵羊
吃掉草皮，造成土壤裸露而被风和水流带走。人们杀害野生动物以保护农作物，<
/p>
或去做非法象牙、犀牛角、皮毛贸易。在拉丁美洲和东南亚，为了农田、燃料和
木材，
雨林被砍伐。
森林减失危及许多种植物，<
/p>
并破坏许多动物的栖息环境或自
然家园。而在海洋，过度捕鱼和污
染已使鱼的供应大大减少了
。
3
、
Humans
want
to
survive
just
as
every
other
species
does
.we
need
food ,shelter ,and a place to rear our
young ,So how do our activities endanger other
species
?Speciefically
,there
are
three
major
ways
,We
kill
off
animals
directly
in
some
cases
,We
may
want
their
meat
,bones .skins
,tusks
.horns,or
feathers
;or
we
may
wantto
protect
our
crops
and
livestock
from
them
,By
overhunting
,Euro-Americans
endangered
the
buffalo
in
North
America
,and
in
the
nin
eteenth
century
hunters
drove
to
extinction
the
passenger
pigeon
,which
was
probably the most populous species that
have ever lived.
人类和其他物种一样都渴望生存。我们需要食物、
住所和哺育后代的地方。
那么，
我们的行为是怎样危及其他物种
的呢？具体说来，
主要有三种途径。
我们
有时直接杀死动物，或许是因为希望得到它们的肉、骨头、皮、牙、角或羽毛；
或许是
为了保护农作物和牲畜。
由于过度狩猎，
欧裔美国人使北美的野
牛濒于灭
绝。
19
世纪灭绝的旅鸽就是
由于过度狩猎所致，而旅鸽曾经可能是生活在地球
上的数量最多的鸟类。
4
、
Another
way
that
we
endanger
native
life-forms
is
by
introducing
foreign
species into their habitat .A prime
example of this was the introduction of European
rabbits into Australia . where they
multiplied until they endangered the native
species
of grazing animals by eating
all the vegetation .This became a terrible problem
that
has finally been brought under
some control ,though not completely solved.
我们危及当地生态的另一种方式是引进外来物种。
一个突出的例子是把欧洲<
/p>
的兔子引入澳洲。在澳洲，它们的数量倍增，以至吃掉所有植被，危及当地其他
的吃草动物。
这就造成了一个可怕的问题。
虽然这
一问题最后得到了一定的控制，
但并没有完全解决。
7
、
Many people's
answer is thar every life-form has a right to
exist,and that no
other reason is
needed for preserving it,A more common reason is
the beauty of many
species .Certain
species
also
provide
humans
with
economic
value
,But
scientists
identify two
additional reasons which may not be obvious to
most of us.
许多人的回答是：
每个物种都有生存
的权利，
因而保护它们不需要其它任何
理由。
< br>而一个更加普遍的理由是物种多样化可使地球更加美丽。
况且某些物种对
人类还有经济价值。
然而科学家却给出了另外两个我们大多数人可能没有
意识到
的理由。
8
、
one of these
reasons is that each life -form occupies a special
place within its
ecosystem --that is
.its community of plant and animal life ,in
combination with the
nonliving
components of its environment such as the climate
,soil .water .and
instance within a
forest the larger trees drop off little twigs and
a layer
that holds water in the soil
for other plants to use .The roots hold the soil
and prevent
it from washing away in r
living or tree provides shelter
for
animals and birds and food for the dead tree rots
away,it enriches the
soil of the forest
floor ,enabling other plants to spring up in its
place Such large trees
are
an
example
of
what
we
call
keystone
species
;if
they
disappeared
from
their
ecosystem .the
consequences would be felt throughout the
community of other species
living in
the forest ,
powerline
go out
all over
are dying out every hour
,or74per day .which equals year .Some of these
---and we donot even know which ones
---are undoubtedly keystone species.
理由
之一是，
每个物种在它所处的由所有动植物和无生命的气候、
土
壤、
水
和空气等组成的生态系统中都占有一个特殊的地位。
例如，
在森林中，
较大的树
掉下的残枝在土壤中形成一个水分保持层，
供其它植物利用。
< br>它们的根可以固定
土壤，
防止土壤被暴雨冲走。
无论是活树还是枯树都可以为动物和鸟提供栖息地，
为昆虫提供食物。<
/p>
枯树腐烂以后还可以肥沃森林地里的土壤，
得以使其它植物从
原处拔地而出。
这样的大树就是我们所说的主要物种；
如果它们从生态系统中消
失，
其影响会遍及所有生长
在森林里的其它物种。
哈佛大学的生物学家爱德华威
尔逊说
:
“一个主要物种的消失就像钻头意外地钻断电线，
导致四处断电。
”
在当
前第六次“大灭绝”时期，每小时平均有三个物种灭绝，也就是每天有
74
个物
种灭绝，每年合计达
270
00
个。其中有些物种（虽然我们不确定是哪些）毫无疑
问是主
要物种。
9
、
Natural
ecosytems are characterized by biodiversity ,which
means that a good
variety
of
plant
and
animal
life
are
present
there
,In
many
parts
of
today's
world .humans
have
replaced
naturally
diverse
environments
with
monoculture
,in
which
only
one
species
lives
--one
that
we
humans
value
,
A
prime
example
in
forested regions of the
world is the monocultural
after the
original forests have been cut down .The character
of these tree farms is very
different
from that of the original forests.
自然界的生态系统以物种多样性为特征，
这意味着种类繁多的动植物在
其中
生存。
当今在世界许多地区，
人类
用单一环境替换本来自然形成的不同环境。
在
这些单一的；
环境中，
只有我们人类看重的某一物种得以生存。
< br>在世界上的森林
地区就有一个突出的例子：在原森林被砍伐之后，人们在原处建造
了“林场”
，
但只栽种了某单一品种的树木。这样的林场和以前
的森林是有很大差别的。
10
、
In
the
case
of
forests .another
extre,ely
important
reason
for
presserving
species is illustrated by the pacific
yew tree ,which people used to down and
never
replant
because
they
thought
it
had
no
particular
value,But
recently
medical
researches
discovered that a substance called taxol .produced
naturally in the bark of
this
tree
,is
an
effective
medication
for
treating
certain
kinds
of
cancer
,Suddenly
harvesters began flocking to the
forests of the North American Pacific Northwest in
search of this tree,If it had become
extinct before its value had been discovered .many
cancer patients would have died
needlessly.
谈到森林，
还要再提一个及其重要的
保护物种的理由。
太平洋紫杉的例子就
很好的说明了这一点。<
/p>
人们过去认为紫杉没有特殊价值，
因而砍伐以后就不再重
载。
但最近医学研究发现，
一种从紫杉树皮中自
然产生的叫作紫杉醇的物质是治
疗某些癌症的有效药物。
突然之
间，
人们开始大批聚集到北美靠近太平洋的西北
部地区森林里寻
找这种树。
如果这种树在它的价值被发现之前就已灭绝，
那么许
多癌症患者就难逃厄运了。
11
、
Now .consider
for a moment that there are around 1.6million
species that we
have identified on
earth (plus uncounted others that we haven't
identified )and most of
them hace never
been studied to see whether they might be able to
provide us with
food
or
medicine
About
15percent
of
all
our
medicines
are
derived
from
tropical
we have been able
to test only about 10percent of the plants that we
know
about .and
have
intensively
studied
less
than
1percent .Of
the
74species
dying
out
each day .many of them
are tropical plants from the ,pst cases .we don't
even knoe the value of what we are
losing .
现在考虑一下，
在地球上已经辨认的
物种大约有
160
万个
（加上我们仍<
/p>
未辨认的无数其他物种）
，它们当中大多数还未被研究，因而不知
道它们是否为
可以我们提供食物或药物。
人类大约有
15%
的药物来自热带雨林，
但我们现在能
测试的只有我们所知道的植物
10%
左右，<
/p>
深入研究过的不到
1%
一天内灭绝的
74
个物种，
大多数是热带雨林植物。
在许多情况下，
我们甚至不知道我们所失去的
物种的价值。
12
、
If we turn
from medicines to food sources ,we find that over
50percent of
today's
global
food
supply
consists
of
just
three
grains
--wheat,rice
and
corn
.if
climatic
changes
or
a
plant
disease
suddenly
threatened
one
of
these
grains .many
people would
starve unless we could find another species to
strengthen or replace it ,It
is
dangerous
to
be
so
dependent
on
such
a
small
number
of
species
we
need
to
preserve a wider variety of food
species .
如果我们撇开医学而转谈食物来源，我们发现，目前全球食品供应
的
50%
以上只包括三种谷类植物——麦子、
< br>稻子、
玉米。
如果气候变化或植物疾病突然
威胁到这些谷类植物当中的一个。
那么许多人就会挨饿，
除非我们能找到其他物
种来加强或替换它。
人类对少数物种
对的过于依赖是很危险的。
我们需要保护广
泛的植物种类来作为
食物来源。
13
、
Finally
,a
very
important
reason
for
preserving
forestland
is
that
plants
produce
the
oxygen
that
animals
(like
us
)breathe
,and
forests
produce
more
of
the
world's
oxygen
than
any
other
environment
,Forests
also
make
the
air
more
humid
,producing
rain;and
the
loss
of
forests
leads
to
the
process
of
desertification
---the
creation of deserts where little will grow.
最后还有一个保护森林的非常重要的原因，
< br>就是植物生产动物
（如我们）
呼
吸的氧气，并且森林产出的氧气比其他任何环境都多。森林还使空气更加潮湿，
并带来降
雨；
森林的消失会导致沙漠化，
也就是形成几乎没有任何植物生
长的沙
漠。
14
、
Many
methods
of
protecting
endangered
species
are
being
practiced
in
different parts of the globe
,Legislation is a common method : passing laws
against
killing endangered species or
destroying their habitat ,Worldwide ,over
1200parks and
preserves have been set
aside in which wildlife are protected ,And certain
endangered
species are being raised in
captivity for later release into their wild
habitats .
在世界各地，
人们实施着各种不同的保
护濒危物种的办法。
立法是一个普遍
的方法：颁布法律来反对杀
害濒危物种或毁坏他们的栖息地。在全世界范围内，
已建立了
1
200
个国家公园和保护区保护野生动物。
有些濒危动物还由人
工饲养，
然后再放归大自然。
4
当看音乐电视长大的一代成为首席执行官
Susan ey
2
、
―
Who
will take the helm?
‖
is one
question that will keep CEOs awake at night
in
the
next
millennium.
Most
wonder
what
corporate
culture
in
services
firms
will
look
like
when
the
40
million
Gen
Xers
in
the
work
force
–
now
twenty-and
thirty-something employees
–
take over as managers.
当这些
“难以驾驭的”
年轻人成为经理会发生
什么样的情况呢？
“将来谁来
掌舵呢？”这个问题会使很多首席
执行官在
21
世纪的晚上辗转难眠。他们大多
< br>想知道现在被称为
X
一代的近
4
000
万的
20
多岁、
30
多岁的员工如果担任经理
职位，服务业的公司文化
又将会是个什么样子。
3
、
Much has been
written about
Gen
X
employees,
most of it negative. Early
studies
accused
them
of
being
arrogant,
uncommitted,
unmanageable
slackers
–
disrespectful
of authority, scornful of paying dues
–
tattooed and pierced
youths who
―
just
don
‘
t
care.
‖
Recent
interpretations,
however,
offer
some
new
and
somewhat
different insights.
关于
X
一代员工的描述并不鲜见，但多
数是负面的评价。早期的研究指责
他们傲慢、不愿承担责任、难于管理、散漫懒惰。这些
年轻人不尊重权威，对尽
职苦干嗤之以鼻，他们纹身或穿耳洞，一副“无所谓”的样子。
但是，最近的解
读却对他们提出了一些新的、有点不一样的看法。
4
、
Gen Xers have
been characterized as the
―
latchkey
kids
‖
of the
70
‘
s and
80
‘
s;
often
left
on
their
own
by
divorced
and/or
working
parents,
these
young
people
became adept at handling things on
their own and in their own ways. Many became
self-motivating,
self-
sufficient,
and
creative
problem-solvers.
Their
independence,
which baby-
boom managers sometimes interpret as arrogance,
may also reflect a need
to feel trusted
to get a job done.
X
一代人的一个特征
是，
他们是七、八十年代脖子上挂钥匙的孩子，
经常被
已经离异或双职工的父母单独留在家里，
因此这些年轻人已经习惯了独立
地以自
己的方式处理事情。许多人自我激励、自给自足，解决问题时颇具创造性。他们<
/p>
的独立性一有时会被婴儿潮时期出生的经理们认为是一种傲慢自大——也许正
体现了他们需要得到别人信任，信任他们可以胜任某项工作。
5
、
As
employees, Gen Xers enjoy freedom to manage their
own schedules. They
don
‘
t watch a
clock and don
‘
t want their
managers to do so. Whether work is done
from nine-to-eight
–
at home , in the office,
or over lattes
–
is
irrelevant to this group
because
Gen
Xers
are
results-oriented.
They
seek
guidance,
inspiration,
and
vision
from
their
managers
but
otherwise
prefer
to
be
left
alone
between
goal-setting
and
deliverables.
作为员工，
X
一代人喜欢享有掌控自己时间表的自由。
他们不愿意做事
按部
就班，
也不希望他们的经理是这样的人。
< br>因为这代人更注重结果，
因此对他们来
说，工作的时间表
是朝九晚五，还是从中午开始到晚上
8
点，是在家里、办公室<
/p>
或是在咖啡馆里都无所谓。他们会向经理们寻求指导、鼓励，听取他们的意见。
但是从目标确立到完成这一过程中，他们却希望不受打扰。
6
、
Many Gen Xers
excel at developing innovative solutions, but need
clear, firm
deadlines
to
set
boundaries
on
their
creative
freedom.
They
have
been
known
to
bristle under
micromanagement but flourish with coaching and
feedback.
许多
X
一代人擅
长提出创新性的解决办法，但是他们需要清楚明确的期限
来约束他们创造的自由。众所周
知的是：凡事必亲躬的微观管理会惹怒
X
一代
< br>人，但是施以指导和提供反馈信息却能使他们成功。
7
、
Gen
X
grew
up
with
rapidly
changing
technology
and
the
availability
of
massive
amounts
of
information.
Many
developed
skills
at
parallel
processing
or
sorting
large
amounts
of
information
quickly
(which
is
sometimes
interpreted
as
a
short
attention span). Most are skilled at understanding
and using technologies, adapt
quickly
to new platforms, and are practiced at learning
through technological media.
They value
visual as well as verbal communication.
X
一代人的成长伴随着技术的快速变化和信息的大量涌现。
他
们中很多人都
具有同时处理或迅速分类大量信息的技能
（虽然这
种技能有时被人理解为是缺乏
持久注意力的表现）
。他们大多数
都熟悉并善于使用技术，能快速适应新的技术
平台，并且能熟练地通过科技媒体学习。他
们对视觉和言语上的交流同等重视。
8
、
Gen
X
employees
excel
in
a
technologically
advanced
environment.
They
demand
state-of-the-art
capabilities,
such
as
telecommuting,
teleconferencing,
and
electronic mail, in order to work
efficiently and effectively. To baby-boom managers
this
may
seem
to
be
a
preference
for
impersonal
means
of
communicating,
living
and working, but Gen
Xers do not see it that way; for example, they
have modified
electronic language and
symbolism to
express
emotions
such as
surprise, anger and
pleasure.
X
一代员工在科
技先进的环境中最能凸显自己。
他们要求自己工作的地方具
备最
新的科学技术设施，
例如远程办公、
远程会议和电子邮件，
这样他们工作会
更有效果，
也更有效率。<
/p>
在婴儿潮时期出生的经理们看来，
这种做法似乎是对那
种没有人情味的交流、生活和工作模式的偏好，但是
X
一代人并不这样认为，
例如：他们已经修改了电子语言和符号来表达诸如吃惊、愤怒
和喜悦等情感。
9
、
Gen X employees
don
‘
t live to work, they
work to live. They place a high
value
on prototypical family values that they feel they
missed. Having observed their
parents
trade personal lives for
―
the good of the
company,
‖
this group wants
balance
in their lives, demanding time
for work, play, family, friends, and spirituality.
Gen X
employees are skeptical of
forgoing the needs of today for a later, uncertain
payoff.
X
一代员工不是活着为了工作，
而是为了生活而工作。
他们非常重视他们认
为曾经错
过的典型的家庭观念。
曾经目睹他们的父母为了公司的利益而牺牲了个
< br>人生活，这代人想要的是生活的平衡。他们需要时间来满足工作、玩乐、家庭、
朋
友以及精神的需求。
对于为了将来未知的回报而放弃现在的需求，
X
一代员工
是深表怀疑的。
10
、
When on the
job market, Gen Xers will openly ask life-balance
questions.
This can be a turnoff for
unprepared interviewers used to classic baby-
boomer scripts
featuring such lines as
―
How can I best contribute
to the company?
‖
and
―
My greatest
weakness is that I work too
hard.
‖
在找工作时，
X
一代人会坦率地询问关于生活能否平衡的问题。
没有思想准
备的面试官也许会感到反感，
因为他们已习惯了婴
儿潮时期出生的人的经典回答
版本，例如：
“我怎样才能最好地
为公司效力呢
?
”
，还有“我最大的弱
点就是我
工作太努力了。
”
11
、
In
contrast, Gen Xers want to know
―
What can you do to help me
balance
work, life, and
family?
‖
They expect
companies to understand and respect their needs
as individuals with important personal
lives. This focus on
―
getting a
life
‖
cause some
to label them as slackers. Viewed from
another perspective, however, Gen Xers could
be seen as balanced individuals who can
set priorities within time limits.
恰恰相反
，
X
一代人想知道的是：
“你能做什么
来帮我实现工作、生活和家
庭的平衡
?
他们希望公司能理解并尊重他们作为个体在拥有重要的个人生活方
面的需要。这种对“有
自己的生活”的强调态度使得有些人给他们贴上了“懒惰
散漫的人”的标签。但是换一个
角度，我们司以把
X
一代人看作是重视平衡的
< br>人，他们能够分清某一时限内事情的轻重缓急。
13
、
Gen X
employees tend to focus on the big picture, to
emphasize outcomes
over process or
protocol. They respect clear, unambiguous
communication
–
whether
good news or bad. Gen Xers prefer
tangible rewards over soft words. Cash incentives,
concert tickets, computer equipment, or
sports outings go farther with this group than
―
attaboys,
‖
plaques, or promises of future rewards.
X
一代员工关注的是整体，
强调结果而不是过程或礼仪
。
不管消息是好是坏，
他们都遵重清楚明确的交流。他们喜欢实
质的奖励而不是甜言蜜语。现金奖励、
音乐会的门票、
电脑设备
或户外运动—这些远比夸他们是好样的、
授予勋章或许
诺将来奖
励更让他们喜欢。
14
、
Growing
up
in
a
period
of
corporate
downsizing
and
right-sizing
fostered
Gen X beliefs that
the future depends on their resumes rather than
loyalty to any one
company .Not
surprisingly
,Gen
X
employees
seek
challenging
projects
that
help
them
develop a portfolio of skills .
在公司裁员和精
简的氛围中成长起来的
X
一代人持有这样的信念：未来是
靠自己的资历而不是靠对哪一家公司的忠诚得来的。
因此，理所当然，
X
一代员
工总是寻求具有挑战性的项目
来培养自己的各项技能。
15
、
What
might
appear
to
a
baby-boom
manager
as
job-
hopping
can
be
interpreted as
Gen
Xer
‘
s pattern of
skill
acquisition .Similarly, a
refusal
to just
―
do
time
‖
in
an
organization,
often
interpreted
as
disloyalty
and
a
lack
of
commitment,
may come from an
intolerance of busywork and wasted time.
在婴儿潮期出生的经理人眼里看来是跳槽的行为，对
X
一代
人来说可以理
解为是他们学习技能的方式。
同样，
X
一代人拒绝在公司里恪守工作时间通常被
认为是他
们不忠诚和缺乏责任感的表现，
但其实这是他们出于对繁忙的工作的抗
< br>议和浪费时间的不满。
16
、
Gen
Xers
will
thrive
in
learning
organizations
where
they
can
embrace
creative challenges and acquire new
skills. Smaller companies and work units will be
valued for the opportunities they
provide for Gen X employees to apply their diverse
array of skills and, thereby, prove
their individual merit.
X
一代人
在仍处于学习阶段的公司中会发展很快，
他们可以接受有创造性的
挑战并且获得新的技能。
小型公司和单位会格外的受到青睐，
因为它们能够给
X
一代员工提供施展各种技能从而证明自己个体
价值的机会。
17
、
Managers
who
enact
their
roles
as
teachers
and
facilitators
rather
than
―
bosses
‖
will
get
the
most
from
their
Gen
X
employees.
Training
is
valued
by
this
group but should be immediately
relevant: the best training seems to be self-
directed
or tied to self-improvement,
personal development, and skills-building.
如果经理们扮演的不是老板，而是老师或辅助者的角色，他们则可以从
X
一代的员工身上获得最大的利益。
X
一代人重
视培训，
但是培训对他们来说应该
是直接相关的。
最好的培训似乎是自我指导型的，
或者是和自我提高、
个人发展
和技能培养有关系的。
18
、
Some
baby-boom
managers
hope
that
the
differences
between
themselves
and
their
Gen
X
employees
will
fade
away
as
less-conforming
behaviors
are
abandoned
with
age
and
experience.
But
what
if
the
wished-for
assimilation
into
corporate culture
—
as presently defined by
baby-boomers
—
doesn
‘
t occur? Or, what
if,
more
likely,
the
assimilation
is
less
than
complete?
What
vestiges
of
Gen
X
‘
s
culture will be maintained? What will
be absorbed, what will fade away?
一些婴儿潮
期出生的经理们希望看到随着年龄和经验的增长，
X
一代人会减
少叛逆行为，
他们之间的分歧也将会逐步缩小，
但是如果他们所希望的这种融入
公司文化的方式
（按照
婴儿潮时期出生的人现在所定义的）
没有发生，
那该怎么
办呢？或者，
更可能的是，
这种同化不完全彻
底又怎么办？
X
一代的文化会有哪
些被
保留？哪些会被吸收？又有哪些会渐渐衰退？
19
、
As a group,
Gen X was not predicted to become
―
the
establishment,
‖
yet the
establishment will claim them
nevertheless. Having rebelled against standard
business
hours
and
micromanagement,
they
might
find
it
difficult
to
make
such
demands
of
their
subordinates.
Having
distained
bosses,
they
might
be
uncomfortable
being
bosses
themselves;
having
shunned
hierarchy
and
titles,
they
may
find
their
own
managerial monikers awkward to bear.
作为一个群体，
X
一代人并没有被指望将成
为当权人物，
但是权力机构总会
找上他们。
他们曾经抗议过标准的上下班时间和微观管理，
因而他们也许会发现
自己对下属很难提出此类要求。
他们曾经鄙视过自己的的老板，
因而他们会对自
己当老板不太适应：
他们曾经逃避过等
级制度和头衔，
因而他们也许会对自己的
管理头衔感到尴尬。<
/p>
20
、
Their
emphasis
on
independence,
combined
with
technological
expertise,
suggested that
Gen X managers will support continued growth in
telecommuting. This
trend
could
put
particular
stresses
on
services
firms
that
require
contact
personnel
on-site
to
service
customers.
However,
the
creative
problem-solving
excellence
of
Gen
X
managers,
combined
with
their
technological
prowess,
will
support
new
approaches to the issue of front-line
service coverage.
X
一代人强调独立和专
业技术知识，这表明
X
一代人经理人会支持远程通
讯的持续发展。
这种趋势会对服务业施加更多的压力，
因为服务业要求提供服务
人员现场为客户服务的业务。
但是，
X
一代经理人擅于创造性解决问题的能力以
及高超的技术能力将会使他们支持采用新的方法解决一线服务所覆盖的问题。
21
、
Their
life-balance
beliefs
suggest
that
Gen
X
managers
will
support
family-friendly
corporate
policies.
Firms
will
experience
a
continued
drive
toward
flexible work
schedules and reduced hours that benefit both Gen
Xers (who strive for
balance
throughout
their
careers)
and
baby
boomers
(who
put
off
―
life
‖
until
their
career dues were paid) . Firms will
manage differences in needs for employee benefits
with cafeteria plans that allow Gen
Xers to select benefits that support early family
concerns (insurance, child care) and
allow baby boomers to focus on 401ks [U.S] and
retirement plans.
X
一代经理人看重生活平衡，
表明他们会拥护有利于家庭的公司政策。
各公
司会继续努力创建灵活弹性的工作制度，并且减少工作时间，这种做法会使
X
一代人
（他们在职业生涯中一直致力
于平衡生活）
和婴儿潮时期出生的人
（他们
直到尽职退休后才开始享受生活）双方都受益。
22
、
Gen
Xer
‘
s
―
just do
it
‖
attitudes and impatience
with corporate cultures that
seem
to
support
style
over
substance
indicate
that
Gen
X
managers
will
support
a
more
casual
workplace.
Expect
―
dress-
down
Friday
‖
to
expand
to
encompass
the
entire workweek, with formal business
attire required on an as-needed basis such as in
the presence of customers.( Gen Xers
will respect social niceties when they agree that
there
‘
s a good
reason.)
X
一代人讲求实干的态度以及对重视风格而
非实质的公司文化的不耐烦的
态度表明
X
一代的经理会拥护更轻松随意的工作环境。他们期待把“星期五可
以着便装”
的规定扩展到所有工作日，
希望只有在必要的场合，
例如有客户在场，
才穿正装。
（
X
一代人在有正当理由时还是会尊重社交礼节的。
）
23
、
Some
―
free-
agent
‖
Gen Xers will
ultimately be unable or unwilling to make
the transition to corporate manager. As
Scott Asams
‘
Dilbert
cartoons make painfully
clear, many Gen
Xers fear ending up in deed-end support jobs,
especially when they
see the road to
the top clogged with baby-boom managers. We are
likely to see many
choose an
alternative lifestyle by becoming entrepreneurs.
Indeed, the U.S Bureau of
Labor
Statistics reports that 80% of Americans starting
their own businesses today are
between
ages 18 and 34. The trend may dilute corporate
pools of promotable junior
managers but
provide a needed infrastructure for corporate
outsourcing.
一些人做自由人的
X
一代人最终也许不能或不愿过渡到公司经理的职位。
正如
scottAdams
的
dilbert
的卡通片中所作的痛苦的描述那样，许多
X
一代人，<
/p>
尤其是当他们看到通往高层职位的职业道路上还挤满了婴儿潮事情出生的经理
们的时候，
担心最终会落到从事前途的下手工作的下场。
我们很可能会看到许多
人选择另外一种生活态度—成为企业家。实际上，根据美国劳
动统计局的报告，
美国目前正在开始自主创业的群体中，
有
80%
的人年龄在
18
到
34
岁之间。
这种
趋势会使公司中有提职潜力的年轻经理储备量减少，
但是却为公司外包业务提
供
了必要的基础。
25
、
Facing the
issue squarely and approaching Gen X workplace
issues as issues
of cultural diversity
are necessary to get the most from the two groups
of group. Lines
of communication must
be opened and maintained. For example, mentoring
programs
that
pair
the
institutional
memory
and
experience
of
baby
boomers
with
the
technological
prowess
and
creativity
of
Gen
Xers
can
help
to
foster
mutual
respect
between the two
groups.
坦率的面对这一问题并且把
X
一代在工作中所产生的问题作为文化多样性
的体现来处理，
是挖掘这两代经理人最大潜力的必要手段。
公司必须理解、
尊重
每个群体的不同需求并对此做出反应。
沟通的渠道应该保持
开放并加以维护。
例
如：把婴儿潮时期出生的人对传统的眷恋和
他们的经验与
X
一代人的技术能力
及创
新能力结合起来形成培养计划，将会有助于培育双方的相互尊重。
26
、
Before mid-
millennium, Gen Xers will be the CEOs of the
future. This is a
time when Gen
X
‘
s visionary qualities will
be most valued by firms. Will their anger
with pollution, devastation of natural
resources, and waste inspire them to responsible
environmental
stewardship
？
Will their
disgust with corruption and scandal stimulate
ethical
corporate
leadership?
Will
their
experiences
as
the
forgotten
generation
motivate
them
to
create
supportive
corporate
cultures?
Will
their
experiences
as
a
marginal
group help them to envision, and sponsor,
corporate cultural diversity? Only
time
will tell.
到
21
世纪中叶，
X
一代人将成为未来的首席执行
官。那时，
X
一代人的远
见将最为受到
公司的重视。
他们对于污染、
自然资源遭到破坏及浪费等问题的
愤
怒是否会促使他们成为更负责任的环境保护者呢？他们对于腐败和丑闻的厌恶
是否会激发他们成为更有职业道德的公司领导者呢？他们作为被遗忘的一代的
经历是否会驱使他们创造对员工有更多支持和帮助的公司文化呢？
他们作为边缘群体的经历是否会有助于他们设想并支持公司文化的多样性
呢？只
有时间可以回答这些问题。
5
建立婚姻新规范的七条准则
David Popenoe
I
propose
as
a
remedy
for
socieyt
‘
s
confusion
over
marital
gender-role
expectations, a pattern of late
marriage followed, in the early childrearing
years, by
what one could
call a
―
modified traditional
nuclear family.
‖
The main
elements of this
pattern can be
summarized as follows. (I recognize, of course,
that this pattern
—
being
a set of normative
expectations
—
is not
something to which everyone can or should
conform.)
为了解决社会对婚姻中性别角色期望的困
惑，我提议一种婚姻模式：晚婚，
然后在哺育小孩子的前几年采纳一种可称为
“改良型传统核心家庭”
的家庭模式。
这个婚姻模
式的主要部分可以归纳如下
(
我当然承认这个模式包含的是一套
规范
性的期望，并不是每个人都能够或者应该遵循的。
)
(1)
Girls
as
well
as
boys
should
be
trained
according
to
their
abilities
for
a
socially useful paid job or career. It
is important for women to be able to achieve the
economic, social, and psychic rewards
of the workplace that have long been reserved
for men. It is important for society
that everyone be well educated and that they make
an important work contribution over the
course of their lives.
不仅男孩而且女孩都应该根据他们的
能力得到训练，以从事对社会有用的，
并能获得报酬的工作或职业。能够在长期以来是男
性领地的工作中获得经济的、
社会的、
心理的回报对女性非常重
要。
每个人都能够接受良好的教育并且在他们
的生命历程中对所
从事的工作做出重要的贡献，这对社会非常重要。
(2)
Young people should grow up with the expectation
that they will marry only
once
and
for
a
lifetime
and
that
they
will
have
children.
Reproduction
is
a
fundamental
purpose of life, and marriage is instrumental to
its success. Today, close
to 90percent
of Americans actually marry, and about the same
percentage of American
women
have
children:
Although
these
figures
have
been
dropping,
the
social
expectation in these
respects is currently quite well realized.
Lifetime monogamy is
not so
well realized, however, with the divorce rate now
standing at over 50 percent.
我们期望年轻人在长大成人后只结一次婚，
< br>并且这场婚姻能持续一生，
我们
还期望他们生儿育女。<
/p>
生命繁衍是人生的根本目的，
而婚姻对于这一目标的实现
至关重要。
当前，
接近
90%
的美国人确实结了婚，
大约有相同比例的美国女性生
育了孩子：
虽然这些数字一直在下降，
但是
目前社会在这些方面的期望还是较好
地得到了实现。
然而由于当
前离婚率超过
50%
，
社会对终生一夫
一妻的期望就不
如人意了。
(3) Young adults should be encouraged
to marry later in life than is common now,
with
an
average
age
at
time
of
marriage
in
the
late
twenties
or
early
thirties
(the
average ages currently
are twenty-six for men and twenty-four for women).
Even later
might be better for men, but
better for men, but at older ages than this for
women who
want children,
the
―biological
clock
‖
becomes a growing
problem.
应该鼓励年轻人比现在的普遍年龄在晚一些，
平均结婚年龄在
30
岁左右。
甚至再晚一些对男性更好。但是如果超
过这个年龄，对于想要小孩的女性来说，
生物钟问题将越来越突出。
Form
society
‘s
viewpoint,
the
most
important
reason
why
people
should
be
encouraged
to
marry
relatively
late
in
life
is
that
they
are
more
mature,
they
know
better
what they want in a mate, they are more
established in their jobs or careers, and
the men have begun to
―settle
down
‖
, sexually (partly due
to a biological diminution
of
their
sex
drive).
Age
at
marriage
has
proven
to
be
the
single
most
important
predictor of eventual divorce, with the
highest divorce rates found among those who
marry in their teenage years. But we
must also recognize that both women and men
want to have time, when they are young,
to enjoy the many opportunities for personal
expression and fulfillment that modern,
affluent societies are able to provide.
从社会
的角度看，
鼓励人们相对晚婚的最重要的上网理由是，
那是他们
更
成熟，
更明白想从自己另一半哪里得到什么，
有更好的工作和事业基础，
而且男
性性生活趋于平稳。
结婚年龄已经被证明是能够预测最终是否离婚的唯一的最重
要的
因素。
离婚率最高的群体是那些十几岁就结婚的年轻人。
但是我
们也必须承
认男性和女性都希望在年轻的时候有时间享有现在富有社会所提供的表达自我
，
实现自我的诸多机会。
We should anticipate that many of these
years of young adulthood will be spent
in
nonmarital
cohabitation,
an
arrangement
that
often
makes
more
sense
than
the
alternatives
to
it,
especially
living
along
or
continuing
to
live
with
one
‘s
family
of
origin.
I am not implying, much less advocating, sexual
promiscuity here, but rather
serious,
caring relationships which may involve
cohabitation.
我们应该预料到成年初期的不少年头将会在非婚同居中度过。比起其他
< br>选择。
特备是独居胡哟这继续生活在原来家里的，
这是一
个更加合乎常理的生活
安排。我这里不是在暗示，更不是在倡导滥交，而是指严肃，相互
关爱的，可能
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