-
.
主谓一致
p>
主谓一致即句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。
大致有三
个基本
原则:
1
.
语法一致原则,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语如是复
数形式,谓语动词则相应的为复数形式。
2
.
意义一致原则,即主语、谓语不参照主语的语法形式,而是取
决与主语所表
述的实际意义为单数还是复数。
3
.
就近原则,即谓语动词和它最相邻的名词、代词或
其它词在人称或数上保持
一致。
专四考点:
1
.
语法一致
?
当主语后面跟有
with, together with,
like, except, but, no less than,
as
well as
等词引起的短语时,位于动词与前面的主语一致。
如:
Tom as well as two of
his classmates was invited to the party.
汤姆和
他的两个同学被邀请去参加聚会。
The president of the college, together
with the deans, is planning a
conference for the purpose of laying
down certain regulations.
该大学
的校长准备和院长们一起开会制定校规。
?
如果主语是由“
a committee of, a
panel of, a/the board of +
复数名
词”构成,谓语动词通常用单数。
如:
.
A
panel
of
scientific
advisers
to
the
agency
is
expected
to
make
a
formal
recommendation on Monday.
药监局的科学顾问小组将在周
一提
出正式建议。
The
board of manager is responsible for the firm.
经理委员会对公司负
责。
2
.
意义一致
?
代词
ea
ch
和由
every, some, no, any
等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语
中含有
eac
h,
every,
谓语需用单数。
如:
No one except my parents
knows anything about it.
除了我父母外没有
人知道这件事。
Each of us has a tape-recorder.
我们每个人都有一个录音机。
?
当主语是一本书或一条格言时,位
于动词常用单数。
如:
The Arabian Night is a book
known to lovers of English.
《天方夜谭》
是英语爱好者所熟知的一本书。
?
表示金钱、时间、价格或度量衡的
复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作
一个整体,谓语一般用单数(用复数也可,意思
不变)。
如:
Three weeks was allowed for
making the necessary preparations.
规定
p>
在
3
周内做好必要的准备。
3
.
就近原则
.
?
当
there
be
< br>句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最近的主语保持一致。
如:
There is a pen, a knife and
several books on the desk.
桌子上有一支笔,
一把小刀和几本书。
?
当
either
…
or
…与
neither
…
nor
…
,
not
only
…
but
also
连接两个主语
时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
如:
Either you or
she is to go.
不是你去,就是她去。
Neither I nor he is to blame.
既不怪我,也不怪他。
4.
其他情况
?
动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性
从句作主语,谓语用单数。
如:
To
understand the situation completely requires more
thought than
has been given thus far.
要全面地了解局势,需要比现在更深入的思考。
?
当用
half of, part of, most of,
a portion of
等词构成的主语时,动词通
常与
p>
of
后面的名词、代词保持一致。
如:
p>
Most
of his money is spent on
books.
它大部分的钱都花在书上了。
Most of the students are taking an
active part in sports.
大多数学生积
极参加体育活动。
?
关系代词作主语的定语从句中,谓
语的数要与先行词之致。
如:
Despite much research, there are still
certain elements in the life cycle
of
the insect that are not fully understood.
< br>尽管做了很多研究,人们仍
然无法完全理解昆虫生活周期中的某些元素。
.
?
以
-s<
/p>
结尾的疾病
(如
arthritis,
bronchitis, diabetes, mumps, phlebitis,
rickets
等)、游戏、地理名称等词语作主语,谓语用单数。
< br>如:
?
以
p>
-s
结尾的学科名称(如
physics,
mathematics,
mechanics,
optics,
acoustics, politics
statistics, economics, linguistics, athletic
等)作
主语时,
谓语用单数;
但是如果用作其他意义时,
谓语用复数。
请注意对比:
Acoustics studies the science
of sound.
声学是一门研究声音的科学。
The acoustics of the new concert hall
are perfect.
这家新音乐厅的音响
效果棒极了。
?
英语中有一些通常以
-s
结尾的有两部分组成的物体分词,如:
glas
ses,
pincers, pliers, scissors, shorts,
suspenders, trousers
等,这类名词
作主
语,如果不带“一把”、
“一副”等单位词,谓语动词通常用
复数。
如果带有单位词,则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。
如:
These trousers are made in Shanghai.
这些裤子是上海产的。
The
pair of trousers is made in Shanghai.
这条裤子是上海产的。
?
英语中还有一些以
-s
结尾的名词,
如:
arc
hives, arms, clothes, contents,
eaves,
fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs,
suburbs,
thanks, wages
等,这类名词
作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。
如:
The archives of the country are kept in
the Department of Security.
国
家的档案保存在安全部。
?
某些固定结构中谓语的数
a number of +
可数名词复数
谓语用复数
.
the number of
+
可数名词复数
谓语用单数
an amount
of +
不可数名词
谓语用单数
the amount
of +
不可数名词
谓语用单数
the majority of
+
可数名词复数
谓语用复数
a great
many +
可数名词复数
谓语用复数
many a
+
可数名词单数
谓语用单数
more than one
+
可数名词单数
谓语用单数
one and a
half +
可数名词复数
谓语用单数
each /every
+
可数名词单数
谓语用单数
neither /
either of +
可数名词复数
谓语用单数
the greater
part of
谓语的数与
of
后面的名词
一致
a large
proportion of
谓语的
数与
of
后面的名词
一致
50% of / one third of / plenty of
/ the rest of
谓语的数与
of
后面的
名词一致
关于主谓一致的更多例句分类和练习如下:
< br>1
.集合名词作主语与谓语动词的一致的要点提示
.
(
1
)
p>
集合名词如
people
,
police
,
cattle
,
poultry
(家禽),等通常都用
作复数。如:
The police are after
a robber.
警察们在追赶一个强盗。
(
2
)
集合名词如
clo
thing
,
baggage
,
luggage
,
furniture
,
machinery
,
stationary,
greenery,
merchandise,
equipment
等通常用作单
数。如:
All the machinery in the factory is
made in China.
这家工厂所有机器都是中国制造。
(
3
)
集合名词如
audience
,
army
,
band
(乐队),
board
(委员会),
c
lass
,
company
,
couple
,
club
,
committee
,
crew<
/p>
,
crowd
,
faculty
,
firm
(公司)<
/p>
,
gang
,
g
overnment
,
group
,<
/p>
public
,
team
,
troop
,
staff<
/p>
等作主语时,
如把集合名词视为不可分割的统一整体,
动词应用
单数形式;如强调团体中每一个成员,则要用复数形式。如:
p>
The audience was enormous.
p>
(作为一个群体
/
整体来看)
观众人很多。
The
audience were greatly moved at the
words.
听了这话听众们都很感动。
(
4
)
如果主语时是由
a committee of / a
panel of / a board of
加复数
名词构
成,随后的动词常用单数。如:
A committee
of seven students is to consider the
matter.
由七个学生组成的委员会将来考虑这个问题。
.
2<
/p>
.不定代词或限定词与谓语动词的一致的要点提示
(
1
)
由合成代词
some
(
any
,
no
,
every
)+
thing
(
body
,
one
< br>)或
由代词
one
,
each
(
one
),
every
(
one
),
either
,
neit
her
,
another
,
the other
等作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Neither of us has gone through regular
training.
我们两人都没受过正规训练。
(
2
)
由限定词
either
,
neither
,
each
,
every
等修饰名词时,用单数形
式。
(
3
)
表示复数的限定词
more than
one
,
many a
(
n
),
no
等加单数可
p>
数名词时,虽然表达的是复数意义,但按照毗邻吸引原则,谓语动词
仍用单数。如:
There is more than
one answer to your question.
你的问题答案不只一个。
(
4
)
none
作主语时,
如作为单数概念看
,
用单数,
否则用复数形式。
如:
p>
None of the books are easy
enough for him.
这些书全太难,不适合他。
None
of us has got the computer.
我们都没有电脑。
3
.并列结构或复合主语与谓语动词的一致
.
(
1
)
主语中有
and / both
…
p>
and
连接时,意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。
如指单一概念或同一事物或人物,谓语动词遵循意义一致原则,用作
单数。如:
p>
The
iron
and
steel
industry
plays
an
important
role
in
our
economy.
钢铁工业在我国经济中起重要作用。
My best friend and adviser has changed
his mind again.
我的密友和顾问又改变他的想法了。(密友和顾问指同一个人)
The farmer and not the city dweller is
hurt when food prices
fall.
食品跌价时,受损失的是农民而不是城市居民。
同样,在某些成语里,由
and
连接
的两个成分指同一件事,同一个
概念,这时谓语也常用单数。
Early
to
bed
and
early
to
rise
makes
a
man
healthy,
wealthy
and wise.
早起早睡使人健康,富有和智慧。
Trial and error is the source of our
knowledge.
尝试和失败同是学识之源。
(
2
)
主语后有
as well
as
,
as much
as
,
along with
,
with
,
together
with
,
in company
with
,
rather
than
,
more
than
,
no less than
,
like
,
besides
,
except
,
bu
t
,
in
addition
to
,
including
< br>,
instead
of
.
等引导的词组时,遵循语法一致原则,谓语动词与真正的主
语保持一
致。如:
Some
of
the
students
as
well
as
the
teacher
were
concerned
about
it.
不仅老师,也有一些学生关心着这件事。
(
3
)
each
…
and
< br>(
each
)
…,
every
…
and
(<
/p>
every
)
…,
或
no
…
and
< br>(
no
)
…
等之后通常用作单数。如:
No sound and
no voice is heard for a long while.
很长时间没有听到一点声音。
(
4
)
由
or
,
ei
ther
…
or
…,
< br>neither
…
nor
…,<
/p>
not
…
but
…,
not only
…
but
(
also
)…等连接的复合主语,谓语动词
根据毗邻吸引原则,与靠得
最近的词在数上保持一致。如:
Either you or your brother is to do the
work.
不是你就是你弟弟来做这工作。
4
.表示数量或种类概念的名词(词组)与谓语动词的一致
p>
(
1
)
主语带有
all
,
most
,
half
,
some
,
none
,<
/p>
plenty of
,
part
of
,
a
lot
of
,
the majority
of
,
the minority
of
,
the
rest
,
the
remainder
,
the last
或是分数及百分比时,谓语动词遵循意义一致原则。如:
One fifth of the population are
workers.
这里五分之一的人口是
工人。
(
2
)
主语是
a kind of / pile / sort /
type / series / species / portion
of
或
this kind / sort / type
of
等加名词,谓语动词用单数。但是如果