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英语中的主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致。处理主谓一致问题,
可依据三项原则:语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致。根据这些原则,总结如下:
一
.
谓语动词用单数
(1)
以
单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用
单数
动词。
例如:
To work hard is
necessary.
努力工作是必要的。
Reading without
comprehension is no
good.
只读不理解是不好的。
It pays to work hard.
天道酬勤。
(2)
< br>事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称
(
专有名
词
)
用作主语时,谓语动词用单
数。<
/p>
例如:
The United States was
formed in 1776.
美国于
1776
年成立。
The
New York Times still has a wide
circulation.
纽约时报发行量仍然很大。
Roots is a novel about a
black family.
《根》是一部关于
(
美国
)
黑人家庭的小说。
(3)
表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量
的名词短语做主语时,谓语用
单数。
例如:
Two weeks was too
long.
两周太长了。
Ten dollars is a small
sum.
十美元是个小数目。
Five times five makes twenty
five.
五乘以五是二十五。
One and a half bananas is left on the
table.
一只半香蕉留在桌子上。
4)
表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词
是复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
例如:
Linguistics is a branch
of study on human language.
语言学是人类语言中的一<
/p>
个分枝。
(
5)
有些名词形式是复数,意义为单数,作主语时,要求单数动词。
例如:
The chaos
was stopped by the
police.
混乱被警察阻止了。
The news is a great encouragement to
us.
这新闻对我们来说是一个很大的鼓舞。
Her present whereabouts is
still unknown.
她目前的行踪仍然不明。
(6)
主语是单数时,尽管后面跟
as
well as (
以及
)
,
no less than (
不少于??,多
达
)
,
rat
her than(
而不是
)
,
more than(
不止是,超过
)
,
but(
除了
)<
/p>
,
except(
除??外
)
,
besides(
加
之,还有
)
,
with(
和??一起,和??一块儿
)
,
along with(
跟??一起
)
,
accompanied by (
由??陪同
)
,
combined with(
加上
)
,
in
addition to(
除??以外
)
,
including(
包括
)
p>
,
together with(
与??一
起
)
等,谓语动词仍用单数形式。
(7)
某
些
不
定
代
词
p>
,
如
:
eithe
r,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone, <
/p>
anything,somebody,someone,something,ever
ybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no
one,nothing
等,当他们作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
例如:
Each of the
boys has an apple.
每个孩子都有苹果。
Somebody is using the
phone.
有人正在用电话。
Everything around us is
matter.
我们周围一切都是物质。
但是口语中当
either
或
neither
后
+
of+
复数名词
(
或代词
)
作定语时,其谓语动词也可用复
数。
例如:
Is
(Are)either of the boys
ready?
两个男孩都准备好了吗
?
Neither of the novels is
(are)interesting.
哪一本小说都没意思。
(8)
集合名词作主语表示整体概念时,动词用单数谓语形式。
例如:
The
government
is
made
up
of
senior
members
of
the
four
main
right
wing
parties.
这届政府由四个主要右翼党的高级官员组成。
His family is not very
large.
他的家庭并不太大。
The
staff
of
our
school
is
opposed
to
the
drastic
changes
in
the
system
of
education.
我们学校的教员都反对教育体制的激烈改革。
The crowd was deeply
stirred by his
speech.
他的演说深深地打动了听众。
(9)
一般用
and
连接的两
个单词或短语做主语时候,谓语用复数,用
and
连接的成份
表示一
个单一概念时候,动词谓语用单数形式
法制
law and order
肥皂水
soap and water
茶杯碟子
a cup and saucer
刀叉
fork and knife
针线
the needle and thread
反复尝试,不断摸索
trial and error
马车
horse and carriage
岁月
time and
tide
奶油面包
bread and butter
盛衰,潮涨潮
落
the ebb
and flow
and butter is our daily food
Time and tide waits for no man
(10)
用
and
连接的并列
成分前面有
each,every,many a,no
等词修
饰时,意义为单数,动词
也相应地用单数形式。
例如:
In
China,every boy and girl has the right to
compulsory education.
在中国每
个儿童
都有权利接受义务教育。
Each
man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to
get the score report in five
weeks.
参加托福考试的每个人都能在五个星期内收到成绩通知单。
Many a student and teacher
has seen the
film.
不少老师和学生都看过这部影片。
(11)
none(of+
名词或代
词
)
在正式文体中被看做单数,谓语动词用单数,但非正式文体
中也
可以用复数。
例如:
None of us seem to have
thought of it.
我们中似乎没有人想到它。
“Is there any letter for
me?”“Sorry,there’s
none.”“有我的信吗”?“对不起,
没有。”
None of the drivers has (have) turned
up.
一个司机都没有来。
二
.
谓语动
词用复数
(1)
用
< br>and,both...and
连接的并列主语,或在
b
oth,(a)few,many,several
等修饰语后面谓
语动词通常用复数形式。
例如:
Plastics and rubber never
rot.
塑料和橡胶永不生锈。
He and I were classmates when we were
at college.
他和我大学时曾是同班同学。
Both of these novels are
interesting.
这两部小说都有意思。
Few people know
it.
几乎无人知道。
(2)
集体名词
people,police,p
ublic,militia,cattle,class,youth
等,常用复数形
式的谓
语动词。
例如:
The Chinese people are
brave and
hardworking.
中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
Most police wear
uniforms.
绝大多数警察穿制服。
The cattle are grazing in
the sunshine.
一群牛在阳光下吃草。
(3)
当表示民族的词与冠词合用充当主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。<
/p>
例如:
The Japanese were once
very
aggressive.
日本人曾是很具有侵略性的。
The English are more
conservative and less talkative than the Americans
.
英国人比
美国人保守且不爱说话。
(4)
某些形容词前面加定冠词表示
一类人。作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
例如:
The rich are not always
selfish.
富人不总是自私的。
The wounded are well
treated here.
伤员在这儿接受良好治疗。
The aged suffer from
various miseries in this country.
老年人在这个
国家承受各种悲
惨遭遇。
(5)
不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词
用复数。
例如:
Three million tons of
coal were exported that
year.
那年出口三百万吨煤。
Two million square meters of housing
were constructed in my hometown last
year.
我的家乡去年盖了二百万平方米的住宅。
三
.
p>
谓语动词可用单数也可以用复数
1.
就近一致
有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致,主要有以下两种情况:
(1)
用连词
either...or,neither...nor,whether...or,not
only...but(also),or
等连接的
并列主语,
如果一个是单数,一个是复数,则谓语动词按就近一致原则,与最靠近它的主
语
一致。
例如:
What he does or what he
says does not concern me.
他做什么或是他说什么与我
p>
无关。
Either the boy or the girl knows him
well.
不是这男孩就是那女孩了解他。
Neither money nor fame has
influence on me.
钱和荣誉都不会让我动心。
Not only you but also he is
wrong.
你和他都错了。
p>
(2)
在倒装结构中,谓语动词往往和后面的第一个主语取得一致。
例如:
Where is your mother and
younger sisters?
你的母亲和妹妹们在哪里
?
There is a book,two pencils
and some buttons on the table.
在桌子上,有一本书
,两
支铅笔和一些扣子。
(3)
主语带有
(
to
gether/along
)
with,
such
as,
accompanied
by,
as
well
as,
no
less
than,
except,
besides,
with,
combined
with,
in
addition
to
,
including,
together
with
等
p>
等附加成分,谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致
.<
/p>
如
:
Professor
Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a
conference in Boston
organized to
compare current practice in the United States with
those of other
nations. The president
of the college, together with the deans, is
planning a
conference for the purpose
of laying down certain regulations.
p>
2.
集体名词作主语时,
谓语动词的数取决
于主语表示的意思和数,
当表示整体时候,
谓语动
词就用单数,当强调集体中的个体时候,谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如:
army,
audience,
band
,government
,group
,flock,
police,
public
,staff
,team
,troop.
Crowd,
firm, family
等等
例如:
The family is the basic
unit of our
society.
家庭是社会的基本单元。
The family were watching
TV.
全家人正在看电视。
The committee meets twice a
month.
委员会一月开两次会。
The committee are divided in
opinion.
委员会意见有分歧。
The audience was
enormous.
观众人很多。
The audience were greatly moved at the
words.
听了这话听众都很感动。
3.
一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时,
谓语动词的数取决于
名词的数。
名词是复数,
谓语动
词用复
数,反之就用单数。
这些短语有:
a lot of(lots
of),plenty of,a heap of (heaps of),half of,two
thirds
of,ninety percent of,part
of,rest of,some of,none of
等。
例如:
Lots of
damage was caused by the
fire.
火灾造成了很大的损失。
Two thirds of people present are
women.
在场三分之二的人是妇女。
40 percent of the students
come from the south of
China.40%
的学生来自中国的南方。
A number of students were
late.
许多同学迟到了。
p>
4.
定语从句中关系代词作主语时,其谓语动词的数必须与其先行词
一致。
例如:
I,who am your friend,will
try my best to help you.
我作为你的朋友会尽力帮助
你。
Each
of us who are his classmates is willing to help hi
m.
我们这些他的同班同学都
乐意帮助他。
5.
代词的一致
代词一致是指句中代词应在数、
性、
人称等方面彼此保持一致,
或者与它所照应的名词词组
在某些方面保持一致。
例如:
He is devoted to his aged
mother.
他全心全意地照顾他的年迈的母亲。
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