白皮书-中国的法治建设-中英文对照

Bills of laws,

regulations

and

rules

concerning

vital

public

interests

or

增强立法的透明度和公众参与度。关

dictating the obligations of citizens are published in full in the

系公众切身利益或者涉及需要设立普

news media to ask for comments from the people. After being

adopted,

the

laws

and regulations

are

published

in

a

timely

遍的公民义务的法律、法规草案，还

way in gazettes of the people's congresses and governments at

要在新闻媒体上全文公布，征求全体

all levels, government websites and the mass media. In recent

years,

the

Standing

Committee

of

the

NPC

and

the

State

人民的意见。法律、法规通过后，及

Council

have

sought

advice

from

all

sectors

of

society

时在各级人大及政府公报、

< br>政府网站、

regarding draft laws and administrative regulations, including

the

Property

Rights

Law,

Law

on

Labor

Contracts,

Law

on

公众媒体上公开刊登。近年来，全国

the

Promotion

of

Employment

and

Regulations

on

the

人民代表大会常务委员会和国务院分

< br>Administration of Properties. The Standing Committee of the

NPC

has

held

feasibility

study

meetings

and

hearings

别将物权法、劳动合同法、就业促进

regarding revisions of the Law on the

Protection of Cultural

Relics, Law on Individual Income Tax, and others.

法、物业管理条例等多部法律草案和

在立法过程中，坚持发扬民主，

行政法规草案向社会公布，广泛 征求

各方面意见。全国人民代表大会常务

委员会还就修改文物保 护法、个人所

得税法等，召开论证会和听证会。

为保证国家法制统一和法律规范< /p>

之间的协调，中国法律规定了不同层

级法律规范的效力：宪法具有 最高的

法律效力，一切法律、行政法规、地

方性法规、自治条例 和单行条例、规

章都不得与宪法相抵触；法律的效力

高于行政法 规、地方性法规、规章；

行政法规的效力高于地方性法规、规

章 ；地方性法规的效力高于本级和下

级地方政府规章。法律规定了法规和

< br>规章的备案审查制度：行政法规报全

To

guarantee

the

uniformity

of

the

state's

legal

system

and

coordination

of

various

laws

and

regulations,

the

Chinese

legal system prescribes the validity of laws or regulations at

different

levels:

The

Constitution

has

the

supreme

legal

authority,

and

no

laws,

administrative

regulations,

local

regulations,

autonomous regulations,

separate regulations,

or

rules may contravene the Constitution. The authority of laws

is

higher

than

that

of

administrative

regulations,

local

regulations

and

rules.

The

authority

of

administrative

regulations is higher than that of local regulations and rules;

and the authority of local regulations is higher than that of the

rules

of

local

governments

at

and

below

the

corresponding

level. The legal system also prescribes a system of record and

examination

for

regulations

and

rules:

Administrative

regulations

shall

be

filed

to

the

Standing

Committee

of

the

NPC

for

the

record;

local

regulations

shall

be

filed

to

the

Standing Committee of the NPC and the State Council for the

国 人民代表大会常务委员会备案；地

方性法规报全国人民代表大会常务委

< br>员会和国务院备案；部门规章和地方

政府规章报国务院备案。全国人民代

表大会有权改变或者撤销全国人民代

表大会常务委员会制定的不适当的法

律；全国人民代表大会常务委员会有

权撤销同宪法和法律相抵触 的行政法

规，有权撤销同宪法、法律和行政法

规相抵触的地方性 法规等；国务院有

权改变或者撤销不适当的部门规章和

地方政府 规章。全国人民代表大会授

权香港、澳门特别行政区依照特别行

政区基本法的规定享有立法权；特别

行政区的任何法律，均不得同特别行

政区基本法相抵触。

record;

and

the

rules

of

a

department

and

of

a

local

government shall be filed to the State Council for the record.

The

NPC

has

the

power

to

alter

or

annul

any

inappropriate

laws

enacted

by

its

Standing

Committee;

the

Standing

Committee

of

the

NPC

has

the

power

to

annul

any

administrative regulations that contradict the Constitution and

the law, and to annul any local regulations that contradict the

Constitution, laws or administrative regulations; and the State

Council

has

the

power

to

alter

or

annul

any

inappropriate

rules

of

the

government

departments

and

of

local

governments.

The

NPC

gives

the

Hong

Kong

and

Macao

special administrative regions (SAR) the power of legislation

in accordance with their respective Basic Law, and no laws of

the SAR may contradict the Basic Law of the SAR.

The

legal

system

of

China

also

prescribes

the

procedure

of

examination

of

administrative

regulations,

local

regulations,

地方性法规、自治条例和单行条例的

autonomous regulations

and

separate

regulations

on whether

国务院、

they

contradict the

Constitution

or

the

law:

When

the

State

Council,

the

Central

Military

Commission,

the

Supreme

中央军事委员会、最高人民法院、最

People's

Court,

the

Supreme

People's

Procuratorate

and

the

高人民检察院和各省、自治区、直辖

standing

committees

of

the

people's

congresses

of

the

provinces,

autonomous

regions

and

municipalities

directly

市的人民代表大会常务委员会认为行

under the central government consider that any administrative

政法规、地方性法规、自治条例和单

regulation,

local

regulation,

autonomous

regulation

or

separate

regulation

contradicts

the

Constitution

or

any

law,

行条例同宪法或者法律相抵触的，可

they

may

submit

to

the

Standing

Committee

of

the

NPC

以向全国人民代表大会常务委员会书

written requests for examination; and when other state organs,

public

organizations,

enterprises

and

public

institutions

or

面提出进行审查的要求；其他国家机

citizens

consider

that

any

administrative

regulation,

local

关和社会团体、企业事业组织以及公

regulation,

autonomous

regulation

or

separate

regulation

contradicts the Constitution or any law, they may also submit

民也可以向全国人民代表大会常务委

to

the

Standing

Committee

of

the

NPC

written

requests for

examination.

员会书面提出进行审查的建议。

中国法律还规定了对行政法规、

The

precondition

for

building

a

socialist

country

under

the

rule

of

law

is

that

there must

be

laws

to

go

by.

Unremitting

家的前提。经过多年不懈的努力，以

efforts

over

many

years

have

seen

the

establishment

of

a

宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律

socialist

legal

framework

with

Chinese

characteristics

and

with

the

Constitution

at

the core. The

modern

Chinese

legal

体系基 本形成。

当代中国的法律体系，

system, with complete branches, distinctive levels, a balanced

部门齐全、层次分明、结构协调、体

structure

and

scientific

style,

mainly

consists

of

seven

branches

of

legislation

and

three

levels.

The

seven

branches

有法可依是建设社会主义法治国

of

legislation

are:

the

Constitution

and

the

Constitution-related

laws;

civil

and

commercial

laws;

不同层级的法律规范构成。七个法律

administrative laws; economic laws; laws on society; criminal

部门是：宪法及宪法相关法，民法商

law;

and

litigation

and

non-litigation

procedural

laws.

The

three

levels

are:

laws;

administrative

regulations;

and

local

法，行政法，经 济法，社会法，刑法，

regulations, autonomous regulations and separate regulations.

诉讼与非诉讼程序法。三个不同层级

The NPC and its Standing Committee have enacted 229 laws

currently in effect, covering all the above seven branches; and

的法律规范是：法律，行政法规，地

have made most of each branch, including basic

laws

as

the

方性法规、自治条例和单行条例。目

framework

of

the

socialist

legal

system

with

Chinese

characteristics

and

laws

urgently

demanded

by

reform,

前，全国人民代表大会及其常务委员

development and stability. As supplements, the State Council < /p>

会已经制定了

229

件现行有效的法

has enacted nearly 600 administrative regulations currently in

effect;

local

people's

congresses

and

their

standing

律，涵盖了全部七个法律部门；各法

committees

at

various

levels

have

enacted

over

7,000

local

regulations currently in effect; and the people's congresses of

律部门中，对形成中国特色社会主义

the

ethnic

autonomous

areas

have

enacted

over

600

法律体系起支架作用的基本的法律，

autonomous regulations and separate regulations currently in

以及改革、发展、稳定急需的法律，

effect. The departments under the State Council, the people's

governments

of

the

provinces,

autonomous

regions,

< br>大多已经制定出来。与法律相配套，

municipalities directly under the central government, and the

国务院制定了近

600

件现行有效的行

larger cities have also enacted numerous rules.

例科学，主要由七个法律部门和三个

政法规，地 方人民代表大会及其常务

委员会制定了

7000

多件现行有效的

地方性法规，民族自治地方的人民代

表 大会制定了

600

多件现行有效的自

治 条例和单行条例。国务院有关部门

以及省、自治区、直辖市和较大的市

< br>的人民政府还制定了大量规章。

In the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, the

Constitution

is

at

the

core

and

dominant.

The

present

中，宪法居于核心和统帅地位。中国

Constitution,

on

the

basis

of

the

1954

Constitution,

was

现行宪法是在

1954

年宪法的基础上，

adopted

at

the

Fifth

Session

of

the

Fifth

NPC

in

1982

after

public

discussion. The

Constitution,

as

the

fundamental

law

经过全民讨论，

于

年由第五届全

of

the

state,

has supreme

legal

authority.

The

people

of

all

国人民代表大会第五次会议通过的。

ethnic groups, all state organs, the armed forces, all political

parties and public organizations and all enterprises and public

宪法是国家的根本大法，具有最高的

institutions

in

the

country

must

take

the

Constitution

as

the

法律效力。在中国，各族人民、一切

basic standard

of conduct,

and

they

have

the

duty

to

uphold

the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社

To implement the basic principle of governing the country by

会团体、各企业事业组织，都必须以

law, it is first of all necessary to implement the Constitution

in an all-round and thorough way.

宪法为根本的活动准则，并负有维护

在中国特色社

会主义法律体系

宪法尊严 、保证宪法实施的职责。实

行依法治国基本方略，首先要全面贯

彻实施宪法。

The

present

Constitution

of

China,

summarizing

historical

experiences and taking lessons from the

取“文化大革命”教训，不仅对公民的

has not only prescribed the fundamental rights and duties of

各项基本权利作出规定，而且对公民

citizens,

but

also

included

specific

provisions

guaranteeing

the

inviolability

of

the

personal

dignity

and

freedom

of

the

的人格尊严不受侵犯、公民的人身自

person

of

Chinese

citizens,

and

that

Chinese

citizens

enjoy

由和 宗教信仰自由等，

都有具体规定。

freedom

of

religious

belief.

The

Constitution,

based

on

the

principle

of

democratic

centralism

for

the

state

organs

and

现行宪法根据国家机构实行民主集中

experience

in

building

political

power

since

the founding

of

制的原则和中华人民共和国成立以后

New

China,

has

comprehensive

stipulations

on

the

state

organs:

The

state

strengthens

the

system

of

the

People's

政权建设的经验，对国家机构作了全

Congress

as

the

basic

political

system

of

China;

part

of

the

面规定，包括：加强作为中国根本政

NPC's functions and powers are delegated to and exercised by

its

Standing

Committee;

the

state

has

the

president

and

治制度的人民代表大会制度，将全国

vice- president;

the

state

establishes

the

Central

Military

人民代表大会的一部分职权交由它的

Commission to lead all the armed forces of China; under

the

uniform

leadership

of

the

Central

Authorities,

the

state

常务委员会行使；设立国家主席和副

strengthens

the

building

of

local

organs

of

state

power,

and

people's congresses at and above the county level have their

主席；国家设立中央军事委员会，领

standing committees; and the president and vice-president of

导全国的武装力量；在中央的统一领

the

state,

chairman

and

vice-chairmen

of

the

Standing

Committee

of

the

NPC,

premier,

vice-premiers

and

state

导下，加强地方政权建设，县级以上

councilors,

president

of

the

Supreme

People's

Court

and

的地方各级人民代表大会设立常务委

procurator- general

of

the

Supreme

People's

Procuratorate

shall

serve

no

more

than

two

consecutive

terms

each.

The

员会；规定国家主席、副主席，全国

Constitution

also

stipulates

that

regional

autonomy

is

人民代表大会常务委员会委员长、副

practiced

in

areas where

people

of

ethnic

minorities

live

in

compact communities,

where

organs

of self-government

are

委员长，国务院总理、副总理、国务

established

to

exercise

the

power

of

autonomy;

grassroots

委员，最高人民法院院长，最高人民

autonomy

is

practiced

in

both

urban

and

rural

areas

in

the

form

of

residents

committees

and

villagers

committees,

检察院检察长等国家领导人连续任职

respectively;

and

the

state

may

establish

special

不得超过两届等。现行宪法还规定，

administrative regions when necessary, and the systems to be

instituted

in

the

special

administrative

regions

shall

be

各少数民族聚居的

地方实行区域自

pr escribed

by

law

enacted

by

the

NPC

in

the

light

of

the

治，设立自治机关，行使自治权；在

specific conditions there.

< br>中国现行宪法总结历史经验并汲

城市和农村实行基层自治；国家在必

要时得设立特别行政区，在特别行政

区内实行的制度按照具体情况由全国

人民代表大会以法律规定。

After the present Constitution was adopted in 1982, the NPC,

to adapt to the changes in Chinese society, made amendments

发生的变革相适应，全国人民代表大

as

many

as

four

times

to

its content

and some

articles.

The

会又先后四次对宪法的部分内容和条

Amendments

to

the

Constitution

made

in

1988

prescribes:

The state

permits

the

private

sector

of

the

economy

to

exist

款作了修改。

1988< /p>

年的宪法修正案规

and develop within the limits prescribed by law; and the right

定，国家允许私营经济在法律规定的

to the use of land may be transferred in accordance with the

law.

The

Amendments

to

the

Constitution

made

in

1993

现行宪法通过后，为与中国社会

prescribes: The state practices socialist market economy; and

the

system

of

multi-party

cooperation

and

the

political

以依照法律的规定转让。

1993

年的 宪

consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of

法修正案规定，国家实行社会主义市

China

shall

exist

and

develop

for

a

long

time

to come.

The

Amendments

to

the

Constitution

made

in

1999

prescribes:

场经济；中国共产党领导的多党合作

The

People's

Republic

of

China

exercises

the

rule

of

law,

和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展。

building a socialist country governed according to law; and in

the

primary

stage

of

socialism,

the

state

upholds

the

basic

1999

年的宪法修正案 规定，国家实行

economic system with the dominance of the public ownership

依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家；

and the simultaneous development of an economy of diverse

forms of ownership, and upholds the distribution system with

国家在社会主义初级阶段，坚持公有

the

dominance

of

distribution

according

to

work

and

the

制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展

coexistence

of

diverse

modes

of

distribution.

The

Amendments

to

the

Constitution

made

in

2004

prescribes:

的基本经济制度，坚持按劳分配为主

The state encourages, supports and guides the development of

the

non-public

sectors

of

the

economy

,

and

exercises

体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度。

supervision

and

control

over

the

non-public

sectors

in

2004

年的宪法修正案规定，

国家鼓励、

acco rdance

with

the

law;

the

lawful

private

property

of

支持和引导非公有制经济的发展，并

citizens

may

not

be

encroached

upon,

and

the state

protects

by

law

the

right

of

citizens

to

own

and

inherit

private

对非公有制经济依

法 实行监督和管

property; and the state respects and protects human rights.

范围内存在和发展；土地的 使用权可

理；

公民的合法的私有财产不受侵犯，

国家依照法律规定保护公民的私有财

产权和继承权；国家尊重和保障人权

等。

The

legal

system

of

China

accords

with

the

principle

of

universality

for

the

development

of

human

political

文明发展的普遍性原则相一致，又与

civilization,

and

conforms

to

the

basic

conditions

of

the

中国社会主义初级阶段的基本国情相

primary stage of socialism in China. It is in line with the basic

tasks of socialism, and has distinctive Chinese characteristics.

适应 ，

与社会主义的根本任务相协调，

The essence of this legal system is to put people first, reflects

具有鲜明的中国特色。这一法律体系

the

common

will

of

the

people

and

guarantees

the

fundamental

interests

of

the

people.

It

is

in

line

with

the

的本质是以人为本，反映人民的共同

economic

development

and

social

progress

of

China,

and

意志，保障人民的根本利益。这一法

provides

legal

safeguards

for

scientific,

harmonious

and

peaceful development of the country.

律体系与国家经济发展和社会进步相

中国的法律体系，既与人类政治

适应，

为国家的科学发展、

和谐发展、

和平发展提供法律保障。

中国特色社会 主义法律体系是开

放的和发展的。中国正处在社会转型

期，法律 体系具有阶段性和前瞻性特

点，今后仍将继续制定新的法律和修

改原有的法律，使法律体系不断发展

和完善。

China's

socialist

legal

system with

Chinese

characteristics

is

open

and

developing.

As

China

is

at

a

stage

of

social

transformation,

its

legal

system

is

phased

and

forward-looking. It will continue to promulgate new laws and

revise

present

ones, so

as

to

develop

and

improve

the

legal

system.

三、尊重和保障人权的法律制度

III.

Legal

Systems

of