人教版高中政治必修一知识点归纳总结

、卖方市场：含义，由卖方起主导作用的一种市场类型。

B

、表现：由于供不应求，卖方在市场交易中处于有利地位，即使提高价格， 也能把商品卖

出。

②供过于求，价格降低。

A

、买方市场，是由买方起主导作用的一种市场类型。

< br>B

、表现；由于供过于求，买方在市场交易中处于有利地位，价格通常趋于下降。

3

、价值决定价格：

（

1

）价格与价值的关系。

①在市场经济中，价格最终是由价值决定的。价值是价格的基础，价格是价值的货币表现 。

②商品价格的高低，因为它们所含价值量不同。在其他条件 不变情况下，商品价值量越大，

价格越高；价值量越小，价格越低。

（

2

）社会必要劳动时间决定商 品价值量。

①价值量的决定因素：

不 能由个别劳动时间决定，

而是由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定。

A

、社会必要劳动时间指现有的社会正常的生产条件下， 在社会平均劳动熟练程度和劳动强

度下制造某种商品的需时间。

B

、个别劳动时间即商品生产者个人生产某种商品所用的时间。

②商品价值量与社会必要劳动时间成正比。

< br>商品耗费社会必要劳动时间越多，

其价值量越大，

反之越 小。

③社会必要劳动时间对生产者意义。

A

、社会必要劳动时间越低，处于有利地位。

B

、社会必要劳动时间越高，处于不利地位。

→决定生产者努力缩短生产商品的个别劳动时间，提高劳动生产率的缘故。

（

3

）①商品的价值量与社会劳 动生产率成反比。

劳动生产率：劳动者的生产效率。劳率＇↑生产品量↑劳时＇↑

②社会必要劳动时间是一定社会生产率的表现，

社会必要劳动时 间是由社会劳动生产率变化

引起。

③ 个别劳动生产率的变化不影响商品的价值量，

但可改变个别劳动时间，

< br>改变同一时间创造

的价值总量。

注：掌握劳动时间、劳动生产率、商品价值量关系图（见导学）

4

、价值规律的容和表现形式。

①价值规律的容：

商品的价值量由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定 ，

商品交换以价值量为

基础实行等价交换。

②表现形式：受供求关系的影响，商品价格围绕价值上下波动，是价值规律的表现 形式。

③作用：

A.

调节劳动力和生产资料在社会生产各部门的分配

（使资源在社会各部门之间实现

优化配置）

B.

刺激商品生产者改进技术，改善经营管理，提高劳动生产率（使企业部实现优化配置）

C.

导致商品生产的优胜劣汰。

（ 使资源在企业之间实现优化配置，

总之，

即有利于资源优化，< /p>

leaders

driving a ve

hicle a

cci

de

nt caused

by road

accide

nts, 1,

1 pe

ople k

illed a

nd

direct e

conomi

c losses amounti

ng to more t

han 100,000 yua

n. T

hird, high efficie

ncy a

nd l

ow cost of the

bus. Survey

s show that, t

he operating

cost

s of taxis for the 8200/... Is a fundamental

prior

ity of the reform, it is a difficult

problem that must

be solved i

n the reform pr

ocess. Cl

early, t

he post consumpti

on averages t

hree years

before as a

base

and fi

ne-t

une

d on the

basis

of this

single

practices must

be impr

oved. Im

provement

s to adhere to t

hree

principles: first, under the ex

isting

poli

cy provi

sions a

pprov

ed for public

servants '

duty

consum

ption

standards,

cali

bration, is not contrary to poli

cy. Se

cond, a

ccordi

ng to the

local financial sit

uation and pe

opl

e's sustaina

bility, publi

c servant

s ' duty

consumption standards

approved,

bot

h financial rea

ch, a

nd

people

passi

ng through. Third, according to t

he

operational needs of civil

servants re

sponsible for a

uthorized

public

servants '

duty

consumpti

on

standards,

bot

h

high a

nd l

ow positi

ons,

but al

so t

he nat

ure of the

work a

nd t

he workl

oad.

In reform of method Shang, a

ppr

oved

civil serva

nts positi

ons

consumption standard t

o

nd

small disperse

d

ble, t

hat most positi

ons

consumption pr

oject

shoul

d accordi

ng to

poli

cy provi

des

proposed unified sta

ndar

d, consider t

o ranks, a

nd

unit

s and the w

ork task of

differences

sex, unified of sta

ndar

d shoul

d has elasti

c of and dy

namic

of, makes regions, and units in

implementati

on

unified

standard Shi

has m

ust of flexible

disposal right;

but si

nc

e set of sta

ndar

d must after financial, a

nd a

udit, sector a

udit a

ppr

oved Hou t

o impleme

ntation. (C) reform package.

Public

servants '

duty consumpti

on

elasticity

of consum

ption to limit consumpti

on, t

urni

ng mess int

o kitchen after di

nner, foll

ow the

civil servant wit

h a how to

use

personal title

subsidie

s, or

how to manage

a personal duty consumpti

on

use

of subsidies. T

herefore, w

e must esta

blish and perfect

with

publ

ic servants '

duty consumpti

on

monetization reform support of the

series

of governa

nce systems such as t

he civil

servi

ce examination of responsi

bility, system, low fa

ult investigation system, the report said. While

other measures t

o keep

up.

Discipline i

nspecti

on

and

supervisi

on

organs, financial, a

uditi

ng de

partments shoul

d stre

ngthe

n supervisi

on a

nd

inspe

ction

of

public

servant

s ' duty

consum

ption moneti

zation reform progress, to stre

ngthe

n the reform

of public

servants '

duty consumpti

on m

onetizati

on sy

stem, measure

s to develop and monit

or the im

plementation of i

nspection,

not consumpti

on a

s requi

red, even

shifting

consumer

behavi

or to st

op,

serious

cases t

o deal

with.

Three i

deas,

public

servants ' duty

consum

ption moneti

zation reform of politi

cs, t

he e

conomy and the

dee

peni

ng of the reform,

public

servants '

duty

consumpti

on a

s somewhere

betwe

en a reform also demonstrated its im

portance a

nd

urgency. First

of all, civi

l servant

s especially

party and Government l

eaders

and publi

c servant

s ' duty

consumpti

on t

here are big

drawba

cks.

NPC

deputies a

nd CPPCC member

s and the br

oad masses are concerned a

bout. Secondly, t

he

positi

on- related

consum

ption

of civil se

rvants ha

s be

en sw

ept by fina

nce

, consumer, regar

dless

of cost, extravagance and waste i

n the civil servi

ce position-related consumpti

on, a

buse, corruption and embezzlement,

corruption is important. T

hen,

under the

conditi

ons

of market economy,

how to

reform the existing civil

duty consumpti

on management, expl

ores a sour

ce to preve

nt and c

urb the

post consumption corrupti

on wa

y, is currently a major issue faced

by honest w

ork.

Recently, I

conducted research on t

his issue, t

his pr

oblem

on some humble

opi

nions. First, t

he existing

public servant

s ' duty consumpti

on t

he main pr

oblem

s see

n from the investigation and reasons, in re

cent years,

public servants ' duty consumption ca

use

d by the a

buses a

nd

not a per

son of integrity, i

s one of the major

problems in t

he party in

Gover

nment, its

operation or

der have a

negative effect on the party a

nd

Governme

nt organs, seri

ously

damaging the image of the party a

nd the Gover

nment,

undermining

the relationshi

p betw

een

party and the masses, effect,

ope

ning

up a

nd e

conomic

construction. From I County in re

cent years

of

governa

nce

situati

on see, positi

ons

consumption in t

he produced

of

nome

non r

endering four a features: a i

s positions consumpti

on sy

stem lost ha

s due of bindi

ng, right is greater t

han r

ules, a

nd rig

ht is greater tha

n method of phenomenon mor

e highl

ight; II i

s in

positions consumpti

on i

n the Camera Obscura operation, usi

ng terms, will

positions consumpti

on i

nto ha

s per

sonal consumpti

on, w

ill cor

porate

poi

nts to int

o personal points to, makes

positions consumption in

some aspe

cts ha

s into

positions enjoy and self- deali

ng of means; three i

s to positi

ons consumption for name, fraud, false impersonator, Trend

of negative corrupti

on

phe

nome

na such as corruption and misappropriation; four

palace

s, follow the fashion, rivalries, wa

steful, a

nd post consumpti

on

became

a symbol

of showing

off their individual ca

pacitie

s. Ca

use

d by publi

c serva

nts ' duty

consumpti

on

of many

nomenon i

n whi

ch

people reflect t

he biggest

problems are: (a) the official

car problems.

Mainly i

n three aspe

cts: one is t

he larger buses

cost ex

penditure. A

ccordi

ng to statistics, until November 2003, XX County townshi

p Department bus 159

cars, w

hich de

partme

nt owns the bus 145 vehi

cles, a

nd

showed a

n increasi

ng trend. Fina

ncial ex

penses cost per bus per year to

35,000 yuan, and in fact every cost up to 50,000 yuan. S

ome unit

s also

hiring temporary drivers a

nd ex

penditure

on wages a

nd

subsidi

es. Nece

ssary to

car

so

pe

nda

nts

ading to larger expense

s. Second, gongchesiyong bree

d unhealt

hy tendencies. S

ome pe

ople

believe t

hat now

some

bus

drivers use one-t

hird,

one

-thir

d leadi

ng private one

-third

use

d for official purposes. Some publi

c servant

s, especia

lly leadi

ng officials mot

oring,

cars for private purpose

s, violati

ng the self

-di

sci

pline reg

ulations, a

nd eve

n lead t

o traffic acci

dents. Accordi

ng to statistics from related de

partments,

since 2004, t

he correct inve

stigation i

n our

County serve

s nearly 30 cars for private

purpose

s, only the first half of this yea

r, cars for

private pur

poses or

合理，高效配置）

二．价格变动的影响：见课本

P17-19

第三课、多彩的消费

1

、影响消费的因素

（

1

）居民的收入影响

①收入与消费的关系：

收入是消费的基础和前提。

< br>在其他条件不变的情况下，

人们的可支配

收入越多，

对各种商品和服务的消费量就越大。收入增长较快的时期，

消费增长 也较快；反

之，当收入增长速度下降时，消费增幅也下降。

< /p>

②提高人民消费水平的根本途径是发展经济，保持经济的稳定增长，增加居民收入。

③居民消费水平的高低与人们的收入差距的大小有密切联系：

人们的收入差距过大，

总体消

费下降，反之， 缩小差距，会使总体消费水平提高。

（差距过大，影响消费需求）

（

2

）商品价格高低也是影响消费 的最主要因素之一。

①价格高低的变化与人们消费水平的关系 ：

在人们收入水平一定的情况下，

物价上涨，

< br>购买

力下降，物价下跌，购买力则提高，消费水平也提高。

②提高人们消费水平，除了最根本的要发展经济，

增加人们 的收入之外，还要稳定物价，控

制物价上涨，这需要国家的宏观调控。

< br>

③基本生活消费品受价格水平变动影响比奢侈品低。

④各种商品比价的变动也会影响消费者的选择，

替代品和互补品 价格变化会影响人们的消费

数量。此外，商品、性能、外观、质量、包装、广告等甚至购 买方式，商店位置，服务态度

等都能影响人们的消费活动。

2

、消费类型：

（

1

）按产品类型分：有形商品消费和劳务消费。