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高中英语构词法归纳
1
.派生法
(
1
)前缀
①
表示否定意义的前缀:
a.
纯否定前缀:
un-:
unable,
unemployment,
unload,
uncover,
unhappy,
untrue,
unlike,
unrest,
unfair,
unknown,
unhealthy,
unusual,
uncertain,
unclear,
unequal,
unlucky,
unreal,
unkind,
uncomfortable,
uneasy,
uninteresting,
unimportant,
unnecessary,
unpleasant,
undivided,
unreserved
(无保留的)
dis-:
dislike,
disarm,
disagree,
disappear,
disadvantage,
dishonest,
disability,
discover, disobey
in-, im-, il-, ir-:
incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect,
inconvenient,
inexpensive,
impossible,
immoral,
illegal,
illogical,
irregular,
irrelative
non-:
non-smoker,
non-stop,
non-violent,
nonwhite,
non-member,
nonparty,
nonsense
b.
表示错误的意义:
mis-:
mistake,
mislead,
misunderstanding,
misuse,
mis-spell,
mistrust,
mistreat
c.
表示“反、防、抗”的意义:
anti-
antiwar
antitank
antibody
anti-Japanese
contra-
contra-
missile
反导弹的
contradict
矛盾的
counter-
counterrevolution
反革命
counterattack
反击
②
表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:
a-
在??之上,向??:
aboard, aside
1
de-
在下,向下:
decrease, degrade
en-
在内,进入:
encage<
/p>
(入笼)
,
enbed
(上床)
ex-
外部,外:
exit,
expand
(扩张)
, export
fore-
在前面:
forehead, foreground,
foreleg, forefoot
in-, im-
向内,在内,背于:
inland, inside,
indoor(s), import
inter-
在??间,相互:
international,
interaction, internet, interview
mid-
中,中间:
mid-
position, mid-term,mid-autumn,midnight
out-
在外部,在外:
outline, outside,
outward(s), outdoor(s)
over-
在上面,
在外部,
向上:
overl
ook, overhead, overboard, overcoat,
overdress,
oversea(s)(
海外
)
po
st-
向后,在后边,次:
postscript
(附言)
,
post-
reading,postwar
pre-
在前,
在前面,
提前:
prefix
< br>(前缀)
,
preface
(前言)
, preposition,
p>
super-
在?
..
之上,超级:
supernatural, superpower,
superman
trans-
移
上
,
转
上
,
p>
在
那
一
边
:
translate,
transform,
transplant,
transportation
under-
在?
..
下面,
下的:
p>
underline, underground, underwater,
undershirt
up-
向上,向上面,在上:
upward(s), uphold,
uphill
(上坡)
auto-
自己,独立,自动:
automobile,
autobiography
tele-
远离:
television, telephone ,
telegram, telegraph, telescope
③
表示时间,序列关系的前缀:
fore-
在
前
面
,
先
前
,
前
面
:
fo
reword,
forecast,
foretell,
foresee,
foreknow,
mid-
中,中间:
midnight, midsummer,
mid-day, mid-autumn
post-
在后,后:
postwar,
postgraduate
(研究生)
, postdate
pre-
在前,事先,预先:
preheat, prewar,
prehistory, preview, prebattle,
re-
再一次,重新:
retell,
rewrite,
renew,
reconsider,
reuse,
remarry,
2
recycle, rebuild
④
表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:
by-
副,次要的:
byprodu
ct
(副产品)
,
bywork
(副业)
extra-
超越,额外:
extraordinary
over-
超过,过度,太
:overeat, oversleep,
overpraise, overwork,
overact
(行为过分)
, overdo
under-
低劣,
低下:
undersize, undergrown,
underproduction
(生产不足)
vice-
副,次:
vice-
president, vice -chairman
⑤
表示共同,相等意思的前缀:
co-
共同,一起:
coexist, co-operate,
co-worker, coactions, coauthor
⑥
表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:
a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep,
ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake
⑦
表示分离,离开意思的前缀:
a-
分离,离开:
away, apart
de-
离去,处去:
depart,
decolour
⑧
自我:
self- self-protect(ion),
self-made, self-control
⑨
表示变换词类作用的前缀:
be-
befriend
en- enslave, enable, enrich,
enlarge, encourage
⑩
表示数量关系的前缀:
a.
uni-
单一,一:
uniform,
unicellular
(单细胞)
b.
bi-
二,两,双,
bicycle
,
b
ilingual
双语的,
bimonthly
tri-
三:
triangle
三角形
c.
semi-
半,一半:
semiconductor,
semicircle, semimonthly, semifinal
d.
centi-
百,百分之一:
centimeter
e.
kilo-
千,千分之一:
kilometer, kilogram,
kilowatt
,
kilowatt
3
f.
micro-
微小:
microsoft, microcomputer,
microscope,micro-wave
g.
multi-
许多,复,多数:
multimedia,
multicolored,
multiculture,
multiparty
多党的
h. milli-
千分之一、毫:
millimeter, milligram
i.
mini-
微小、微型:
minibus, miniskirt, minipark
(
2
)后缀
①
名词后缀:
a.
具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an,
-ian,
-ician
??地方的人,精通??的人:
American,
Asian,
Australian, Russian,
Italian , historian, librarian, electrician,
magician,
technician, musician,
politician
(政客)
, physician
-ant,-ent
??人:
merchant, servant,
assistant, agent, student,
-ee
动作承受者:
employee, examinee,
payee, interviewee
-eer
从事于??人:
engineer, volunteer
-er
从事某种职业的人
,
某地区,
地方的人:
banker,
observer, Londoner,
villager singer,
driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer
-or
??者:
author,
doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor,
educator
-ar,
-ary
??的人
,
从事??的人:
scholar,
liar,
beggar,
secretary,
missionary
-ese
??国人??地方的人:
Chinese,
Japanese, Cantonese
(广东人)
-ess
阴性人称名词:
actress, hostess,
princess,waitress
-ist
从事??研究者,信仰??主义者:
pianist,
communist,
dentist,
artist, chemist, socialist, typist,
receptionist
-icist
??家,
??者
,
??能手:
physicist, , technicist
-logist
??学家,研究者:
biologist,
geologist
4
b.
构成具有抽象名词的含义:
-age
状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称:
courage,
storage,
marriage,
percentage
-al
事物的动作,过程:
refusal, arrival,
survival, denial, approval, trial,
burial
-ance, -ence
< br>性质,
状况,
行为,
过程,
p>
总量,
程度:
importance,
distance,
avoidance,
appearance,
performance,
diligence,
difference,
obedience, absence, presence, existence
-ancy, -ency
性质,状态,行为,过程:
frequency,
urgency, efficiency,
-ity
性质,状态,程度:
purity, reality,
equality,majority
-bility
动作,性质,状态:
ability,
possibility, probability, responsibility
-dom
等级,领域,状态:
freedom, kingdom,
wisdom
-ery, -ry
行为,状态,习性,性质:
bravery, slavery
-hood
资格,
身份
,
年纪,
状态:
childhood,
girlhood, boyhood, manhood
-ice
行为,性质,状态:
notice, justice,
service
-ing
动作的过程,结果:
building, writing,
learning
-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion
行为的过程,结果,状况:
suggestion,
action,
solution,
invention,
direction,
correction,
collection,
instruction,
destruction,
pronunciation,
introduction,
examination,
congratulation,
graduation,
dictation,
operation,
invitation,
education,
information,
translation,
starvation,
satisfaction,
relation,
irrigation,
determination,
preparation,
imagination,
explanation,
opposition,
competition,
description,
decision,
division,
conclusion,
explosion,
impression,
expression, admission, permission, discussion
-ment
行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果:
disappointment, treatment,
movement,
judgment,
punishment,
argument,
agreement,
government,
5
development,
improvement, requirement, astonishment,
encouragement
-ness
性质,状态,程度:
goodness,
kindness,
tiredness,
friendliness,
business,
illness,
happiness,
goodness,
willingness,
weakness,
fairness
-ism
主义,学说,信仰,行为:
socialism,
criticism, heroism, tourism,
communism
, Marxism,capitalism
-ship
情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业:
hardship,
relationship,
membership,
friendship,
seamanship,
ownership,
scholarship,
professorship
-th,
性质,状态:
strength,
length,
width,
depth,
wealth,
truth,
growth,
warmth, youth
-ure
行为
,
结果:
exposure,
pressure, failure, procedure,
mixture
,
pleasure
-craft
工艺:
aircraft, needlecraft,
woodcraft
c.
带有场所,地方的含义:
-age
住所,地点:
village, cottage
-ary
住所,场地:
library, granary
(
谷仓
),gallery
-ory
工作场所,住处:
factory, dormitory,
laboratory, observatory
②
形容词后缀:
a.
带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:
-able,
-ible:
movable,
comfortable,
eatable,
enjoyable,
acceptable,
reasonable,
applicable, visible, responsible, terrible,
horrible
-al: natural, additional,
educational, national
-ant, -ent:
distant, important, excellent
-ing
(表示特征:令人觉得)
:
moving,
touching,
interesting,
exciting,
disappointing , astonishing, boring,
amazing
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