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构词法(新)

作者:高考题库网
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2021-02-10 09:27
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2021年2月10日发(作者:microblog)













高中英语构词法归纳



1


.派生法




1


)前缀





表示否定意义的前缀:



a.


纯否定前缀:



un-:


unable,


unemployment,


unload,


uncover,


unhappy,


untrue,


unlike,


unrest,


unfair,


unknown,


unhealthy,


unusual,


uncertain,


unclear,


unequal,


unlucky,


unreal,


unkind,


uncomfortable,


uneasy,


uninteresting,


unimportant,


unnecessary,


unpleasant,


undivided,


unreserved


(无保留的)



dis-:


dislike,


disarm,


disagree,


disappear,


disadvantage,


dishonest,


disability, discover, disobey


in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient,


inexpensive,


impossible,


immoral,


illegal,


illogical,


irregular,


irrelative


non-:


non-smoker,


non-stop,


non-violent,


nonwhite,


non-member,




nonparty, nonsense


b.


表示错误的意义:



mis-:


mistake,


mislead,


misunderstanding,


misuse,


mis-spell,


mistrust,


mistreat


c.


表示“反、防、抗”的意义:



anti-



antiwar




antitank



antibody



anti-Japanese


contra-



contra- missile


反导弹的




contradict


矛盾的




counter- counterrevolution


反革命




counterattack


反击






表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:



a-


在??之上,向??:


aboard, aside



1


de-


在下,向下:


decrease, degrade


en-


在内,进入:


encage< /p>


(入笼)


, enbed


(上床)



ex-


外部,外:


exit, expand


(扩张)


, export


fore-


在前面:


forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefoot


in-, im-


向内,在内,背于:


inland, inside, indoor(s), import


inter-


在??间,相互:


international, interaction, internet, interview


mid-


中,中间:



mid- position, mid-term,mid-autumn,midnight


out-


在外部,在外:


outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s)


over-


在上面,


在外部,


向上:


overl ook, overhead, overboard, overcoat,


overdress, oversea(s)(


海外


)


po st-


向后,在后边,次:


postscript


(附言)



post- reading,postwar


pre-


在前,


在前面,


提前:


prefix

< br>(前缀)


, preface


(前言)


, preposition,


super-


在?


..

之上,超级:


supernatural, superpower, superman


trans-













translate,


transform,


transplant,


transportation


under-


在?


..


下面,


下的:


underline, underground, underwater, undershirt


up-


向上,向上面,在上:


upward(s), uphold, uphill


(上坡)



auto-


自己,独立,自动:


automobile, autobiography


tele-


远离:


television, telephone , telegram, telegraph, telescope




表示时间,序列关系的前缀:



fore-











fo reword,


forecast,


foretell,


foresee,


foreknow,



mid-


中,中间:


midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn


post-


在后,后:


postwar, postgraduate


(研究生)


, postdate


pre-


在前,事先,预先:


preheat, prewar, prehistory, preview, prebattle,



re-


再一次,重新:


retell,


rewrite,


renew,


reconsider,


reuse,


remarry,



2


recycle, rebuild




表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:



by-


副,次要的:


byprodu ct


(副产品)


, bywork


(副业)



extra-


超越,额外:


extraordinary


over-


超过,过度,太


:overeat, oversleep, overpraise, overwork, overact


(行为过分)


, overdo


under-


低劣,


低下:


undersize, undergrown, underproduction


(生产不足)



vice-


副,次:


vice- president, vice -chairman




表示共同,相等意思的前缀:



co-


共同,一起:


coexist, co-operate, co-worker, coactions, coauthor




表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:



a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake




表示分离,离开意思的前缀:



a-


分离,离开:


away, apart


de-


离去,处去:


depart, decolour




自我:


self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-control




表示变换词类作用的前缀:



be- befriend


en- enslave, enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage




表示数量关系的前缀:



a.



uni-


单一,一:



uniform, unicellular


(单细胞)



b.



bi-

二,两,双,


bicycle



b ilingual


双语的,


bimonthly






tri-


三:



triangle


三角形



c.



semi-


半,一半:


semiconductor, semicircle, semimonthly, semifinal


d.



centi-


百,百分之一:



centimeter


e.



kilo-


千,千分之一:



kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt



kilowatt



3


f. micro-


微小:



microsoft, microcomputer, microscope,micro-wave


g.


multi-


许多,复,多数:



multimedia,


multicolored,


multiculture,



multiparty


多党的



h. milli-


千分之一、毫:



millimeter, milligram


i. mini-


微小、微型:



minibus, miniskirt, minipark



2


)后缀





名词后缀:



a.


具有某种职业或动作的人:



-an,


-ian,


-ician


??地方的人,精通??的人:


American,


Asian,


Australian, Russian, Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician,


technician, musician, politician


(政客)


, physician


-ant,-ent


??人:


merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,


-ee


动作承受者:


employee, examinee, payee, interviewee


-eer


从事于??人:


engineer, volunteer


-er


从事某种职业的人


,


某地区,


地方的人:


banker, observer, Londoner,


villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer


-or


??者:


author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator


-ar,


-ary


??的人


,


从事??的人:


scholar,


liar,


beggar,


secretary,


missionary


-ese


??国人??地方的人:


Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese


(广东人)



-ess


阴性人称名词:


actress, hostess, princess,waitress


-ist


从事??研究者,信仰??主义者:


pianist,


communist,


dentist,


artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist


-icist


??家,



??者


,


??能手:


physicist, , technicist


-logist


??学家,研究者:


biologist, geologist




4


b.


构成具有抽象名词的含义:



-age


状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称:


courage,


storage,


marriage,


percentage


-al


事物的动作,过程:


refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval, trial,


burial


-ance, -ence

< br>性质,


状况,


行为,


过程,


总量,


程度:


importance, distance,


avoidance,


appearance,


performance,


diligence,


difference,


obedience, absence, presence, existence


-ancy, -ency


性质,状态,行为,过程:


frequency, urgency, efficiency,


-ity


性质,状态,程度:


purity, reality, equality,majority


-bility


动作,性质,状态:


ability, possibility, probability, responsibility


-dom


等级,领域,状态:


freedom, kingdom, wisdom


-ery, -ry


行为,状态,习性,性质:


bravery, slavery


-hood


资格,


身份


,


年纪,


状态:


childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood


-ice


行为,性质,状态:


notice, justice, service


-ing


动作的过程,结果:


building, writing, learning


-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion


行为的过程,结果,状况:


suggestion, action,


solution,


invention,


direction,


correction,


collection,


instruction,


destruction,


pronunciation,


introduction,


examination,


congratulation,


graduation,


dictation,


operation,


invitation,


education,


information,


translation,


starvation,


satisfaction,


relation,


irrigation,


determination,


preparation,


imagination,


explanation,


opposition,


competition,


description,


decision,


division,


conclusion,


explosion,


impression, expression, admission, permission, discussion


-ment


行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果:


disappointment, treatment,


movement,


judgment,


punishment,


argument,


agreement,


government,



5


development, improvement, requirement, astonishment, encouragement


-ness


性质,状态,程度:


goodness,


kindness,


tiredness,


friendliness,


business,


illness,


happiness,


goodness,


willingness,


weakness,


fairness


-ism


主义,学说,信仰,行为:


socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism,


communism , Marxism,capitalism


-ship


情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业:


hardship,


relationship,


membership,


friendship,


seamanship,


ownership,


scholarship,


professorship


-th,


性质,状态:


strength,


length,


width,


depth,


wealth,


truth,


growth,


warmth, youth


-ure

行为


,


结果:


exposure, pressure, failure, procedure, mixture



pleasure


-craft


工艺:


aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft



c.


带有场所,地方的含义:



-age


住所,地点:


village, cottage


-ary


住所,场地:


library, granary (


谷仓


),gallery


-ory


工作场所,住处:


factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory




形容词后缀:



a.


带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:



-able,


-ible:


movable,


comfortable,


eatable,


enjoyable,


acceptable,


reasonable, applicable, visible, responsible, terrible, horrible


-al: natural, additional, educational, national


-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent


-ing


(表示特征:令人觉得)


:


moving,


touching,


interesting,


exciting,


disappointing , astonishing, boring, amazing



6

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