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[OPPTR- OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]

2006.9

SECTION 2: STUDY SKILLS

Directions: In this section, you will read several passages.

Each passage is followed by several questions based on its

content. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or

(D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each

passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that

passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in

the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1

—

5

The purpose of the American court system is to protect the

rights of the people. According to American law, if someone is

accused of a crime, he or she is considered innocent until the

court proves that the person is guilty. In other words, it is

the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is

guilty. It is not the responsibility of the person to prove

that he or she is innocent.

In order to arrest a person, the police have to be reasonably

sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the

suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his

rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the

police station to “book” him. “Booking means that the name

of the person and the charges against him are formally listed

at the police station.

The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The

judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or

released. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and

the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run

away

—

for example, because he owns a house and has a family

—

he

can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail. At this

time, too, the judge will appoint a court layer to defend the

suspect i

f he can’t afford one.

The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from

the district attorney’s office presents a case against the

suspect. This is called a hearing. The attorney may present

evidence as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then

decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the

judge decides that there is sufficient evidence to call for a

trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court

to formally plead guilty or not guilty.

At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from

both attorneys and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then

the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and

decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the

jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free.

However, if he is convicted, the judge sets a date for the

defendant to appear in court again for sentencing. At this time,

the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will

be. The judge may sentence him to prison, order him to pay a

fine, or place him on probation.

The American justice system is very complex and sometimes

operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the

rights of the people. These individual rights are the basis, or

foundation, of the American government.

1.

What is the main idea of the passage?

2.

(A) The American court system requires that a suspect prove

that he or she is innocent.

3.

(B) The US court system is designed to protect the rights of

the people.

4.

(C) Under the American court system, judge decides if a

suspect is innocent or guilty.

5.

(D) The US court system is designed to help the police

present a case against the suspect.

2. What follows ‘in other words’ (para.1)

(A) An example of the previous sentence.

(B) A new idea about the court system.

(C) An item of evidence to call for a trial.

(D) A restatement of the previous sentence.

3. According to the passage, ‘he can go free’ (para.3) means

_________.

(A) the suspect is free to choose a lawyer to defend him

(B) the suspect does not have to go to trial because the judge

has decided he is innocent

(C) the suspect will be informed by mail whether he is innocent

or not

(D) the suspect does not have to wait in jail or pay money

until he goes to trial

4. What is the purpose of having the suspect pay bail?

(A) To pay for the judge and the trial.

(B) To pay for a court lawyer to defend the suspect.

(C) To ensure that the suspect will return to court.

(D) To ensure that the suspect will appear in prison.

5. According to the passage, which of the following statements

is true?

(A) The American justice system sometimes operates slowly.

(B) The police can arrest a suspect without giving any reasons.

(C) It is the responsibility of the suspect to prove he is

innocent.

(D) The jury considers the evidence in the court room.

Questions 6

—

10

So you’ve got an invention—

you and around 39,000 others each

year, according to 2002 statistics!

The 64,000-dollar question, if you have come up with a device

which you believe to be the answer to the energy crisis or

you’ve invented a lawnmower which cuts grass with a jet of

water (not so daft, someone has invented one), is how to ensure

you’re the one to reap the rewards of your ingenuity. How will

all you garden shed boffins out there keep others from

capitalizing on your ideas and lining their pockets at your

expense?

One of the first steps to protect your interest is to patent

your invention. That can keep it out of the grasp of the

pirates for at least the next 20 years. And for this reason

inventors in their droves beat a constant trail from all over

the country to the doors of an anonymous grey-fronted building

just behind London’s Holborn to try and patent their devices.

The building houses the Patent Office. It’s an ant heap of

corridors, offices and filing rooms

—

a sorting house and

storage depot for one of the world’s biggest and most varied

collections of technical data. Some ten million patents

—

English and foreign

—

are listed there.

File after file, catalogue after catalogue detail the brain-

children o

f inventors down the centuries, from a 1600’s

machine gun designed to fire square bullets at infidels and

round ones at Christians, to present-day laser, nuclear and

computer technology.

The first ‘letters patent’ were granted as long ago as 1449

to a Flemish craftsman by the name of John Utynam. The letters,

written in Latin, are still on file at the office. They were

granted by King Henry VI and entitled Utynam to ‘import into

this country’ his knowledge of making stained glass windows in

order to install such windows at Eton College.

Present-day patents procedure is a more sophisticated affair

than getting a go-ahead note from the monarch. These days the

strict procedures governing whether you get a patent for your

revolutionary mouse-trap or solar- powered back-scratcher have

been reduced to a pretty exact science.

From start to finish it will take around two and a half years

and cost

￡

165 for the inventor to gain patent protection for

his brainchild. That’s if he’s lucky. By no means all who

apply to the Patent Office, which is a branch of the Department

of Trade, get a patent.

A key man at the Patent Office is Bernard Partridge, Principal

Examiner (Administration), who boils down to one word the vital

ingredient any inventor needs before he can hope to overcome

the many hurdles in the complex procedure of obtaining a

patent

—‘ingenuity’.

6.

People take out a patent because they want to __________.

7.

(A) keep their ideas from being stolen

8.

(B) reap the rewards of somebody else’s ingenuity

9.

(C) visit the patent office building

10.

(D) come up with more new devices

7. The phrase ‘the brain

-

children of inventors’ (para.5)

means _________.

(A) the children with high intelligence

(B) the inventions that people come up with

(C) a device that a child believes to be the answer to the

energy crisis

(D) a lawnmower that an individual has invented to cut grass

8. What have the 1600’s machine gun and the present

-day laser

in common?

(A) Both were approved by the monarch.

(B) Both were granted by King Henry VI.

(C) Both were rejected by the Department of Trade.

(D) Both were patented.

9. Why is John Utynam still remembered?

(A) He is the first person to get a patent for his

revolutionary mouse-trap.

(B) He is the first person to be granted an official patent.

(C) He is the first person to be an officer in the Patent

Office.

(D) He is the first person to have invented a lawnmower.

10. According to the passage, how would you describe the

complex procedure of obtaining a patent for an invention?

(A) It is rather expensive.

(B) It is an impossible task.

(C) It is extremely difficult.

(D) It is very tricky.

Questions 11

—

15

All living cells on earth require moisture for their metabolism.

Cereal grains when brought in from the field, although they may

appear to be dry, may contain 20 per cent of moisture or more.

If they are stored in a bin thus, there is sufficient moisture

in them to support several varieties of insects. These insects

will, therefore, live and breed and, as they grow and eat the

grain, it provides them with biological energy for their life

processes. This energy will, just as in man, become manifest as

heat. Since the bulk of the grain acts as an insulator, the

temperature surrounding the colony of insects will rise so that,

not only is part of the grain spoiled by the direct attack of

the insects but more may be damaged by the heat. Sometimes, the

temperature may even rise to the point where the stored grain

catches fire. For safe storage, grain must be dried until its

moisture content is 13 per cent or less.

Traditional arts of food preservation took advantage of this

principle in a number of ways. The plant seeds, wheat, rye,

rice, barley millet, maize, are themselves structures evolved

by nature to provide stored food. The starch of their endosperm

is used for the nourishment of the embryo during the time it

over-winters (if it is a plant of the Temperate Zone) and until

its new leaves have grown and their chlorophyll can trap energy

from the sunlight to nourish the new-grown plant. The

separation by threshing and winnowing is, therefore, to some

degree part of a technique of food preservation.

The direct drying of other foods has also been used. Fish has

been dried in many parts of the world besides Africa. Slices of

dried meat are prepared by numerous races. Biltong, a form of

dried meat, was a customary food for travelers. The drying of

meat or fish, either in the sun or over a fire, quite apart

from the degree to which it exposes the food to infection by

bacteria and infestation by insects, tends also to harm its

quality. Proteins are complex molecular structures which are

readily disrupted. This is the reason why dried meat becomes

tough and can, with some scientific justification, by likened

to leather.

The technical process of drying foods indirectly by pickling

t

hem in the strong salt solutions commonly called ‘brine’

does less harm to the protein than straightforward drying,

particularly if this is carried out at high temperatures. It is

for this reason that many of the typical drying processes are

not taken to completion. That is to say, the outer parts may be

dried leaving a moist inner section. Under these circumstances,

preservation is only partial. The dried food keeps longer than

it would have undried but it cannot be kept indefinitely. For

this reason, traditional processes are to be found in many

parts of the world in which a combination of partial drying and

pickling in brine is used. Quite often the drying involves

exposure to smoke. Foods treated in this way are, besides fish

of various sorts, bacon, hams and numerous types of sausages.

11.

According to the passage, insects spoil stored cereals by

________.

12.

(A) consuming all the grain themselves

13.

(B) generating heat and raising the surrounding temperature

14.

(C) increasing the moisture content in the grain

15.

(D) attacking each other for more grain

12. In speaking of the traditional methods of food preservation,

the writer ________.

(A) expresses doubts about direct smoking

(B) describes salting and pickling as ineffective

(C) condemns direct drying

(D) mentions threshing and winnowing

13.

Direct drying affects the quality of meat or fish because

________.

14.

(A) it exposes them to insects

15.

(B) it makes them hard

16.

(C) it damages the protein

17.

(D) it develops bacteria

18.

We can learn from the passage that salting preserves food by

________.

19.

(A) destroying the protein

20.

(B) drawing away moisture from the food

21.

(C) drying the food in the sun

22.

(D) dressing the food