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2021-02-10 07:34
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2021年2月10日发(作者:呦怎么读)






















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[OPPTR- OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]




2006.9


SECTION 2: STUDY SKILLS



Directions: In this section, you will read several passages.


Each passage is followed by several questions based on its


content. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or


(D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each


passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that


passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in


the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.



Questions 1



5



The purpose of the American court system is to protect the


rights of the people. According to American law, if someone is


accused of a crime, he or she is considered innocent until the


court proves that the person is guilty. In other words, it is


the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is


guilty. It is not the responsibility of the person to prove


that he or she is innocent.


In order to arrest a person, the police have to be reasonably


sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the


suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his


rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the




police station to “book” him. “Booking means that the name


of the person and the charges against him are formally listed


at the police station.


The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The


judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or


released. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and


the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run


away



for example, because he owns a house and has a family



he


can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail. At this


time, too, the judge will appoint a court layer to defend the


suspect i


f he can’t afford one.



The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from


the district attorney’s office presents a case against the


suspect. This is called a hearing. The attorney may present


evidence as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then


decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the


judge decides that there is sufficient evidence to call for a


trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court


to formally plead guilty or not guilty.


At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from


both attorneys and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then




the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and


decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the


jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free.


However, if he is convicted, the judge sets a date for the


defendant to appear in court again for sentencing. At this time,


the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will


be. The judge may sentence him to prison, order him to pay a


fine, or place him on probation.


The American justice system is very complex and sometimes


operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the


rights of the people. These individual rights are the basis, or


foundation, of the American government.



1.



What is the main idea of the passage?


2.



(A) The American court system requires that a suspect prove


that he or she is innocent.


3.



(B) The US court system is designed to protect the rights of


the people.


4.



(C) Under the American court system, judge decides if a


suspect is innocent or guilty.


5.



(D) The US court system is designed to help the police


present a case against the suspect.






2. What follows ‘in other words’ (para.1)




(A) An example of the previous sentence.


(B) A new idea about the court system.


(C) An item of evidence to call for a trial.


(D) A restatement of the previous sentence.




3. According to the passage, ‘he can go free’ (para.3) means


_________.


(A) the suspect is free to choose a lawyer to defend him


(B) the suspect does not have to go to trial because the judge


has decided he is innocent


(C) the suspect will be informed by mail whether he is innocent


or not


(D) the suspect does not have to wait in jail or pay money


until he goes to trial






4. What is the purpose of having the suspect pay bail?


(A) To pay for the judge and the trial.


(B) To pay for a court lawyer to defend the suspect.


(C) To ensure that the suspect will return to court.


(D) To ensure that the suspect will appear in prison.




5. According to the passage, which of the following statements


is true?


(A) The American justice system sometimes operates slowly.


(B) The police can arrest a suspect without giving any reasons.


(C) It is the responsibility of the suspect to prove he is


innocent.


(D) The jury considers the evidence in the court room.



Questions 6



10





So you’ve got an invention—


you and around 39,000 others each


year, according to 2002 statistics!


The 64,000-dollar question, if you have come up with a device


which you believe to be the answer to the energy crisis or


you’ve invented a lawnmower which cuts grass with a jet of


water (not so daft, someone has invented one), is how to ensure


you’re the one to reap the rewards of your ingenuity. How will


all you garden shed boffins out there keep others from


capitalizing on your ideas and lining their pockets at your


expense?


One of the first steps to protect your interest is to patent


your invention. That can keep it out of the grasp of the


pirates for at least the next 20 years. And for this reason


inventors in their droves beat a constant trail from all over


the country to the doors of an anonymous grey-fronted building


just behind London’s Holborn to try and patent their devices.



The building houses the Patent Office. It’s an ant heap of


corridors, offices and filing rooms



a sorting house and


storage depot for one of the world’s biggest and most varied


collections of technical data. Some ten million patents



English and foreign



are listed there.




File after file, catalogue after catalogue detail the brain-


children o


f inventors down the centuries, from a 1600’s


machine gun designed to fire square bullets at infidels and


round ones at Christians, to present-day laser, nuclear and


computer technology.


The first ‘letters patent’ were granted as long ago as 1449


to a Flemish craftsman by the name of John Utynam. The letters,


written in Latin, are still on file at the office. They were


granted by King Henry VI and entitled Utynam to ‘import into


this country’ his knowledge of making stained glass windows in


order to install such windows at Eton College.


Present-day patents procedure is a more sophisticated affair


than getting a go-ahead note from the monarch. These days the


strict procedures governing whether you get a patent for your


revolutionary mouse-trap or solar- powered back-scratcher have


been reduced to a pretty exact science.


From start to finish it will take around two and a half years


and cost



165 for the inventor to gain patent protection for


his brainchild. That’s if he’s lucky. By no means all who


apply to the Patent Office, which is a branch of the Department


of Trade, get a patent.




A key man at the Patent Office is Bernard Partridge, Principal


Examiner (Administration), who boils down to one word the vital


ingredient any inventor needs before he can hope to overcome


the many hurdles in the complex procedure of obtaining a


patent


—‘ingenuity’.



6.



People take out a patent because they want to __________.


7.



(A) keep their ideas from being stolen


8.



(B) reap the rewards of somebody else’s ingenuity



9.



(C) visit the patent office building


10.



(D) come up with more new devices




7. The phrase ‘the brain


-


children of inventors’ (para.5)


means _________.


(A) the children with high intelligence


(B) the inventions that people come up with


(C) a device that a child believes to be the answer to the


energy crisis


(D) a lawnmower that an individual has invented to cut grass






8. What have the 1600’s machine gun and the present


-day laser


in common?


(A) Both were approved by the monarch.


(B) Both were granted by King Henry VI.


(C) Both were rejected by the Department of Trade.


(D) Both were patented.




9. Why is John Utynam still remembered?


(A) He is the first person to get a patent for his


revolutionary mouse-trap.


(B) He is the first person to be granted an official patent.


(C) He is the first person to be an officer in the Patent


Office.


(D) He is the first person to have invented a lawnmower.




10. According to the passage, how would you describe the


complex procedure of obtaining a patent for an invention?




(A) It is rather expensive.


(B) It is an impossible task.


(C) It is extremely difficult.


(D) It is very tricky.



Questions 11



15



All living cells on earth require moisture for their metabolism.


Cereal grains when brought in from the field, although they may


appear to be dry, may contain 20 per cent of moisture or more.


If they are stored in a bin thus, there is sufficient moisture


in them to support several varieties of insects. These insects


will, therefore, live and breed and, as they grow and eat the


grain, it provides them with biological energy for their life


processes. This energy will, just as in man, become manifest as


heat. Since the bulk of the grain acts as an insulator, the


temperature surrounding the colony of insects will rise so that,


not only is part of the grain spoiled by the direct attack of


the insects but more may be damaged by the heat. Sometimes, the


temperature may even rise to the point where the stored grain


catches fire. For safe storage, grain must be dried until its


moisture content is 13 per cent or less.




Traditional arts of food preservation took advantage of this


principle in a number of ways. The plant seeds, wheat, rye,


rice, barley millet, maize, are themselves structures evolved


by nature to provide stored food. The starch of their endosperm


is used for the nourishment of the embryo during the time it


over-winters (if it is a plant of the Temperate Zone) and until


its new leaves have grown and their chlorophyll can trap energy


from the sunlight to nourish the new-grown plant. The


separation by threshing and winnowing is, therefore, to some


degree part of a technique of food preservation.


The direct drying of other foods has also been used. Fish has


been dried in many parts of the world besides Africa. Slices of


dried meat are prepared by numerous races. Biltong, a form of


dried meat, was a customary food for travelers. The drying of


meat or fish, either in the sun or over a fire, quite apart


from the degree to which it exposes the food to infection by


bacteria and infestation by insects, tends also to harm its


quality. Proteins are complex molecular structures which are


readily disrupted. This is the reason why dried meat becomes


tough and can, with some scientific justification, by likened


to leather.




The technical process of drying foods indirectly by pickling


t


hem in the strong salt solutions commonly called ‘brine’


does less harm to the protein than straightforward drying,


particularly if this is carried out at high temperatures. It is


for this reason that many of the typical drying processes are


not taken to completion. That is to say, the outer parts may be


dried leaving a moist inner section. Under these circumstances,


preservation is only partial. The dried food keeps longer than


it would have undried but it cannot be kept indefinitely. For


this reason, traditional processes are to be found in many


parts of the world in which a combination of partial drying and


pickling in brine is used. Quite often the drying involves


exposure to smoke. Foods treated in this way are, besides fish


of various sorts, bacon, hams and numerous types of sausages.



11.



According to the passage, insects spoil stored cereals by


________.


12.



(A) consuming all the grain themselves


13.



(B) generating heat and raising the surrounding temperature


14.



(C) increasing the moisture content in the grain


15.



(D) attacking each other for more grain






12. In speaking of the traditional methods of food preservation,


the writer ________.


(A) expresses doubts about direct smoking


(B) describes salting and pickling as ineffective


(C) condemns direct drying


(D) mentions threshing and winnowing



13.



Direct drying affects the quality of meat or fish because


________.


14.



(A) it exposes them to insects


15.



(B) it makes them hard


16.



(C) it damages the protein


17.



(D) it develops bacteria



18.



We can learn from the passage that salting preserves food by


________.


19.



(A) destroying the protein


20.



(B) drawing away moisture from the food


21.



(C) drying the food in the sun


22.



(D) dressing the food



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