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OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]
2006.9
SECTION 2: STUDY
SKILLS
Directions: In this
section, you will read several passages.
Each passage is followed by several
questions based on its
content. You are
to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or
(D), to each question. Answer all the
questions following each
passage on the
basis of what is stated or implied in that
passage and write the letter of the
answer you have chosen in
the
corresponding space in your ANSWER
BOOKLET.
Questions
1
—
5
The purpose of the American court
system is to protect the
rights of the
people. According to American law, if someone is
accused of a crime, he or she is
considered innocent until the
court
proves that the person is guilty. In other words,
it is
the responsibility of the court
to prove that a person is
guilty. It is
not the responsibility of the person to prove
that he or she is innocent.
In order to arrest a person, the police
have to be reasonably
sure that a crime
has been committed. The police must give the
suspect the reasons why they are
arresting him and tell him his
rights
under the law. Then the police take the suspect to
the
police
station to “book” him. “Booking means that the
name
of the person and the charges
against him are formally listed
at the
police station.
The next step is for
the suspect to go before a judge. The
judge decides whether the suspect
should be kept in jail or
released. If
the suspect has no previous criminal record and
the judge feels that he will return to
court rather than run
away
—
for example,
because he owns a house and has a
family
—
he
can go
free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail. At
this
time, too, the judge will appoint
a court layer to defend the
suspect
i
f he can’t afford one.
The suspect returns to court a week or
two later. A lawyer from
the district
attorney’s office presents a case against the
suspect. This is called a hearing. The
attorney may present
evidence as well
as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then
decides whether there is enough reason
to hold a trial. If the
judge decides
that there is sufficient evidence to call for a
trial, he or she sets a date for the
suspect to appear in court
to formally
plead guilty or not guilty.
At the
trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence
from
both attorneys and hears the
testimony of the witnesses. Then
the jury goes into a
private room to consider the evidence and
decide whether the defendant is guilty
of the crime. If the
jury decides that
the defendant is innocent, he goes free.
However, if he is convicted, the judge
sets a date for the
defendant to appear
in court again for sentencing. At this time,
the judge tells the convicted person
what his punishment will
be. The judge
may sentence him to prison, order him to pay a
fine, or place him on probation.
The American justice system is very
complex and sometimes
operates slowly.
However, every step is designed to protect the
rights of the people. These individual
rights are the basis, or
foundation, of
the American government.
1.
What is the
main idea of the passage?
2.
(A) The American court system requires
that a suspect prove
that he or she is
innocent.
3.
(B)
The US court system is designed to protect the
rights of
the people.
4.
(C) Under the
American court system, judge decides if a
suspect is innocent or guilty.
5.
(D) The US
court system is designed to help the police
present a case against the
suspect.
2. What follows ‘in other
words’ (para.1)
(A) An example of the previous
sentence.
(B) A new idea about the
court system.
(C) An item of evidence
to call for a trial.
(D) A restatement
of the previous sentence.
3. According to the passage, ‘he can go
free’ (para.3) means
_________.
(A) the suspect is free to choose a
lawyer to defend him
(B) the suspect
does not have to go to trial because the judge
has decided he is innocent
(C) the suspect will be informed by
mail whether he is innocent
or not
(D) the suspect does not have to wait
in jail or pay money
until he goes to
trial
4. What is the purpose of
having the suspect pay bail?
(A) To pay
for the judge and the trial.
(B) To pay
for a court lawyer to defend the suspect.
(C) To ensure that the suspect will
return to court.
(D) To ensure that the
suspect will appear in prison.
5. According to the
passage, which of the following statements
is true?
(A) The American
justice system sometimes operates slowly.
(B) The police can arrest a suspect
without giving any reasons.
(C) It is
the responsibility of the suspect to prove he is
innocent.
(D) The jury
considers the evidence in the court
room.
Questions
6
—
10
So you’ve got an
invention—
you and around 39,000 others
each
year, according to 2002
statistics!
The 64,000-dollar question,
if you have come up with a device
which
you believe to be the answer to the energy crisis
or
you’ve invented a lawnmower which
cuts grass with a jet of
water (not so
daft, someone has invented one), is how to ensure
you’re the one to reap the rewards of
your ingenuity. How will
all you garden
shed boffins out there keep others from
capitalizing on your ideas and lining
their pockets at your
expense?
One of the first steps to protect your
interest is to patent
your invention.
That can keep it out of the grasp of the
pirates for at least the next 20 years.
And for this reason
inventors in their
droves beat a constant trail from all over
the country to the doors of an
anonymous grey-fronted building
just
behind London’s Holborn to try and patent their
devices.
The building houses
the Patent Office. It’s an ant heap of
corridors, offices and filing
rooms
—
a sorting house and
storage depot for one of the world’s
biggest and most varied
collections of
technical data. Some ten million
patents
—
English and
foreign
—
are listed there.
File after
file, catalogue after catalogue detail the
brain-
children o
f inventors
down the centuries, from a 1600’s
machine gun designed to fire square
bullets at infidels and
round ones at
Christians, to present-day laser, nuclear and
computer technology.
The
first ‘letters patent’ were granted as long ago as
1449
to a Flemish craftsman by the name
of John Utynam. The letters,
written in
Latin, are still on file at the office. They were
granted by King Henry VI and entitled
Utynam to ‘import into
this country’
his knowledge of making stained glass windows in
order to install such windows at Eton
College.
Present-day patents procedure
is a more sophisticated affair
than
getting a go-ahead note from the monarch. These
days the
strict procedures governing
whether you get a patent for your
revolutionary mouse-trap or solar-
powered back-scratcher have
been
reduced to a pretty exact science.
From
start to finish it will take around two and a half
years
and cost
£
165 for the inventor to
gain patent protection for
his
brainchild. That’s if he’s lucky. By no means all
who
apply to the Patent Office, which
is a branch of the Department
of Trade,
get a patent.
A key man at the Patent Office is
Bernard Partridge, Principal
Examiner
(Administration), who boils down to one word the
vital
ingredient any inventor needs
before he can hope to overcome
the many
hurdles in the complex procedure of obtaining a
p>
patent
—‘ingenuity’.
6.
People take
out a patent because they want to __________.
7.
(A) keep their
ideas from being stolen
8.
(B) reap the rewards of somebody else’s
ingenuity
9.
(C) visit the patent office building
10.
(D) come up
with more new devices
7. The phrase ‘the
brain
-
children of inventors’
(para.5)
means _________.
(A) the children with high intelligence
(B) the inventions that people come up
with
(C) a device that a child believes
to be the answer to the
energy crisis
(D) a lawnmower that an individual has
invented to cut grass
8. What have
the 1600’s machine gun and the
present
-day laser
in common?
(A) Both were approved by the monarch.
(B) Both were granted by King Henry VI.
(C) Both were rejected by the
Department of Trade.
(D) Both were
patented.
9. Why
is John Utynam still remembered?
(A) He
is the first person to get a patent for his
revolutionary mouse-trap.
(B) He is the first person to be
granted an official patent.
(C) He is
the first person to be an officer in the Patent
Office.
(D) He is the first
person to have invented a lawnmower.
10. According to the
passage, how would you describe the
complex procedure of obtaining a patent
for an invention?
(A) It is rather expensive.
(B) It is an impossible task.
(C) It is extremely difficult.
(D) It is very tricky.
Questions
11
—
15
All living cells on earth require
moisture for their metabolism.
Cereal
grains when brought in from the field, although
they may
appear to be dry, may contain
20 per cent of moisture or more.
If
they are stored in a bin thus, there is sufficient
moisture
in them to support several
varieties of insects. These insects
will, therefore, live and breed and, as
they grow and eat the
grain, it
provides them with biological energy for their
life
processes. This energy will, just
as in man, become manifest as
heat.
Since the bulk of the grain acts as an insulator,
the
temperature surrounding the colony
of insects will rise so that,
not only
is part of the grain spoiled by the direct attack
of
the insects but more may be damaged
by the heat. Sometimes, the
temperature
may even rise to the point where the stored grain
catches fire. For safe storage, grain
must be dried until its
moisture
content is 13 per cent or less.
Traditional arts of food
preservation took advantage of this
principle in a number of ways. The
plant seeds, wheat, rye,
rice, barley
millet, maize, are themselves structures evolved
by nature to provide stored food. The
starch of their endosperm
is used for
the nourishment of the embryo during the time it
over-winters (if it is a plant of the
Temperate Zone) and until
its new
leaves have grown and their chlorophyll can trap
energy
from the sunlight to nourish the
new-grown plant. The
separation by
threshing and winnowing is, therefore, to some
degree part of a technique of food
preservation.
The direct drying of
other foods has also been used. Fish has
been dried in many parts of the world
besides Africa. Slices of
dried meat
are prepared by numerous races. Biltong, a form of
dried meat, was a customary food for
travelers. The drying of
meat or fish,
either in the sun or over a fire, quite apart
from the degree to which it exposes the
food to infection by
bacteria and
infestation by insects, tends also to harm its
quality. Proteins are complex molecular
structures which are
readily disrupted.
This is the reason why dried meat becomes
tough and can, with some scientific
justification, by likened
to leather.
The technical
process of drying foods indirectly by pickling
t
hem in the strong salt
solutions commonly called ‘brine’
does
less harm to the protein than straightforward
drying,
particularly if this is carried
out at high temperatures. It is
for
this reason that many of the typical drying
processes are
not taken to completion.
That is to say, the outer parts may be
dried leaving a moist inner section.
Under these circumstances,
preservation
is only partial. The dried food keeps longer than
it would have undried but it cannot be
kept indefinitely. For
this reason,
traditional processes are to be found in many
parts of the world in which a
combination of partial drying and
pickling in brine is used. Quite often
the drying involves
exposure to smoke.
Foods treated in this way are, besides fish
of various sorts, bacon, hams and
numerous types of sausages.
11.
According to
the passage, insects spoil stored cereals by
________.
12.
(A) consuming all the grain themselves
13.
(B)
generating heat and raising the surrounding
temperature
14.
(C) increasing the moisture content in
the grain
15.
(D)
attacking each other for more grain
12.
In speaking of the traditional methods of food
preservation,
the writer ________.
(A) expresses doubts about direct
smoking
(B) describes salting and
pickling as ineffective
(C) condemns
direct drying
(D) mentions threshing
and winnowing
13.
Direct drying affects the quality of
meat or fish because
________.
14.
(A) it
exposes them to insects
15.
(B) it makes them hard
16.
(C) it
damages the protein
17.
(D) it develops bacteria
18.
We can learn
from the passage that salting preserves food by
________.
19.
(A) destroying the protein
20.
(B) drawing
away moisture from the food
21.
(C) drying
the food in the sun
22.
(D) dressing the food
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