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第十章
同位语
所谓同位语(
the
Apposit
ive
)
,是指跟在名词或代词(我们称之为主体词)后面对主
体
词作进一步的解释、
说明、补充和概括,
但不对主体词作修饰的一种句子成分。同位语一般
接在主体词后,
< br>两者所指相同,
句法功能也相同,
是同一层次的语言单位
。
同位语和定语一
样,
也有限定性与非
限定性之分,
如同位语与其主体词关系紧密时不用逗号隔开;
如
同位语
对主体词只作补充解释时可用逗号隔开。运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体
。
同位语可用由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词和从句充当。
一、名词作同位语
最常见的同位语是名词作同位语。例如:
We Chinese people are brave and
hardworking.
我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
We, young people, should do our duties.
我们年轻人应当履行我们的职责。
I, your father, should advise you about
your marriage.
我,
你的父亲,
应该对你的结婚提些
建议。
Do you kids have any ideas?
你们小家伙有什么主意吗?
Both
his parents are teachers.
他的父母都是老师。
Why
should he, a lazy boy, be praised?
他,一个懒惰的孩子,为什么应被表扬?
A person of French origin, he is now an
American citizen.
他的籍贯在法国,但他现在是美
国公民。
My best friend Kerr
has decided to stay home this weekend.
我最好的朋友科尔已经决定这
个周末呆在家里。
Li Ming, my friend, works in a factory.
我的朋友李明,在一家工厂工作。
Tom, normally a timid boy, jumped into
the river and saved the drowning girl.
汤姆平时是
个胆小的孩子,现在却跳到河里,救起了溺水的小姑娘。
Lu xun, one of the greatest writers
in China, played an important role in Chinese
literature
history.
鲁迅,中国最伟大
的作家之一,在中国文学史上扮演了重要的角色。
Professor
Xu,
at
that
time
a
student,
wrote
these
poems
and
essays
for
newspapers
and
magazines.
徐教授,那时还是个学生,给报纸和杂志写了这些诗歌和散文。
Winston Churchill, Britain’s Prime
Minister during the Second World War, died in
1965.
第
二次世界大战期间的英国首相温斯顿·丘吉尔于
1965
年去世。
Haikou, the capital of Hainan Province,
is in the northeast of the island.
海南省的省会海口
市在岛的东北部。
Shanghai, a city with a population of
over thirteen million, is one of the largest
cities in the
world.
上海有一千三百多万人口,是世界上最大的城市之一。
Yates, the best-known restaurant in
town, is not far away.
耶茨,镇上最著名的饭店,就在
p>
不远处。
Basketball,
his favorite sport, has brought him a lot of good
friends.
篮球是他最喜爱的运
动,它让他交到许多好
朋友。
This book, an English
reference, is too expensive.
这本书,
一本英语参考书,
价钱太贵了。
His supper, eggs and vegetables, is
simple.
他的晚餐很简单,鸡蛋和蔬菜。
MBA,
Master
of
Business
Administration,
is
quite
hot,
especially,
after
China
enters
the
WTO. MBA
,工商管理硕士,十分热,特别是在中国进入
WTO
之后。
He gave his wife Mandy a wonderful
watch.
他送给他的妻子曼蒂一块精美的手表。
At that time no one dared to question
the great philosopher Aristotle.
当时没有人敢
向大哲
学家亚里士多德发问。
Yesterday I talked to my English
teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈
过了。
I want to speak
to Mr. Smith, the electrician.
我想和电工史密斯先生说话。
Yesterday
I
met
Alexander
,
a
friend
of
my
brother’
s.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友亚历山
大。
The hope of China lies in you young
men.
中国的希望要靠你们年青人。
At the news, I felt ashamed for us
officials.
听到这个消息,我为我们的官员感到害羞。
He regarded us students as his
children.
他把我们学生当作自己的孩子看待。
They should no more look down on us
workers.
他们不应当再看不起我们工人。
We have two children, a boy and a girl.
我们有两个孩子,一男一女。
I
bought a dictionary, a red-covered one.
我买了一本词典,红封面的。
We
have everything we need: land, funds and
technology.
我们需要的一切:土地、资金和
技术
,都有了。
All the things have
two faces, a light one and a dark one.
一切事物都有两个方面:光明的
一面和黑暗的一面。
They completed the layout plan within
three months, half the usual time.
他们三个
月就完
成了设计图,只用了通常时间的一半。
We are going to have a tour in Guilin
this summer
vacation,
a
famous tourist attraction in
South
China.
我们准备今年暑假到桂林去旅游,桂林是中国南部的一个著名的旅游胜地
。
At last, we reached our
destination, Hamburg.
我们最终到达了目的地——汉堡。
On the evening of 29th June, a day I
shall never forget we landed at Durban.
六月二十九日
晚上,我们在得班登陆,那一天我终身难忘。
He always laughed loud and long at his
own jokes, a habit that won him no admirers.
他总是
对自己所讲的笑话发出长时间的、响亮的笑声,这个习惯别人都感到
讨厌。
1
)同位语还可以用
of
构成。例如:
He lives in the city of London.
他住在伦敦市。
The city
of Chongqing has changed greatly.
重庆市有了很大变化。
In
Japan’s capital city of Tokyo,
the
earthquake danger limits the height of buildings.
在日本
首都东京,地震的危险限制了建筑物的高度。
This bus is running at a speed
of 20 miles an hour.
这辆汽车正以每小时
20
英里的速度行
驶。
I
advised him to get rid of his habit of smoking.
我劝他改掉他的抽烟习惯。
She
is an angel of a girl.
她是个天使般的女孩。
He is
a skeleton of a man.
他骨瘦如柴。
She is a strange riddle of a lady.
她是一个叫人难以琢磨的谜一样的女士。
Suddenly we were aroused by a thunder
of a growl.
突然,我们被一声雷鸣般的吼声吵醒。
We came to this jewel of an island
atlast.
我们终于来到这个宝石般的岛屿。
A smile spread over his moon of a face.
他那形如满月的脸上绽开了笑容。
My fool of a doctor told me to make my
will.
我那个傻瓜大夫让我写遗嘱。
There isn’t much to live for in
th
is jail of a house.
生活在这间监
狱般的房子里,实在没什
么盼头。
I
told you what a lamb of a temper he has.
我跟你讲过,他的脾气好得像羊羔。
2
)同位语与其所说明的名词之间常加一插入语,如:
name
ly
(即)
、
that
is
(即)
、
that is
to say
(也就是说)
、
i.e.
(即)
、
in
other words
(换言之)
、
or
(就是;或者说)
、
or rat
her
(更
正确地说)
、
for
example
(例如)
、
for i
nstance
(例如)
、
say
p>
(比如,假定说)
、
let us say
(假
定说)
、
such as
(例如)
、
espec
ially
(尤其是)
、
partic
ularly
(特别是)
、
in pa
rticular
(特别是)
、
mos
tly
(多半)
、
chiefly
p>
(主要)
、
mainly
< br>(基本上)
、
including
(包括)等。例如:
Of all cities I
have ever been, I only like one, namely, Shanghai.
在我去过的所有城市中,
我只喜欢一个,那就是上海。
He told me three days ago,
namely, Friday.
他是三天前,即星期五告诉我的。
He is a cosmonaut, that is, a person
trained to fly in space.
他是一个宇航员,
即,
一个训练
在太空中飞行的人。
< br>
He knew three languages, i.e.
English, Chinese and Spanish.
他懂三门语言,即,
英语、汉
语和西班牙语。
The
United States of America, or America for short,
lies to the south of Canada.
美利坚合众
国,简称美国,位于加拿大的南面。
Some
animals, as foxes and squirrels live in woods.
有些动物,如狐狸和松鼠,栖息在森
林里。
The old lady always murmurs, that is,
speaks in a very low voice.
这位老太太总是小声说<
/p>
话,也就是说用很低的声音说话。
Women are greater than men. That is to
say, men rule the world, but their mothers and
wives
rule them.
女人比男人伟大。
这就是说,
男人统治世界,
但男人们的母亲和
妻子统治着他们。
Pressure on the
surface of an object varies with the depth of the
object below the surface of
the water.
In other words, the farther down you go, the
greater the pressure.
物体表面的压力随
该物体在水下的深度而变化。换句话说,越深压力越大。
He went home very late last night, or
rather, in the early hours this morning.
他是昨天深夜
回家的,或者更确切地说,是今天凌晨。
Would it be convenient for you to come
tonight? Say, seven o
’
clock?
你今晚有便过来吗?
七点怎样?
They visited eight cities, for example,
London and Paris.
他们访问了八座城市,
例如伦敦、
巴黎。
He kept
a lot of animals, chiefly dogs, with some cats.
p>
他养了许多动物动物,主要是狗和
一些猫。
Many people, including the chairman of
the labor union, are against the idea.
许多人包括工
会主席在内,都反对这个主意。
The children enjoyed watching the
animals, particularly the monkeys.
孩子们喜欢看动物,
特别是猴子。
She likes classics, Hugo and Tolstoy in
particular.
她喜欢古典文学,特别是雨果和托尔斯
泰的作品。
He is interested in
sports, especially ball games.
他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。
同位语有时还可以用破折号或冒号引出。例如:
The
train
finally
arrived
and
two
young
men
—
one
big
and
broad,
the
othersmall
and
slight
—
stepped
onto the platform.
火车终于到站,两位年轻人——位大个儿,体
格魁梧;另
一位,小个儿,长相瘦弱——踏上了月台。
They had been putting in place the
tools of my new job: brush, iron,paper.
他们把干我这一
新工作所需要的用具——刷子、熨斗、纸张——安放得井井有条。
3
)同位语有时与主体词重复。例如:
It was a race, a race against time.
这是一场比赛,与时间的比赛。
His son, his only son, was killed in
the war.
他的儿子,他唯一的儿子,在战争中遇害。
His dream came true, the dream of
marrying a good wife.
他的梦想,与一位好妻子结婚的
梦想,实现了。
4
)如果主体词为所有格,同位语也为所有格,如果主体词与同位语结合很紧密,则只
需在
同位语后加
’
s
。例如:
I
t is his
father’
s, Dr.
Johnson’
s office.
这是他父亲,约翰森医生的办公室。
H
e is to inherit his
grandmother’
s,
Lady
Whitestone’
s property.
他将继承他
祖母,
怀特斯通
女士的财产。
I
’
d like to
borrow your brother Berg
’
s
bicycle.
我想借你弟弟博格的自行车。
May
I have a look at Captain
Smith’
s letters?
我可以看看史密斯上尉的信吗?
5
)有时主体是句子。例如:
He cannot go to study further, a
regretful thing.
他不能升学,一件遗憾的事。
The
summer continued hot and dry, a condition which
gave rise to the danger of forest fires.
该夏季一直又热又干,这种情况有发生森林火灾的危险。
Naturally I left the letter
unanswered
—
the only way to
keep myself from their company.
我
当然不予回信,这是我跟他们断绝关系的唯一办法。
What is he, where does he come from,
and what he has come here for, the three questions
have puzzled me for several days.
他是干什么的,
他来自何处,
他来干什么,
这三个问题困扰
了我好几天。
He has got married to a Korean
girl
—
a secret few people
know.
他与一位韩国姑娘结了婚,
一个没有多少人知道的
秘密。
The
President
was
suddenly
murdered
—
a
circumstance
that
will
aroused
troubles
in
the
country.
总统突然被谋杀了,一个将引起国内动乱的情况。
二、代词作同位语
人称代词、反身代
词、指示代词和不定代词也可作同位语。例如:
Three
persons
—
you, he and
I
—
will have to maintain this
big family.
三个人,你、他和我,
将不得不维持
这个大家庭。
The committee, Owen,
Nixon and she, are to examine the case.
委员会,
欧文、
尼克松和她,
将审理
这个案子。
Who is to blame, you
or she?
谁该受到责怪,你还是她?
You may ask
anyone
—
him, her or me.
你可以问任何人,他、她或者我。
They invited our
family
—
Father, Mother and
me
—
to their country house. <
/p>
他们邀请我家,
父亲、母亲和我,到他们的乡村住宅去。
Let us sit together, you and
me.
让我们坐在一起,你和我。
You’ll have to do it yourself.
你得自己去干。
He
himself doesn’t know why.
他自己也不知道为什么。
He
himself told me that his brother John is a world-
famous doctor.
他本人对我讲,他的兄
长约翰
是一位世界闻名的医生。
The thing itself
is not important.
事情本身并不重要。
His friends, especially those below
ten, are all fond of sports.
他的朋友,
尤其是那些十岁以
下的,都喜欢体育运动。
For everyone to have enough food,
enough clothing, and to have a
house
,
a
car
—
this should
be the aim of all politicians.
< br>每人有足够的食品、
衣服,
有房,
有车,
这是所有政治家的目的。