-
第五册
Unit 10
Dewey has said in all seriousness that
the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour
of
the
individual
as
over
against
any
way
in
which
he
can
affect
traditional
custom,
is
as
the
proportion of the total
vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those
words of his own baby
talk that are
taken up into the vernacular of his family.
答案：
John Dewey has pointed
out seriously that how far a social habit can
impact an individual
behavior
as
compared
with
how
far
an
individual
behaviour
can
impact
a
social
habit
can
be
likened
to
how
far
a
native
language
can
affect
the
entire
vocabulary
of
a
family
dialect
as
compared with how far the entire
vocabulary of a family dialect can affect a native
language.
one
seriously
studies
the
social
orders
that
have
had
the
opportunity
to
develop
autonomously ,the figure becomes no
more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation.
答案：
The
result
from
a
serious
study
of
various
cultures
that
are
allowed
to
grow
with
no
influence
from outside proves to be in complete conformity
with the reality.
pology
was by definition impossible as long as these
distinctions between ourselves and
the
primitive,ourselves and the barbarian,ourselves
and the pagan,held sway over
people
’
s minds.
答案：
No
scientific
study
of
people
and
their
cultures
can
be
expected
to
achieve
any
fruitful
end,where
we
still
strongly
believe
that
ours
is
superior
to
other
cultures,which
we
have
traditionally considered as
underdeveloped,uncivilized or irreligious.
was necessary to recognize
that these institutions which are based on the
same premises,let us
say the
supernatural,must be considered together,our own
among the rest.
答案：
We should
accept that these cultures,which are like ours
created by God,must be treaded as
equals to our own culture and included
in our study of social customs.
Unit 11
above
me,I
knew,were
unselfishnesses
of
the
spirit,clean
and
noble
thinking,
keen
intellectual living.
答案：
I
believed
that
in
a
society
high
above
me
lived
those
who
selfless,noble-minded
and
well-cultivated.
it
is
not
particularly
easy
for
one
to
climb
up
out
of
the
working-
class-especially
if
he
is
handicapped by the
possession of ideals and illusions.
答案：
But it is surely
difficult for a man,especially one full of
objectives and imagination in life,to
have his working class status changed.
3.I had the muscle,and they made money
out of it while I made but a very indifferent
living out
of
it.
答
案
：
I
was
physically
strong,and
they
profited
by
the
exploitation
of
my
physical
strength,which,to my great
disappointment, was not able to change my life for
the better.
was a muscle bankrupt, and
nothing remained to him but to go down into the
cellar of society
and perish miserably.
答案：
He
was
no
longer
physically
strong/powerful,his
strength
was
used
up/exhausted/consumed completely /wore
out;and he had to let himself slide down to the
bottom
of society,left alone in misery
till the end of his life.
Unit 12
hundred
years
later,the
Negro
is
still
languished
in
the
corners
of
American
society
and
finds himself an exile
in his own land.
答案：
One
hundred years later,the Negro still lives in a
land of poverty isolated from a land of
immense /enormous wealth,which
surrounds us and is our homeland.
is
obvious today that America has defaulted on this
promissory note insofar as her citizens of
color are concerned.
答案：
We can see clearly now
that America has failed to execute this document
as promised,as far
as the black people
are concerned.
we
have
come
to
cash
this
check-a
check
that
will
give
us
upon
demand
the
riches
of
freedom and the security
of justice.
答案：
So
we
are
here
to
demand
the
fulfillment
of
a
promise
which
assures
us
of
liberty
and
justice.
is
no
time
to
engage
in
the
luxury
of
cooling
off
or
to
take
the
tranquilizing
drug
of
gradualism.
答案：
This is not the time now
to try to persuade us to keep quiet and wait
patiently,by and by, a
solution is
eventually found.
Unit 2
pleaded
a
speech
defect
to
rationalize
his
reluctance
to
deliver
Jehovah
’
s
edict
to
Pharaoh.
答案：
Moses
justified
his
unwillingness
to
pass Jehovah
’
s
order
to Pharaoh,saying
that
he
was
“
slow of
speech
”
.
for
all
the
trouble
procrastination
may
incur,delay
can
often
inspire
and
revive
a
creative
soul.
答案：
Delay leads to r,in many
cases,it can often stimulate the creativity in an
artist.
notes that speedy
action can be embarrassing or extremely costly.
答案：
He points out that
hastiness may give rise to decisions which turn
out to be humiliating or
expensive.
cratization,which
flourished
amid
the
growing
burdens
of
government
and
the
greater
complexity of society,was designed to
smother policymakers in blankets of
legalism,compromise
and reappraisal-and
thereby prevent hasty decisions from being made.
答案：
Excessive red-tape
developed because public administration was
expanding in scope and
because
society
was
growing
more
and
more
this
sense,red-tape
helped
those
in
charge
of
policy
to
be
fully
engaged
in
an
enormous
amount
of
paperwork
and
judgement,thus
making it
impossible for an immature decision to result.
5....many of my friends go through
agonies when they face a blank page.
答案：
...many of my friends
have a hard time the moment they attempt to put
pen to paper.
Unit 13
who
are partial to euphemisms stand accused of being <
/p>
“
phony
”
or trying to hide what it is
they are
really talking about.
答案：
Euphemism-prone people
are subject to the charge that they are insincere.
we call things affects how we will
perceive them.
答案：
Things may
take on a different look when named differently.
would appear that human beings almost
naturally come to identify names with things,which
is
one of our more fascinating
illusions.
答案：
It seems that
mankind is predisposed to regard things as being
inseparable from the labels
they is a
most intriguing delusion.
if you
change the names of things,you change how people
will regard them,and that is as
good as
changing the nature of the thing itself.
答案：
With
the
change
of
the
names
of
things,you
have
changed
their
images
in
the
eye
of
people,which,in effect,means a change
in what the things really are.
teacher
who
prefers
us
to
use
the
term
”
culturally
different
children
”
instead
of
“
slum
children
”
is
euphemizing,all right,but is doing it to encourage
us to see aspects of a situation that
might otherwise not be attended to.
答案：
It is true that the
teacher is euphemizing when he has us
use
”
culturally different
children
”
in
place of
“
slum
children
”
, but what he is
doing is to try to turn our attention to an aspect
of life that
might easily be neglected.
that
someone
is
“
dead
”
is
not
to
speak
more
plainly
or
honestly
than
saying
he
has
“
passed
away
”
.
答案：
People
are
just
as
frank
when
they
say
someone
“
passed
away
”
as
when
they
say
he
is
“
dead
”
.
Unit 15
previous
analogies
are
seriously
inadequate,
for
while
they
may
describe
a
part
of
the
teaching activity,they also suggest
patterns that are not fully applicable to
teaching.
答案：
Almost none of
the analogies that have been used so far can fully
describe what teaching is
all
about.(or:
Nearly
all
the
analogies
that
have
been
used
so
far
can
only
present
a
partial
picture,rather
than
a
complete
one,of
what
teaching
is
really
about.)In
this
sense,none
of
them
serves as
an analogy for teaching.
than emphasizing the mutuality of the
endeavor,each of these common analogies turns on
a separation between the professional
and his clients.
答案：
Each of
these popular analogies sees the teacher and his
students not as an organic unit tied
together in a joint effort,but as being
isolated from each other.
teacher as actor also plays to a passive
audience,but he measures success by large numbers.
答案：
The teacher,seen in the
role of the actor,would be simply lecturing to an
audience ,who do
not
participate,
and
he
would
evaluate
his
performance
not
by
their
involvement
in
class
activities,but by the
size of the class.
mountaineer
accepts
his
leadership
role,yet
recognizes
that
the
success
of
the
journey(measured
by
the
scaling
of
the
heights)depends
upon
close
cooperation
and
active
participation by each
member of the group.
答案：
The
mountaineer knows his own function as a leader and
is well aware,too,that whether they
can
climb to the top is decided by how well each
member can cooperate with the others and how
far each member is ready to involve
himself in the endeavour.
ial skills must be mastered if the trip
is to be successful;lacking them,disaster looms as
an
ominous possibility.
答案：
For a good journey,basic
skills from an indispensable part,without which
one is likely to
encounter misfortune.
翻译
1.
习
俗不同于传统在于前者是一个社会中公认的行为规范，
而后者则是指从过去传到现在的<
/p>
思维和行为的习惯方式。
（
conven
tion, tradition
）
Conventions are different from
tradition in that the former are the generally
accepted standards of
behaviour in a
society,whereas the latter refers to the customary
way of thinking or behaving that
has
been passed down from the past to the present.
2.
孔孟之道在很长一段时期内主宰
着中国的社会。
（
hold
sway
）
For a long
time the teachings of Confucius and Mencius held
sway over the Chinese society.
3.
他的潦草笔记只有他自己看得懂。
（
unintelligible
）
His scribbling is unintelligible to any
one but himself.
4.
< br>我们必须在有可能发生最坏事态的前提下采取行动。
（
p
remise
）
We must
act on the premise that the worst can happen.
5.
早在儿童学会说话和理解口头语
言之前，
他们就掌握了通过比较视觉外观的差异来辨识物
体的能
力。
（
differentiate
）
Long
before
children
are
capable
of
using
and
understanding
verbal
language,they
posses
the
ability to differentiate between
objects with visual differences.
6.
植物园的一个显著特色就是面积宽广。
（
predominant
）
One of the predominant features of the
botanical garden is its spaciousness.
7.
你相信人类是从类人猿进化而来的吗？（
< br>evolve
）
Do you
believe that human beings have evolved from apes?
8.
教师的责任不仅是传授知识，还
必须教授学生道德规范。
（
incumbent
）
It
is
incumbent
on
teachers
not
only
to
impart
knowledge
but
also
to
teach
the
students
moral
principles.
准确地说，
只要我们同原始人、
我们同野蛮人、
我们同异教徒之间的此类
界限依然在人们头
脑中占支配地位，
人类学是不可能有所建树的
。
我们首先应该使我们的认识达到这样一种成
熟的认知程度，即
，我们不再自以为我们所信奉的是信仰，而我们邻居们所信奉的是迷信。
有必要认识到，
这些基于相同的假设
（不妨说是种超自然的东西）
而形成的习俗，
必须与其
他的习俗放在一起加以研究
，包括我们自己的和他人的风俗。
翻译
1.
不
要期望每做一件小事就有报酬。从长远来看，你所做的全部努力都会得到适当的回报。
（
remunerate
）