2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题

2015

年武汉大学考博英语考试真题

一、阅读理解

Justice

in

society

must

include

both

a

fair

trial

to

the

accused

and

the

selection

of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded

as

one

form. of

equality,

we

find

in

its

earlier

expressions

the

idea

of

a

punishment

equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression

eye,

and

a

tooth

for

a

tooth.

That

is,

the

individual

who

has

done

wrong

has

committed

an

offence

against

society.

To

make

up

for

his

offence,

society

must

get

even.

This

can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive

justice is reflected

in

many parts of the

legal

documents and procedures of modern

times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has

committed

murder.

This

philosophy

of

punishment

was

supported

by

the

German

idealist

Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal

to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true

self

and

it

is

necessary

to

do

something

that

will

counteract

this

denial

and

restore

the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own

will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the

criminal and it should not deny him his due.

Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of

corrective

justice.

The

aim

of

the

latter

is

not

to

abandon

the

concept

of

equality

but

to

find

a

more

adequate

way

to

express

it.

It

tries

to

preserve

the

idea

of

equal

opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal

is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to

become

a

normal

member

of

society.

Before

a

treatment

can

be

administered,

the

cause

of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause

can be removed,

provisions

must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be

permanently

separated front

the

rest

of

the society.

This

does

not

mean

that

criminals

will

escape

punishment

or

be

quickly

returned

to

take

up

careers

of

crime.

It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.

If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should

be

administered.

However,

the

individual

should

be

given

every

opportunity

to

assume

a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the

opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.

1. The

best

title

for

this

selection

is

（

）

A. Fitting

Punishment

to

the

Crime

B. Approaches

to

Just

Punishment

C. Improvement

in

Legal

Justice

D. Attaining

Justice

in

the

Courts

passage

implies

that

the

basic

difference

between

retributive

ju

stice

and

corrective

justice

is

the

（

）

.

A.

type

of

crime

that

was

proven

B.

severity

for

the

punishment

C.

reason

for

the

sentence

D.

outcome

of

the

trial

3.

The

punishment

that

would

be

most

inconsistent

with

the

views

o

f

corrective

justice

would

be

（

）

.

A.

forced

brain

surgery

B.

whipping

C.

solitary

confinement

D.

the

electric

chair

4.

The

Biblical

expression

eye

for

an

eye,

and

a

tooth

for

a

tooth

”

was

presented

in

order

to

（

）

.

A.

prove

，

that

equality

demands

just

punishment

B.

justify

the

need

for

punishment

as

a

part

of

law

C.

give

moral

backing

to

retributive

justice

D.

prove

that

man

has

long

been

interested

in

justice

every

known

human

society

the

male's

needs

for

achievement

ca

n

be

recognized...

In

a

great

number

of

human

societies

men's

sureness

of

their

sex

role

is

tied

up

with

their

right,

or

ability,

to

practice

some

activity

that

women

are

not

allowed

to

pra

ctice.

Their

maleness

in

fact

has

to

be

underwritten

by

preventing

women

from

entering

some

field

or

performing

some feat.

This

is

the

conclusion

of

the

anthropologist

Margaret

Mead

about

the

way

in

which

the

roles

of

men

and

women

in

society

should

be

distinguished.

If

talk

and

print

are

considered

it

would

seem

that

the

formal

emancipation

of

women

is

far

from

complete.

There

is

a

flow

of

publications

about

the

continuing

domest

ic

bondage

of

women

and

about

the

complicated

system

of

defences

which

men

have

thrown

u

p

around

their

hitherto

accepted

advantages,

taking

sometimes

the

obvious

form

of

exc

lusion

from

types

of

occupation

and

sociable

groupings,

and

sometimes

the

more

subtle

form

of

automatic

doubt

of

the

seriousness

of

women's

pretensions

to

the

level

of

intellect

and

resolution

that

men,

it

is

supposed,

bring

to

the

business

of

running

the

world.

There

are

a

good

many

objective

pieces

of

evidence

for

the

erosi

on

of

men's

status.

In

the

first

place,

there

is

the

widespread

postwar

phenomenon

of

the

woman

Prime

Minister,

in India,

Sri

Lanka

and

Israel.

Secondly,

there

is

the

very

large

increase

in

the

number

of

wome

n

who

work,

especially

married

women

and

mothers

of

children.

More

diffusely

there

are

the

increasin

gly

numerous

convergences

between

male

and

female

behaviour:

the

approximation

to

i

dentical

styles

in

dress

and

coiffure,

the

sharing

of

domestic

tasks,

and

the

admission

of

women

to

all

sorts

of

hitherto

exclusively

male

leisure-time

activities.

Everyone

carries

round

with

him

a

fairly

definite

idea

of

the

pr

imitive

or

natural

conditions

of

human

life.

It

is

acquired

more

by

the

study

of

humorous

cartoons

t

han

of

archaeology,

but

that

does

not

matter

since

it

is

not

significant

as

theory

but

only

as

an

expression

of

inwardly

felt

expectations

of

people's

sense

of

what

is

fundamentally

proper

i

n

the

differentiation

between

the

roles

of

the

two

sexes.

In

this

rudimentary

natural

soci

ety

men

go

out

to

hunt

and

fish

and

to

fight

off

the

tribe

next

door

while

women

keep

the

fire

going.

Amorous

initiative

is

firmly

reserved

to

the

man,

who

sets

about

courtship

w

ith

a

club.

5.

The

phrase

sureness

of

their

sex

role

in

the

first

parag

raph

suggests

that

they

（

）

A.

are

confident

in

their

ability

to

charm

women.

B.

take

the

initiative

in

courtship.

C.

have

a

clear

idea

of

what

is

considered

D.

tend

to

be

more

immoral

than

women

are.

6.

The

third

paragraph

（）

A.

generally

agrees

with

the

first

paragraph

B.

has

no

connection

with

the

first

paragraph

C.

repeats

the

argument

of

the

second

paragraph

D.

contradicts

the

last

paragraph

7.

The

usual

idea

of

the

cave

man

in

the

last

paragraph

（）

A.

is

based

on

the

study

of

archaeology

B.

illustrates

how

people

expect

men

to

behave

C.

is

dismissed

by

the

author

as

an

irrelevant

joke

D.

proves

that

the

man,

not

woman,

should

be

the

wooer

8.

The

opening

quotation

from

Margaret

Mead

sums

up

a

relationship

b

etween

man

and

woman

which

the

author

（

）

A.

approves

of

B.

argues

is

natural

C.

completely

rejects

D.

expects

to

go

on

changing

Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to

plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market

sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive

government

subsidies

in

the

form

of

guaranteed

prices

or

direct

handouts.

Last

month

U.S.

President

Bush

signed

a

new

farm

bill

that

gives

American

farmers

$$190

billion

over the next 10 years, or $$83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get,

and

pushes

U.S.

agricultural

support

close

to

crazy

European

levels.

Bush

said

the

step

was

necessary

to

farmer

independence

and

preserve

the

farm

way

of

life

for generations

the Senate in November's mid term elections.

Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP,

compared

to

only

3%

in

rich

countries.

But

most

farmers

in

poor

countries

grow

just

enough

for themselves and their

families. Those

who try

exporting to the West find

their

goods

whacked

with

huge

tariffs

or

competing

against

cheaper

subsidized

goods.

In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for

each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $$14 just because

of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as

if

the

developing

world

wants

any

favours,

says

Gerald

Ssendwula,

Uganda's

Minister

of Finance.

Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land

and

labour

are

cheap,

and

as

farming

methods

develop,

new

technologies

should

improve

output.

This

is

no

pie

in

the

sky

speculation.

The

biggest

success

in

Kenya's

economy

over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to

Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to