2015武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案

感谢

”

珞珈人（武大考博）

197431621

”

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一、阅读理解

Justice

in

society

must

include

both

a

fair

trial

to

the

accused

and

the

selection

of

an

appropriate

punishment

for

those

proven

guilty.

Because

justice

is

regarded

as

one

form.

of

equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in

the

Old

Testament

is

the

expression

eye

for

an

eye,

and

a

tooth

for

a

tooth.

That

is,

the

individual

who

has

done

wrong

has

committed

an

offence

against

society.

To

make

up

for

his

offence,

society

must

get

even.

This

can

be

done

only

by

doing

an

equal

injury

to

him.

This

conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures

of

modern

times.

It

is

illustrated

when

we

demand

the

death

penalty

for

a

person

who

has

committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel.

He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had

committed.

The

criminal

had

by

his

own

actions

denied

his

true

self

and

it

is

necessary

to

do

something

that

will

counteract

this

denial

and

restore

the

self

that

has

been

denied.

To

the

murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty

is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.

Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice.

The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to

express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best

that

is

in

him.

The

criminal

is

regarded

as

being

socially

ill

and

in

need

of

treatment

that

will

enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the

cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be

made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated

front

the

rest

of

the

society.

This

does

not

mean

that

criminals

will

escape

punishment

or

be

quickly

returned

to

take

up careers

of

crime.

It

means

that

justice

is

to

heal

the

individual,

not

simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying

this,

it

should

be

administered.

However,

the

individual

should

be

given

every

opportunity

to

assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity

to make his way in the society of which he is a part.

1. The best title for this selection is

（

B

）

A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime

B. Approaches to Just Punishment

C. Improvement in Legal Justice

D. Attaining Justice in the Courts

passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective jus

tice is the

（

C

）

.

A. type of crime that was proven

B. severity for the punishment

C. reason for the sentence

D. outcome of the trial

3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice woul

d be

（

D

）

.

A. forced brain surgery

B. whipping

C. solitary confinement

D. the electric chair

4. The Biblical expression

tooth”

was presented in orde

r to

（

D

）

.

A. prove

，

that equality demands just punishment

B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law

C. give moral backing to retributive justice

D. prove that man has long been interested in justice

great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or

ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact

has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.

This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles

of men and women in society should be distinguished.

If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fr

om

complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women

and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their

hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of

occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt

of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it

is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.

There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In the

first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in

India, Sri Lanka and Israel.

Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially

married

women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous

convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles in

dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of

hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.

Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions o

f

human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but

that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly

felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation

between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt

and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorous

initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.

5. The phrase

（

C

）

A. are confident in their ability to charm women.

B. take the initiative in courtship.

C. have a clear idea of what is considered

D. tend to be more immoral than women are.

6. The third paragraph

（

A

）

A. generally agrees with the first paragraph

B. has no connection with the first paragraph

C. repeats the argument of the second paragraph

D. contradicts the last paragraph

7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph

（

< br>B

）

A. is based on the study of archaeology

B. illustrates how people expect men to behave

C. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke

D. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer

8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and wo

man which the author

（

D

）

A. approves of

B. argues is natural

C. completely rejects

D. expects to go on changing

Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But

most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S.

and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices

or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American

farmers $$190 billion over the next 10 years, or $$83 billion more than they had been scheduled to

get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was

necessary to

is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term

elections.

Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to

only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves