2010年考研英语真题及解析

2010

年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I

Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B],

[C] or [D] on

ANSWER SHEET 1

. (10 points)

In

1924

America's

National

Research

Council

sent

two

engineers

to

supervise

a

series

of

industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It

hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting

大

1

家

workers' productivity. Instead, the studies

ended

大

2

家

giving their name to the

very

大

3

家

to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.

The

idea

arose

because

of

the

大

4

家

behavior

of

the

women

in

the

Hawthorne

plant.

According to

大

5

家

of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but

also when it was dimmed. It did not

大

6

家

what was done in the experiment;

大

7

家

something

was changed, productivity rose. A(n)

大

8

家

that they were being experimented upon seemed to be

大

9

家

to alter workers' behavior

大

10

家

itself.

After

several

decades,

the

same

data

were

大

11

家

to

econometric

the

analysis.

Hawthorne

experiments has another surprise store

大

12

家

the descriptions on record, no systematic

大

13

家

was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

It

turns

out

that

peculiar

way

of

conducting

the

experiments

may

be

have

let

to

大

14

家

interpretation of what happened.

大

15

家

, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work

started again on Monday, output

大

16

家

rose compared with the previous Saturday and

大

17

家

to rise for the next couple of days.

大

18

家

, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no

experimentation

showed that output always

went

up on Monday, workers

大

19

家

to

be diligent

for the first few days of the week in any case, before

大

20

家

a plateau and then slackening off.

1

This suggests that the alleged

1.[A] affected

[B] achieved

[C] extracted

[D] restored

2.[A] at

[B] up

[C] with

[D] off

3.[A] truth

[B] sight

[C] act

[D] proof

4.[A] controversial [B] perplexing

[C] mischievous

[D] ambiguous

5.[A] requirements [B] explanations

[C] accounts

[D] assessments

6.[A] conclude

[B] matter

[C] indicate

[D] work

7.[A] as far as

[B] for fear that

[C] in case that

[D] so long so

8.[A] awareness

[B] expectation

[C] sentiment

[D] illusion

9.[A] suitable

[B] excessive

[C] enough

[D] abundant

10.[A] about

[B] for

[C] on

[D] by

11.[A] compared

[B] shown

[C] subjected

[D] conveyed

12.[A] Contrary to

[B] Consistent with[C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to

13.[A] evidence

[B] guidance

[C] implication

[D] source

14.[A] disputable

[B] enlightening

[C] reliable

[D] misleading

15.[A] In contrast

[B] For example

[C] In consequence[D] As usual

16.[A] duly

[B] accidentally

[C] unpredictably

[D] suddenly

17.[A] failed

[B] ceased

[C] started

[D] continued

18.[A] Therefore

[B] Furthermore

[C] However

[D] Meanwhile

19.[A] attempted

[B] tended

[C] chose

[D] intended

20.[A] breaking

[B] climbing

[C] surpassing

[D] hitting

Section II

Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C]

or [D]. Mark your answers on

ANSWER SHEET 1

. (40 points)

Text 1

Of

all

the

changes

that

have

taken

place

in

English-language

newspapers

during

the

past

quarter-century,

perhaps

the

most

far- reaching

has

been

the

inexorable

decline

in

the

scope

and

seriousness of their arts coverage.

It

is

difficult

to

the

point

of

impossibility

for

the

average

reader

under

the

age

of

forty

to

imagine a time when high- quality arts criticism could be found in most big- city newspapers. Yet a

considerable

number

of

the

most

significant

collections

of

criticism

published

in

the

20

th

century

consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that

their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

We

are

even

farther

removed

from

the

unfocused

newspaper

reviews

published

in

England

2

between

the

turn

of

the

20

th

century

and

the

eve

of

World

War

II,

at

a

time

when

newsprint

was

dirt-cheap

and

stylish

arts

criticism

was

considered

an

ornament

to

the

publications

in

which

it

appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write

in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those

reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be

trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud

to be published in the daily press. “So few authors hav

e brains enough or literary gift enough to keep

their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ?journalism? as ?a term

of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.?”

Unfortunately,

these

critics

are

virtually

forgotten.

Neville

Cardus,

who

wrote

for

the

Manchester Guardian

from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as

a

writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England?s

foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his

Autobiography

(1947) became a

best-seller.

He

was

knighted

in

1967,

the

first

music

critic

to

be

so

honored.

Yet

only

one

of

his

books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

Is

there

any

chance

that

Cardus?s

criticism

will enjoy

a

revival?

The

prospect

seems

remote.

Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the

richly

upholstered

Vicwardian

prose

in

which

he

specialized.

Moreover,

the

amateur

tradition

in

music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that .

[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers

[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews

[C] high- quality newspapers retain a large body of readers

[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies

22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by .

[A] free themes

[B] casual style

[C] elaborate layout

[D] radical viewpoints

23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?

[A] It is writers? duty to fulfill journalistic goals.

[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?

[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.

[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.

[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.

[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.

25. What would be the best title for the text?

3

[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days

[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers

[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism

[D] Prominent Critics in Memory

Text 2

Over

the

past

decade,

thousands

of

patents

have

been

granted

for

what

are

called

business

methods.

received

one

for

its

online

payment

system.

Merrill

Lynch

got

legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method

patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move

that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it

would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In

re Bilski

, as the

case is known , is

law. It

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal

circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so- called state Street Bank case,

approving a patent on

a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That

ruling

produced

an explosion in

business- method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive

rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such

patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In

2005,

IBM

noted

in

a

court

filing

that

it

had

been

issued

more

than

300

business-method

patents

despite

the

fact

that

it

questioned

the

legal

basis

for

granting

them.

Similarly,

some

Wall

Street

investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in

court cases opposing the practice.

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.

The

Federal

circuit

issued

an

unusual

order

stating

that

the

case

would

be

heard

by

all

12

of

the

court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it

should

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme

Court

that

has

narrowed

the

scope

of

protections

for

patent

holders.

Last

April,

for

example

the

justices

signaled

that

too

many

patents

were

being

upheld

for

that

are

obvious.

The

judges on the Federal circuit are

C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of

.

[A] their limited value to business

[B] their connection with asset allocation

[C] the possible restriction on their granting

[D] the controversy over authorization

4

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?

[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.

[B] It involves a very big business transaction.

[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.

[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..

28. The word “about

-

face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means

.

[A] loss of good will

[B] increase of hostility

[C] change of attitude

[D] enhancement of dignity

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents.

[A] are immune to legal challenges

[B] are often unnecessarily issued

[C] lower the esteem for patent holders

[D] increase the incidence of risks

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

[A] A looming threat to business-method patents

[B] Protection for business-method patent holders

[C] A legal case regarding business- method patents

[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents

Text 3

In

his

book

The

Tipping

Point,

Malcolm

Gladwell

argues

that

social

epidemics

are

driven

in

large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are

unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't

explain how ideas actually spread.

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested

theory

called

the

step

flow

of

communication

Information

flows

from

the

media

to

the

influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it

suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of

the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain

looks, brands,

or neighborhoods.

In many such

cases,

a

cursory

search for causes

finds that some

small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid

attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people

can drive trends

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials

have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be

required of all.

The

researchers'

argument

stems

from

a

simple

observing

about

social

influence,

with

the

exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey

—

whose outsize presence is primarily a function of

5

media, not interpersonal, influence

—

even the most influential members of a population simply don't

interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to

the

two-step- flow

theory,

are

supposed

to

drive

social

epidemics

by

influencing

their

friends

and

colleagues

directly.

For

a

social

epidemic

to

occur,

however,

each

person

so

affected,

must

then

influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how

many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people

in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from

the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or

affect many people.

Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of

populations by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of

varia

bles relating to people?s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that

the principal requirement

for what is called “global cascades”

—

the widespread propagation of influence

through networks

—

is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced

people.

31. By citing the book

The Tipping Point,

the author intends to .

[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics

[B]discuss influentials? function in spreading ideas

[C]exemplify pe

ople?s intuitive response to social epidemics

[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials

32. The author suggests that the “two

-step-

flow theory” .

[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems

[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends

[C]has won support from influentials

[D]requires solid evidence for its validity

33.

What the researchers have observed recently shows that .

[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions

[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media

[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public

[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention

34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who .

[A] stay outside the network of social influence

[B] have little contact with the source of influence

[C] are influenced and then influence others

[D] are influenced by the initial influential

35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

[A]The eagerness to be accepted.

[B]The impulse to influence others.

[C]The readiness to be influenced.

6

[D]The inclination to rely on others.

Text 4

Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have

been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have

forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some

assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to

fetch.

Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but

the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being

compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking

system will be difficult.

After

a

bruising

encounter

with

Congress,

America's

Financial

Accounting

Standards

Board

(FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid

assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long- term assets in their income statement. Bob

Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who

and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls

European

ministers

instantly

demanded

that

the

International

Accounting

Standards

Board

(IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure

to

fold

when

it

completes

it

reconstruction

of

rules

later

this

year

is

strong.

Charlie

McCreevy,

a

European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did

word

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today

they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity

of

markets,

not

the

likely

extent

of

bad

debts.

The

truth

will

not

be

known

for

years.

But

bank's

shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly

reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to

buy all those supposed bargains.

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan

to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.

Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB

have

been

exactly

that,

cleaning

up

rules

on

stock

options

and

pensions,

for

example,

against

hostility

from

special interests.

But

by

giving in

to

critics now they are inviting pressure to

make

more concessions.

36. Bankers complained that they were forced to .

[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules

[B]collect payments from third parties

[C]cooperate with the price managers

[D]reevaluate some of their assets

37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in .

[A]the diminishing role of management

7

[B]the revival of the banking system

[C]the banks? long

-term asset losses

[D]the weakening of its independence

38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to .

[A]keep away from political influences

[B]evade the pressure from their peers

[C]act on their own in rule-setting

[D]take gradual measures in reform

39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they .

[A]misinterpreted market price indicators

[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets

[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts

[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets

40. The author’s attitude towards standard

-setters is one of .

[A]satisfaction

[B]skepticism

[C]objectiveness

[D]sympathy

Part B

Directions:

For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into

the numbered boxes to

form

a coherent

text.

Paragraph E has been

correctly placed. There is

one

paragraph

which

does

not

fit

in

with

the

text.

Mark

your

answers

on

ANSWER

SHEET1

.

(10

points)

[A]

The

first

and

more

important

is

the

consumer's

growing

preference

for

eating

out;

the

consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total

consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This

development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year

across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession

is

looming

large,

people

are

getting

anxious.

They

tend

to

keep

a

tighter

hold

on

their

purse

and

consider eating at home a realistic alternative.

[B]

Retail

sales

of

food

and

drink

in

Europe's

largest

markets

are

at

a

standstill,

leaving

European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried

e-commerce,

with

limited

success,

and

expansion

abroad.

But

almost

all

have

ignored

the

big,

profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to

be just the kind of market retailers need.

[C]

Will

such

variations

bring

about

a

change

in

the

overall

structure

of

the

food

and

drink

market?

Definitely

not.

The

functioning

of

the

market

is

based

on

flexible

trends

dominated

by

8

potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At

any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and

international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.

[D] All

in

all, this clearly

seems

to

be a market

in

which big retailers could

profitably apply

their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics,

and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well

expect

to

rake

in

substantial

profits

thereby.

At

least,

that

is

how

it

looks

as

a

whole.

Closer

inspection

reveals

important

differences

among

the

biggest

national

markets,

especially

in

their

customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food

and

drink

categories.

Big

retailers

must

understand

these

differences

before

they

can

identify

the

segments

of

European

wholesaling

in

which

their

particular

abilities

might

unseat

smaller

but

entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.

[E]

Despite

variations

in

detail,

wholesale

markets

in

the

countries

that

have

been

closely

examined

—

France, Germany, Italy, and Spain

—

are made out of the same building blocks. Demand

comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail

chains,

are

two

small

to

buy

straight

from

producers,

and

food

service

operators

that

cater

to

consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to

large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as

hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at

the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing

trends.

[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $$268 billion in France, Germany, Italy,

Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000

—

more than 40 percent of retail s ales.

Moreover,

average

overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector

is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics

of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good

producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of

wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

41

→

→

43

→

→

E

→

45

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your

translation should be written carefully on

ANSWER SHEET 2

. (10 points)

One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most

members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the

biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert

excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be

disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect

9

that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order

to be valid.

It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we

have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right,

regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was

when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game

by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on

Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics- minded foresters because

they

grow

too

slowly,

or

have

too

low

a

sale

vale

to

pay

as

timber

crops.

(49)

In

Europe,

where

forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members

of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.

To

sum

up:

a

system

of

conservation

based

solely

on

economic

self-interest

is

hopelessly

lopsided.

(50)

It

tends

to

ignore,

and

thus

eventually

to

eliminate,

many

elements

in

the

land

community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes,

falsely,

I

think,

that

the

economic

parts

of

the

biotic

clock

will

function

without

the

uneconomic

parts.

Section

Ⅲ

Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an

international

conference

on globalization,

you should

conclude the basic

qualification of

applicant

and the other information you think relative.

You should write about 100 words.

Do not

sign

your own name at

the

end of the letter. Use

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on

ANSHWER SHEET 2

. (20 points)

10

11

2010

年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解

Section I Use of English

一、文章题材结构分析

本文选自

2009

年

6

月< /p>

22

日

The Economist

《经济学人》

，

原文标题是

Questioning the Hawthorne Effect

(

《

质

疑“霍桑效 应”》的文章。

本文主要对社会上一个经典理论——“霍桑效 应”进行了批判和反思。文章第一段从总体上介绍了对

霍桑工厂所做的产业实验，并指出 实验以一个名叫“霍桑效应”的结论而告终。

第二段承上，具 体介绍了实验的结论。第三段指出，几十年后，对旧有实验数据进行分析后得出了与

所记 载的描述相反的结论。第四段分析了造成错误结论的原因，并在最后指出“所谓的‘霍桑效应’

< br>很难确定”。

二、试题解析

1.

[A]

affected

影响

[B] achieved

取得；获得

[C]

extracted

提取；榨出

[D]

restored

恢复；修复

【答案】

A

【考点】上下文语义衔接

+

动词辨析

【解析】

空格处所填的词说明工厂的照明与工人劳动生产率之间 的关系，显然这里需要的意思是“影

响”。

achieve

表示“达到，完成”，

extract

表示 “提取；榨出”，

restore

表示“恢复，使修复”，都< /p>

与句意不符，只有

A

选项符合句意。

此句要表达的意思是“工厂的照明如何影响工人的劳动生产率。”

而 其它三项虽然都能与空格前后的主语和宾语连用。但是放在这里，句意不通顺，所以排除。故本题

答案为

A

。

2.

[A] at

倾向于

[B] (end) up

最终成为

/

达到

[C] (end ) with

以??结束

[D] (end) off

完结；完成

【答案】

B

【考点】动词搭配

【解析