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自考英语二重点讲解复习资料
自考英语二复习资料第一章
重点单词扩充讲解：
1.
organizational: a
组织上的
由此我们可以联想到：
organize: v
组织；
organization: n
组织；
organizer: n
组织
者
请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：
1). Last week, our school ________ a
spring outing. 2). The task calls for the
high
est _________ skill. 3). China
has joined World Trade __________. 4). He is the
_
_________ of the speech contest.
Answers: organized, organizational,
Organization, organizer 2. objective: n
目
标；
a
客观的，反义词
subjective:
主观的
3. predict: v
预言、预示；
由此我们可以联想到：
prediction: n
预言；
predictable: a
可预测
的；
predictor:
n
预言家
4. simplify: v
简化
由此我们可以联想到：
simple: a
简单的；
simply: ad
简单地，仅仅
地；
simplification: n
简化；
simplified: a
被简化
的。
Exercises
for the above words:
1). The machine
is _____ in operation but complex in structure.
2).
Shakespeare’s
Romeo and
Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity
while ___
_ edition is quite easy.
3). There is no point in arguing
about it, because it is _______ a question of
proced
ure. 4). The ______ of working
process freed the workers fro heavy labor.
Answer
s: simple; simplified; simply;
simplification
5. tendency: n
趋势、倾向；
tend : v
倾向于
?，
tend to do
sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting
fatter. Or old peop
le tend to get
fatter. 6. managerial: a
经理的、经营上的；
由此我们可以联想到：
manage:
v
管理、经营；
management: n;
manager: n
经营
者，管理者；
manageable: a
可管理的、可经营的。
7. argue: v
争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：
argu with sb
about/over
sth
由于某事而同
某人争论；
argue sb into doing
sth
说服某人做某事；
argue sb out of
doing sth
说服
1
某人不要做某
事。
e.g.
1>. The young couple always argue with each other
over their child
’
s
education.
2>. I argued him out of
going on such a dangerous journey. 8. define: v
给?下定
义；
definition: n
定义
9.
profitability: n
赚钱，
获利
由此我们可以联想到：
profit: n
利润；
profitable: a
有利可图的
,
有好处
的；
profitless: a
没有利润的。
1). He has made a _____ from running
a small restaurant.
2). The deal was
______ to all of us.
3). They valued
_______ differently, which led to disagreement as
to the correctne
ss of decision.
Answer: profit, profitable;
profitability.
10. correctness: n
正确性；
字根：
correct: a
正确的；
v
纠正，
correction: n
纠
正；
incorrect: a
不正确的。
11.
unintended: a
非计划中的，
由此我们可以联想到：
intend: v
打算，计划；
intention: n
；
intended: a
计划中
的
课文难句讲解、分析
1. A
decision is a choice made from among alternative
courses of action that are
av
ailable.(p1)
译：决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择。
分析：该句是主系表结构。
made from among
alternative courses of action that are available
是过去分词短语做
定语修饰
a
choice;
其中
that are
available
是定语从句修饰
courses of
action.
像这样
一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中
很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析。这
是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！
2. The reason for making
a decision is that a problem exists, goals or
objectives are
wrong, or something is
standing in the way of accomplishing them. (p1)
译：做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，
或者有某种东西防碍着它
们的实现。
分析：该句又是主系表结构。
That
引导三个并列的表语
从句，①
a problem
exists
，②
goals or objectives
are wrong
；③
something is
standing in the way of accomplishing
them
。
短语：
make a decision:
做
出决策；
stand in the way:
阻挡、防碍
2
3. Often managers must
make a best guess at what the future will be and
try to lea
ve as little as possible to
chance, but since uncertainty is always there,
risk accompa
nies decisions. (p2)
译：通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶
然性尽可能少地发生，但
因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险。
分析：前半句是主谓宾结构。
what the future
will be
是
at
的宾语；
as little as possible
做
leave
的宾语；
since
引
导原因状语从句，相当于
because.
4. If
there is no choice, there is no decision to be
made. (p3)
译：如果没有选择，
就不会有决策。
分析：这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要
的考点：
to be made
。这
是
动词不定式做定语修饰
decision
，有将来意味。比如：
The last question to be discussed today
is how to divide the work among ourselves.
5. For managers, every decision has
constraints based on policies, procedures,
laws
, precedents, and the like. (p3)
译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以
及惯例等因素制约。
分析：这句话的考点是
based on policies,
procedures, laws, precedents, and the like
< br>。
同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰
constraint
s
。其中词组：
base
?
on
以?为基础。
如：
The film is based on s
short story by Jack London.
6. But the
tendency to simplify blinds them to other
alternatives. (p4)
译：但是这
种简
化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。
分析：该句主语
the tendency to
simplify
，谓语
blinds;
them
是宾语。
to
simplify
是
定语，修饰
the
tendency
；
to other
alternatives
是宾补。其中短语：
blind
sb to sth:
使?看不见?；
we
shouldn
’
t let our prejudices
blind us to the facts.
7. Because
individuals (and organizations) frequently have
different ideas about ho
w to attain the
goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the
decision. (p6 li
ne 4--6)
译
：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的
选择可能要看是
谁做出决策。
分析：这是一个
由
because
引导的原因状语从句。其中
< br>how to attain the goals
做介
词
about
的宾语，
who
makes the decision
做介词
on
的宾语。
8. Some of
these objectives are more important than others,
but the order and deg
ree of importance
often vary from person to person and from
department to departm
ent. (p7 line 2--
4)
译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人
和不同的部门而异。
3
分析：请注意比较级
more important
than
，词组：
vary from person to
person
译成
中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异
vary from season to
season
?
.
9.
When presented with a common case, sales managers
tend to see sales problems
, production
managers see production problems, and so on. (p7
line 5--7)
译：当面对同一件日常事情时，
销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产
相关的问题，等等。
分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是
when +
过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中
词组：
be presented with = be faced
with
当面对?
When
faced with difficulties, we should be brave..
10. People often assume that a
decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9)
译：人
们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。
分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中
assume:
= imagine; isolated: adj
孤
立的。
phenomenon: n
现象；复数变化较特殊：
phenomena
6. But the tendency to simplify blinds
them to other alternatives. (p4)
译：但是
这
种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。
分析：该句主语
the
tendency to
simplify
，谓语
blinds;
them
是宾语。
to
simplify
是
定语，修饰
the
tendency
；
to other
alternatives
是宾补。其中短语：
blind
sb to sth:
使?看不见?；
we
shouldn
’
t let our prejudices
blind us to the facts.
7. Because
individuals (and organizations) frequently have
different ideas about ho
w to attain the
goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the
decision. (p6 li
ne 4--6)
译
：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的
选择可能要看是
谁做出决策。
分析：这是一个
由
because
引导的原因状语从句。其中
< br>how to attain the goals
做介
词
about
的宾语，
who
makes the decision
做介词
on
的宾语。
8. Some of
these objectives are more important than others,
but the order and deg
ree of importance
often vary from person to person and from
department to departm
ent. (p7 line 2--
4)
译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人
和不同的部门而异。
分析：请注意比较级
more important
than
，词组：
vary from person to
person
译成
中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异
vary from season to
season
?
.
9.
When presented with a common case, sales managers
tend to see sales problems
, production
managers see production problems, and so on. (p7
line 5--7)
4
译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产
相关的问题，等等。
分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是
when +
过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中
词组：
be presented with = be faced
with
当面对?
When
faced with difficulties, we should be brave..
10. People often assume that a
decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9)
译：人
们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。
分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中
assume:
= imagine; isolated: adj
孤
立的。
phenomenon: n
现象；复数变化较特殊：
phenomena
自考英语二复习资料第二章
重点单词、词组详讲
1.
interview: n/v
采访、面试；
interviewer: n
采访者；
interviewee: n
被采访
者
e.g. 1>.
Who's the most famous person you've ever
interviewed on TV?
2>. In a TV
interview last night, she denied she had any
intention of resigning. 2.
criticism:
n
批评，评论；
criticize: v
批评；
critical: a
批评的、挑剔的、关键的；
critic: n
评论家
,
请填填看。
1> He is
a literary ______.
2> We are at a
_______time in our history.
3> He
can't take ________.
4> The boy was
______ by his father for being late for school.
Answers: critic, crit
ical, criticism,
criticized
3. indifference: n
冷漠、漠不关心；
indifferent: a
冷漠的，反义词：
enthusiastic:
热
情的
cf:
different: a
不同的，名词：
difference;
反义词：
same. 4. inefficiency:
n
无效，由此联想得到：
efficient: a
高效率的；
efficiency: n inefficient: a
低效率的
5.
conservative: a
保守的、保存的；
conserve: v
保
存；
conservation: n 6. apply to sb for sth:
向某人申请某物
e.g.
The student applied to the embassy for a visa.
7. take the trouble to do sth:
不辞劳苦、费力地做某事
5
e.g. If you took the
trouble to listen to what I was saying, you'd know
what I was t
alking about.
8. put oneself in somebody's place:
设身处地?
If you
put yourself in your mother's place, you will
understand why she is so worrie
d about
you.
9. in hand:
手头上有，进行中
I've
got enough money in hand to buy a new car. 10.
turn down:
调小，降低，拒
绝
Turn down the TV, for the baby is
sleeping.
He turned down the job
because the pay isn't good enough.
课文难句分析
1. The
key words here are preparation and confidence,
which will carry you far.
（
p
2
）
译：这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大。
分析：
which will
carry you
far
非限定性定语从句，修饰
preparation
and confidence
。
另外请注意：
key
关键的；
preparation
是
prepare
的名词；
confidence: n
信心。
Confident:
a
有信心的；
self-confidence:
自信心。
2. Find
out all you can about the job you are applying for
and the origination you h
ope to work
for. (p4)
译：了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织。
分析：
you are
applying for
定语，修饰
the job;
you hope to work for
定语修饰
the
origination
。词组：
apply to sb
for sth
向某人申请什么。
3. It shows an unattractive indifference to your
employer and to your job. (p6)
译
：
它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣。
分析：
it
主语；
shows
谓语；
a
n unattractive
indifference
宾语；
to your
employer and to your
job
间接宾语。
Show sth to sb=show
sb sth.
另外，请注
意：
ind
ifference:
冷漠，漠视。
4. He wants somebody who is
hard-
working with a pleasant
personality and a real interest in the job. (p7)
分析：
who is hard-working with
a pleasant personality and a real interest in the
job
全部都是定语，修饰
somebody
< br>。注意介词
with
表示带有。。；
have interest in sth
对?有兴
趣。
5.
Anything that you find out about the prospective
employer can be used to y
6
our advantage during the interview to
show that you have bothered to master some
facts about the people who you hope to
work for. (p8)
译：你找到的任何有关
未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去
掌握一些关于你希望为其工
作的人的事实。
分析：从这个
句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句。主体结构为：
anything can
be used to your advantage. that you find out about
the prospective em
ployer
是定语从
句；
during the
interview
状语；
to show that you
have bothered to master some facts about the
people who you hop
e to work
for
是目的状语；
who you hope to
work for
是另外一个定语从句修饰
the
people.
词组：
to your
advantage:
对你有利；
work for
sb
为某人工作。
6. Do
not be afraid to ask for clarification of
something that has been said during th
e
interview if you want to be sure what was implied,
but do be polite. (p10)
译
：面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要
有礼貌
。
分析：基本句型：
not
be afraid to do sth;
不要害怕去做某事；
ask for
clarification
要求澄清；
that has
been said during the
interview
定语，修饰
something;
what was implied
宾语；
do be
polite:
其中
do
为了强调，
如：
do be careful! I do love you! He does
lie to us!
7. Have the letter
inviting you for an interview ready to show in
case there is any di
fficulty in
communication. (p16)
译：
拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示。
分析：这是一个祈使句。
Have
动词，拿着；
the
letter
宾语；
inviting you for an
interview
现在分词做定语；
ready to
show
状语；
in case there is any
difficulty in
communication
条件状语从句；词组：
there
is some difficulty in sth/doing
sth
在?方面有困难。如：
We have some
difficulty speaking English fluently.
8. There is little likelihood that a panel of five
wants to go through the process of al
l
shaking hands with you in turn. (p20)
译：由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手。
分析：这句话的重点在于
that
a panel of five ants to go through the process of
all shaking hands with you in t
urn
是一个同位语从句，是对
little
likelihood
的解释。其中：
likelihood:
n
可能性，相
当于
possibil
ity; go through
经历；
in
turn:
轮
流。
9.
Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?
(p23)
译：您介意换个说
法来问这个问题吗？
7
分析：考点
mind doing sth.
如：
Would you mind turning
down the TV?
语法：介
绍
< br>as
的相关用法
as<
/p>
是一个乍一看简单，但实际在英语中用法很复杂的小词。从词类上讲，可以用作
介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导原
因状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从
句。此外
as
还出现在很多固定搭配中，
< br>如：
as if, as though, as long as, as
to, as for, so as to, etc.
请看下列例句
,
并请分析出
as
的具体
用法。
1. I work as an
English teacher in a middle school. 2. Run as
fast as you can.
3. Young as he is,
he knows more than I. 4. Just as I was leaving,
the telephone r
ang. 5. Please do as I
have told you.
6. As I am the oldest
child in my family, I must take care of the other
children. 7.
Such people as you have
described are rare now|
自考英语二复习资料第三章
1. astronomer: n
天文学家；
astronomy: n
天文学
e: v
爆炸
,
由此联想：
exp
losive: a
爆炸性的
/n
炸药；
explosion: n
爆
炸
1). When the
bomb______, many people were seriously wounded.
2). The une
xpected ________ frightened
the little girl. 3). It might be possible to
convert ____
_ energy into heat.
Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive
3. density: n
密度；联想产生：
dense: a
密度大的，反义词：
sparse;
densely:
ad
高密度地；
densely-
populated
人口稠密的；
sparsely-popu
lated
人口稀
疏
的
1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from
finding the correct direction. 2). The
b
usiness area of the city is _____
populated. 3). This liquid has a much greater
____
than water. Answers: dense,
densely, density 4. shrink: v
收缩、退缩、缩水
1).
As a result of careless washing, the jacket has
shrunk to a child's size. 2).The
girl
shrinks at the sight of blood. 5. measurement: n
衡量、测量；
由此联想：
measure:
n
措施
/v
衡量、测量；
measurable: a
可衡量的，可测量
的
1).
We must take _____ to protect our environment.
2). We have come within
______ distance
of success. 3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.
8
4). There
the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.
Answers: measures, mea
surable,
measurement, measured ation: n
含义、暗示；
imply: v
暗
示
7. basis: n
基础、根据，
由此可以联想得到：
base: n
底部；
v
以?为底，为根据；
basic: a
基础的，根本
的；
basically: ad
根本上来说
,
1). If you want to improve your
English, you must have a solid ______.
2). The furniture of out dorm is
really _____: two beds, two chairs and tables.
3). The charges are false for they are
not ______ on proven facts.
4).
Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to
adopt the ____ workable o
ne. Answers:
basis, basic, based, basically 8. observatory: n
天文台；由此可以联
想得到：
observe: v
观察；
observation: n
观察；
observer: n
观察家
9.
convincing: a
有说服力的，使人信服的；
convince: v
使人信服；
convinced: a
感
到有说服力的，常见搭配：
convince sb of
sth; convince sb that 1). He gave us a
convincing speech. 2). He co
nvinced
me f his sincerity.
10. operate: v
运转、操作、动手术；
operation : n
手术，操作；
operator:
操作
者
11.
research into
对?进行研究
She is researching into possible
cures for AIDS. 12. swallow up:
吞没、耗尽
Many
small businesses have been swallowed up by large
companies. 13. apply to
sb/sth
：适用于某人
/
某事，请对比：
apply to sb for
sth
向某人申请某事；
apply A to
B
将
A
应用于
B 1). You should apply
what you have learned to your work. 2). I
applied to him f
or a new job.
3). The study method doesn't apply to
everyone
Analyze the important
sentences among the text
1. Well,
it's difficult to answer this question, since the
terms we would normally use
to describe
a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)
译：哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科
学现象的现有术语在这里
不够用。
句子分析：
it
是形式主语，
to
answer this question
是句子主语；
si
nce
引导
原因状语从句，
we
would normally use to describe a scientific phenom
enon
是定语从
句，修饰
terms
; inadequate:
不充分的，不合格的。
9
2.
Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole
is a region of space not a thin
g into
which matter has fallen and from which nothing can
escape---
not even light. (p1)
译：天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一
个物体，物质会掉进黑洞
而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行。
句子分析：
into
which
和
from which
引
导两个定语从句，介词：
into
和
f
all
搭配；
from
和
escape
搭配。这种介词
+which
的定语从句的形式请多注意。
3.
The theory is that some stars explode when their
density increases to a particula
r
point. (p2)
译：（关于黑洞形成的）理论
就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸。
<
/p>
句子分析：这是一个主系表结构句。
that
用来引导表语从句，不可省略。其中又包含
一个
when<
/p>
引导的时间状语从句。
to a particular poi
nt
是达到某一个特定的点的含
义。
4. But if the star is very large (much
bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking
m
ay be so intense that a black hole
results. (p2)
译：但如果星球很大（比
我们的太阳还要大得多），其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于
产生了黑洞。
句子分析：这是一个
if
引导的条件状语从句，
so
?
tha
t
表示如此?以致，
是结果状语从句。
如：
I'm so tired that I can
even sleep on my way home.
5.
Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble,
but still having the same mas
s and a
stronger gravitational pull, and you have some
idea of the force of a black ho
le. (p2)
译：假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸引
力，你就会对黑洞的力量又某种概念。
句子分析：该句的主要结构为
imagine
?
.and you
??事实上相当于
if you
imagine
?
, you will have some
idea
?
..
这种句子结构在历年
的考试中曾出现过。请记住：祈使
句
+ and +
陈述句
=
if
引导的条件状语从句。如：
Hurry up and
you can catch the last train!
另外，该句还有两个定语成分
reduced to the
size of a marble
和
having the
same mass and a stronger gravitational
pull
用来修饰
the earth.
前者为过
去分词，而后者为现在分词。词组：
have
some idea of sth
对?有所了解
6. It is only recently that
astronomers have begun specific research into
black holes.
(p3line13--14)
译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。
10
句子分析：本句的核心结构为
it is
?
that
的强调句型，强调时间状语
only recently
。
词组：
research into sth
对?进行研究。
7. The most convincing evidence of
black holes comes from research into binary
sta
r systems. (p4)
译：有关黑洞最有说服力的证据来自对双星体系的研究。
句子分析：该句主语
eviden
ce
，谓语
comes
from
；宾语
research into binary
star systems
。
The most con
vincing
是定语，修饰
evidence.
其
中请注意
convincing:
令人信服的，通常修饰物的形容词多以
-ing
结尾；
而修饰人的多
以
-ed
结尾。如：
I feel excited after hearing the
surprising news.
8. Matter from the
one which we can see is being pulled towards the
companion sta
r. (p4)
译：我们所看到的星球的物质正在被吸引到伴星去。
句子分析：主语
matter;
谓语
is being
pulled
，这是一个进行被动语态；
towards
the companion star
介词宾语；
from
the one which we can see
定语。
9. On the other hand, scientists have
suggested that very advanced technology
cou
ld one day make use of the energy of
black holes for mankind. (p5line4--6)
译：另
一方面，科学家也提出有一天高科技会利用黑洞的力量为人类服务。
句子分析：请注意在本句中
suggest
不是建议的含义，是指出、指明的意思。
advanced
高级的、先进的；
make use
of sth
利用?，该词组可以拓展成：
make good
use of
好好加以利用；
make full use
of
充分加以利用。
10.
They show us a world which operates in a totally
different way from our own an
d question
our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5)
译：他们展示给我们
一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界
，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑。
句子分析：这个句子复杂在于：从
which
引导的很长的定语从句，特别注意
;o
perate
：
v
操作；
in a
way
以某种方式；
be different
from
同?不同；
question: v
质疑，询问。
自考英语二复习资料第四章
Learn new words and phrases
1.
resolve: v
旋转，常见搭配关系为：
resolve around
sb/sth
围绕?
转。
She
spends all of her time resolving around her
family. The earth resolves ar
ound the
sun. 2. solar: a
太阳的，日光的
solar
energy
太阳能；
solar
system
太阳系；
solar
month
阳历月
3. concerned: a
有
关的、担心的
11
Her job is
something concerned with computer. He is
concerned about the result o
f the exam.
4. colored: a
有色的，对比；
colorful: a
丰富多彩的
I like
orange-
colored coat. Everybody likes
colorful life.
5. religion: n
宗教，
religious: a
虔诚的；
请对比：
region: n
地区；
regional: a
地
区的
6.
circumstance: n
情况、境遇；
Under no circumstances can we waste
time.
7. a great many = a number of
= many
很多，修饰复数名词。而
a great
deal of + u.n A great many students are absent
today. I have wasted a gr
eat deal of
time. 8. above all:
首先、首要
After the war, he longed above all to
see his wife and family. 9. as a rule:
通常、
一般而言
As a rule, I only watch sports news.
Analyze the important sentences among
the text:
1. First of all, let us
consider the earth as a planet revolving around
the sun. (p1)
译：首先，让我们把地球看作是围绕太阳运行的一颗行星。
句子分析：
first of
all
首先，词组：
consider sth as sth
把?当作?，与之类似的词组还
有：
look up sth as sth; review sth as sth; treat sth
as sth
?
; revolving around
the sun
是现在分词短语作定语修饰
a
planet
。
2.
These nine planets, together with the sun, make up
what is called our solar syste
m. (p1)
译：这九大行星和太阳一起构成我们所说的太阳系。
句子分析：该句主语为：
These nine
planets
；谓语是
make
up
；
what is called our solar
system
是宾语；
together with the
sun
是状语，而并非句子主
语。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面
的
grammar---
主谓一致。
3. How this wonderful system started
and what kept it working with such
wonderful
accuracy is largely a mystery
??
(p1)
译：这个奇妙的星系是怎样起源的？什么使它保持极其精确的运转，很大程度上现在
< br>还是一个谜。
句子分析：这也是一个主语很复杂的句子：
How this
wonderful system started and what kept it working
with such wonderful acc
uracy
是主语，它是一个主语从句。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的
grammar---
主谓
一致。
4. The total water area is about three times as
large as the land area. (p4)
译：水
域的总面积大约是陆地面积的三倍大。
12
句子分析：该句的核心句型是
A + be +
倍数
+ as + adj + as + B.
e.g. The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the
Pacific Ocea
n.
5. These
currents are important because they affected the
climate of the land areas
close to
where they flow and also because they carry large
quantities of microscope
animal and
vegetable life which forms a large part of the
food for fishes. (p5)
译：这
些海洋之所以重要是因为他们影响着所流经区域的附近陆地的气候，也是因为
它们携带大
量的微生物，植物，而这些构成鱼类食品的一大部分。
句子分析：这是一个由
because
引导的主从复合句，其中
close to where they
flow
是定语，修饰
the land
areas
；词组：
large quantities of
+ c.n/u.n; which forms a large part of the food
for fishes
是定语从
句修饰
animal and vegetable life
。其中
life
是指生命，不可数名词。
6. The circumstances under which different people
live make a difference between t
he way
in which they live and the way in which we live,
and it ought to be our busine
ss to try
to understand those different circumstances so
that we can better understa
nd people of
other lands. (p8)
译：不同民族的生活环境造就了他们和我们
极为不同
的生活方式，我们应该做的是去了解他们不同的生活环境以便可以更好理解其他
地区
的人们。
句子分析：该句中的
under
which
和
in which
又是介
词
+which
的定语从句用法，修
饰
The
circumstances
和
the
way
；
so
that
引导的时目的状语从句。其中：
make a
diference;
使?不同，产生差异；
business
是指责任；
7. Above
all, we should avoid deciding what we think about
people different from o
urselves without
first having learned a great deal about them and
the kind of lives th
ey have to live.
译：其中很重要的实在没有对于与我们不同的人们和他们必须过的那
种生活有大量的了解之前，我们应该避免对他们有先入为主的看法。
句子分析：
Above all<
/p>
是状语，意思是最重要的，首先；
we
主
语；
should
avoid
谓语；
deciding what we
think about people different from
ourselves
宾语；
without first
?状
语。
different from
ourselves
是定语，修饰
people;
having learned
动名词的完成时态，
表示这个动
作早于
deciding
发生。重要词组：
above all; avoid doing; a great deal
8. It is true to say that the more we
learn about other people, the better we under
their ideas and as a rule, the better
we like those people themselves.
译：确实我们了解其他人越多，我们就越能理解他们的观点，通常我们就更喜欢那些
人。
句子分析：该句的主要结构为：
the
more
?
the
more
?
the
better
意思：越?就越?；
如：
The longer you keep this wine, the better it
tastes. The busier I am, the hap
pier
I am. Grammar
主谓一致
13
主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致。我们一般遵从三个原
则：
1
、
语法
一致的原则：是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应。
2
、
意
义一致的原则：指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表
面的语法标
志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词
指整体概念时，
谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数。
3
、
就近原则：是指谓语动词单复数
取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的
词。
主谓一致的热点
1
．由
many a
或
more than +
单数名
词作主语时，其谓语用单数形
式。
Many a
foreigner has been to the Great Wall. More than
one student has visit
ed the exhibition.
2
．“??的几分之几”和“??的百分之几”
作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决
于
of
后的名词。
Three-
fourths of the surface of the
earth is sea. 40 percent of the students in our
class ar
e girls.
3
．“
a number of +
名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“
the number
of +
名词复
数”作主语，谓语用单数。
A number of pupils like reading
picture-
books. The number of the
students in our class is 55.
4
．并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时
and
后
面的名词前没有冠词。
The secretary of the Party branch and
director of that factory often works with the
workers.
5
．成对的名词，如
bread and
butter
涂黄油的面包，
soda and
water
汽水，
coffee and
milk
加牛奶的咖啡，
aim and
end
目的，
salt and water
< br>盐开水等，虽然有
and
连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语
时，谓语用单数。
A knife and fork
is on the table.
6
．由
and
连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有
each, every
或
no
修饰时，其谓语用单
数形式。
No student and no teacher is
invited to the party.
In our country
every boy and every girl has right to receive
education.
7
．主语是单数，其后跟有
together with,
along with (
与??一道
)
，
as well as (
和；
也
)
，
no less than (<
/p>
和??一样
)
，
rather than (
而不
)
，
以及
14
with, not,
like, but, except, besides, including
等
引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数
形式。
He as
well as his sister is a League member.
8
．在定语从句中主语是关系代词
who, that, wh
ich,
谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一
致。
< br> I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know.
9
．主语是一些只
有复数形式的名词，如
clothes, trousers, glasses,
compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves
等时，谓语用复
数。但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有
a
pair of
修饰时，谓语用单
数。
My trousers are being washed now. There is a
pair of shoes in the box.
10
< br>．表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单
数形式。
Ten dollars is not enough.
Three months has passed since he
left.
11
．主语是以
-ics
结尾的学科名词以及
news, works (
工厂
)
等都属形式复数，而意义
单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外
means
一词单复
数同形应视具体情况而
定。
Mathematics
seems to be difficult to learn.
A
new means of teaching is being used in that
school.
12
．主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名
、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形
式。
The
United States is a developed country.
13
．主语是
family, team, group,
crowd, class, committee
等集合名词时，如果作为
一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复
数。
His family are all music lovers.
14
．“
one of +
复数名词
+
定语从句”之前有
the only, the very,
the
等限定词和修
饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
She is the only one of
these women who plays the violin.
15
．主语是疑问代词
who, what,
which,
不定代词
all, more, most,
any,
none
等以及
名词
half,
part, the rest
等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而
定。
Half of the visitors
are from Europe. Half of the fruit is bad.
16
．主语是表示数量的“
one
and a half +
复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式。主语是
“
one or two +
复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式。
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
There are one or two things
I‘d
like to
know
about.
15
17
．
the +
形容词或分词作主语
时，如指一类人。其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其
谓语用单数。
如：
The rich are not always happy.
The new is sure to replace the old.
18
．由
not only
?
but also,
neither
?
nor,
either
?
or, not
?<
/p>
but
以及
or
连接的并列主语，
谓语动词要与最靠近它的主语在数上保持一致。
Not only your father's friends but
also your father likes smoking.
19
．在倒装句中以及在
There be
< br>?结构中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词往往和其后面
的第一个主语取得数上的一致
。
Where is your mother
and younger sister?
There is a pen ,
two pencils and five books on the desk.
20
．动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式。
When and where to build the new
factory is not decided yet
自考英语二复习资料第五章
Learn new words and phrases
1. weaken: v
削弱、减弱，字根：
weak: a
虚弱的
构词形式：
adj/n +
en
或
en + adj/n = v
Shorten, enlarge, enable, enrich,
loosen, tighten etc.
2. nationwide:
a
全国范围的，通过该词我们可以得到：
worldwide
:
全世界范围的，
regionwide, etc.
: a
合法的，反义词：
illegal,
< br>不合法的；
legalize: v
使?合法
化。
The
Netherlands became the first country to legalize
euthanasia. 4. ensure:
v
确保、担保，常见用法如下：
1). The police can ensure the witness from danger.
2). We can ensure that the work will
be done in the right way. 5. oppose: v
< br>反
对
、
对抗；名词：
opposition ,
形容词：
opposed 1). What he
said was totally opposed to the facts.
2). Many people oppose building a new
highway because of the great cost. 6.
trad
ition: n
传统，由此可以联想到：
traditional: a; traditionally: ad;
反义词为：
modern
1). _____ Chinese medicine is believed to be
effective for many diseases. 2). It's
i
mportant to keep up the fine ____ of
plain living and hard work. 3). Christmas is
_
16
___ a
holiday for a family to get together. Answers:
Traditional, tradition, tradition
ally
7. consideration: n
考虑、体谅、照顾，由此可以联想到：
Consider: v
考虑；
considerate: a
体谅的，
be considerate of;
considerable: a
相当
多的。请练习一下：
1). Losing 30 pounds changed her
appearance _____. 2). It is very ____ of you
t
o send me a birthday card. 3). The
matter is receiving the serious ____ of the
man
ager. 4). He left behind him a
____ amount of debt.
Answers:
considerably, considerate, consideration,
considerable 8. disabled: a
残
疾的，伤残的，由此可以联想到：
able: a
有能力的；
be
able to do sth; unable: a
没有能力的；
enable: v
使人能够
enable sb to do sth;
ability: n
能力；
disable: v
使人残疾
1). As
long as they are physically ____, they tend to
live on their own. 2). The __
___ to
be clearly heard is extremely important for any
speaker. 3). I'd like to go to
the
cinema, but I'm _____ to.
4). Education
should ____ every student to develop morally,
intellectually and physic
ally. 5). A
car accident ____ him from playing football.
6). Special care should be
given to the
______.
Answers: able, ability,
unable, enable, disabled(v), disabled(a) 9.
prohibition: n
禁
止、禁令，
prohibit: v
prohibit sb from doing sth;
10.
sensitive: a
敏感的，
be
sensitive to sb/sth;
同根词：
sensible: a
明智的，
be sensible of sth
1). I am sensitive to your criticism.
2). It's sensible of you to make such
a decision.
Analyze the important
sentences among the text
1.
Affected with a serious disease, Van Wendel was no
longer able to speak clearly
and he
knew there was no hope of recovery and that his
condition was rapidly deteri
orating.
(p2)
译：因患有严重的疾病，
Van Wende
l
再也不能清楚地讲话了，他知道
他已经没有康复的可能，其病
情正在迅速恶化。
句子分析：
Affected with a serious
disease
是过去分词短语做原因状语，可以改写成
原因状
语从句：
because he was affected with a
serious disease,
?
.
另外，
there was no hope of
recovery
和
that his condition
was rapidly deteriorating
都是动
词
knew
的宾语。词组：
be
affected with sth
患有?疾病。如：
All the cows in the farm are affected
with mad-cow disease. hope of
recovery:
康
复的希望。
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2. Van
Wendel's last three months of life before being
given a final, lethal injection
by his
doctor were filmed and showed on TV last year in
the Netherlands. (p3)
译：
Van Wendel
在他的医生
给她进行最后结束生命的那一阵之前的后三个月的生活
被拍成了电影并于去年在荷兰的电
视上首次播映。
句子分析：
该句的主语较长，
were
之前均是。其中，核心名词
Van Wendel's last three months of
life
，后面的
before being given a
final, lethal injection by his doctor
是动
名词的被动语态做定语。
film
这里当动词用，拍电影。
3. The programme has
since been bought by 20 countries and each time it
is shown
, it starts a nationwide debate
on the subject. (p3)
译：这
个节目此后被二十个国家所购买。每次放映，都引起一场关于这个主题的全国
性的大讨论
。
句子分析：这是一个常考句子。考点一：
since: adv
从那以后；考点
二：
each tim
e
是名词作时间状语，前面不用介词；考点三：
debate
on sth
关于?的讨
论。
4. However, doctors who carry out
euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced
by
the Dutch Parliament two years ago
are usually not prosecuted. (p4)
译：然而，在荷兰议会两年前提出的议案的指导原则下执行安乐死的医生，通常是不
会被起诉的。
句子分析：该句核心内容有三点：
carry out
?实施，执行；
under
?
guidelines
在?原则下，
under
是按照，根据的意思；
introduced by the
Dutch Parliament two years
ago
是过去分词短语做定语，
修饰
guidelines
。
5. Should doctors be allowed to take
the lives of others? (p5)
译：医生应该被允
许去结束他人的性命吗？
句子分析：该句中主要核心内容是：情态动词的被动语态。情态动词
+
be+
动词过去
分词。如：
In
hot days, flowers must be watered every day.
6. Cicely Saunders, President of the
National Hospice Council and a founder
member
of the hospice movement, argues
that euthanasia doesn't take into account that
the
re are ways of caring for the dying.
(p8)
译：
C.S
是国家收容所委员会的主席和收容运动的发起人，认为安乐死并没有考虑到
照顾临终病人有多种方式。
句子分析：主语
Cicely
Saunders
，
President of the
National Hospice Council and a founder member of
the hospice mov
ement
是主语的同位语，
谓语后面是一个宾语从句，而其中又包括一个小的宾语从句。
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