-
名词解释：
1
Thermoplastic materials
答：
a
materials
can
be
easily
remelted
for
forming
or
recycling.
2
Cation
答：
An atom
that loses electrons becomes a positively charged
ion .
3
Covalent bond
答；
It
is
a
strong
interaction
formed
by
two
or
more
adjacent
atoms
through
sharing
electrons .
4
ionic bond
答：
The attraction
for the cation and the anion is called the ionic
bond .
5
Microstructure
答：
It
is
a
structure
which
includes
feature
that
cannot
be
seen
with
the
naked
eye
,
but using a microscope .
6
Atomic structure
答：
It
is
a
structure
which
includes
features
that
cannot
be
seen
,
such
as
the
types
of bonding between the atoms , and the
way the atoms are arranged .
7
Anion
答：
An atom that gets
electrons becomes a negatively ion .
8
Metallic bond
答：
It is a chemical bond in
which metal atoms combine with each other by free
electrons .
1
Physical properties:
答：
Physical
properties
are
those
that
can
be
observed
without
changing
the
identity
of
the substance .
2
Specific gravity
答：
Specific gravity is the
ratio of a substance compared to the density of
fresh
water at 4
C .
3
Diamagnetic
答：
Materials that cause the
lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in
a
decrease
in
magnetic
flux
density
compared
with
a
vacuum,
are
called
diamagnetic
.
4
Phase
答：
Phase is a physical
property of matter and matter can exist in four
phases -
solid, liquid, gas and plasma
.
5
Boiling
point
答：
The temperature at
which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1atm
is called
the boiling point .
6
Glass
transition temperature
答：
The
temperature at which a solid , glassy material
begins to soften and flow
is called
glass transition temperature .
7
Chemical properties
答：
Proerties that describe
how a substance changes into a completely
different
substance are called chemical
proerties .
8
Paramagnetic
答：
Materials that concentrate
magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but
less
than or equal to ten are called
paramagnetic .
9
Melting point
答：
The phase transition
temperature where a solid changes to a liquid is
called
melting point .
10
Linear coefficient of
thermal expansion
答：
It is
the ratio of change in length(
l) to the
total starting length(l) and
change in
temperature(
T) .
1
Tension
答：
Tension
is the type of loading in which the two sections
of material on either
side of a plane
tend to be pulled apart or elongated .
2
Plastic deformation
答：
Plastic
deformation
is
a
permanent
deformation
that
a
material
will
remain
in
a deformed condition after the load is
removed when the material is loaded beyond
its elastic limit .
3
Stress (s)
答：
The term stress is used to
express the loading in terms of force applied to a
certain cross-sectional area of an
object .
4
Toughness
答：
The
ability
of
a
metal
to
deform
plastically
and
to
absorb
energy
in
the
process
before fracture is termed toughness .
5
Shear
答：
Shear involves applying a
load parallel to a plane which caused the material
on one side of the plane to want to
slide across the material on the other side of
the plane .
6
Engineering strain
答：
Engineering
strain
is
defined
as
the
amount
of
deformation
in
the
direction
of
the applied force divided by the
initial length of the material .
7
Elastic deformation
答：
Elastic
deformation
is
a
recoverable
deformation
that
the
material
only
strains
a
small
amount
and
can
return
to
its
original
size
after
the
stress
is
released
when
the stress is small .
8
Mechanical properties
答：
Mechanical
properties
of
a
material
are
those
properties
that
involve
a
reaction
to an applied load
.
1
Base metal
答：
Base metal is used
informally to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes
relatively
easily
,
and
reacts
variably
with
dilute
hydrochloric
acid
(HCI)
to
form
hydrogen
.
2
Precious
metal
答：
A precious metal is
a rare metallic chemical element of high economic
value .
3
Metal
答：
A metal
is defined as an element
that
readily loses
electrons to form positive
ions
(cations)
and
forms
metallic
bonds
between
other
metal
atoms
(forming
ionic
bonds with
non-metals) .
4
Noble metal
答：
Noble
metals
are
ones
that
are
resistant
to
corrosion
or
oxidation
,
unlike
most
base
metals .
1
Composite
答：
The
combination
of
two
or
more
of
the
materials
together
to
produce
a
new
material
whose
properties
would
not
be
attainable
by
conventional
means
is
called
a
composite.
2
Matrix
答：
Most
commonly
composite
materials
have
a
bulk
phase,
which
is
continuous,
called
the matrix.
3
Reinforcement
答：
Most
commonly
composite
materials
have
a
dispersed,
non-continuous,
phase
called
the reinforcement.
4
Aspect ratio
答：
The length-to-diameter
(I/d) ratio is known as the aspect ratio.
翻译：
1
Translate
the
sentence:
“
By
contrast,
thermosetting
materials
have
a
three-dimensional network of covalent
bonds.
”
into Chinease
答：相比之下，热固性材料的共价键呈现三维网状结构。
2
Translate
the
sentence:
“
Also,
the
delocalized
nature
of
the
bonds,
make
it
possible
for the atoms to
slide past each other when the metal is deformed
instead of
fracturing like glass or
other brittle material
”
into
Chinease.
答：
也正是这
种键的不固定的性质，
使其原子在金属发生变形时可以相互滑移而不是像玻璃
和其他脆性材料一样破裂。
3
Translate
the
sentence:
“
Since
most
covalent
compounds
contain
only
a
few
atoms
and
the
forces
between
molecules
are
weak,
most
covalent
compounds
have
low
melting
and
boiling
points.
”
into Chinease
答：
由于大多数共价化合物仅含有几个原子而且分子间作用力很弱，
所以大多数共价化合物
的熔点和沸点都很低。
4
Translte the
sentence:
ranging from the air we
breathe to the metal used to support tall
buildings.
Chinease
< br>答：
这一百个相同的原子构成了从我们所呼吸的空气到建造高楼大厦所用的金属等
上千种物
质。
1
Translate the sentence
into Chinese:
Thermal expansion (and
contraction) must be taken into account when
designing
products with close tolerance
fits as these tolerances will change as
temperature
changes
if
the
materials
used
in
the
design
have
different
coefficients
of
thermal
expansion.
答：
如果设计
产品所用的材料有不同的热膨胀系数，
在设计具有紧密公差配合的产品时，
由
于这些公差会随温度的改变而变化，就必须要考虑热膨胀（和收缩）。
2
Translate the sentence into Chinese:
An interesting side note is that
commercially pure copper products now often have
IACS
conductivity
values
greater
than
100%
IACS
because
processing
techniques
have
improved since the adoption of the
standard in 1913 and more impurities can now be
removed from the metal.
答：一个
有趣的旁注是，商业纯铜产品经常有超过百分之百的
IACS
电
导率，这是因为因为
自
1913
年采用
此标准以来，金属里面更多的杂质可以被除去。
3
Translate the sentence
into Chinese:
Thermal conductivity is
defined as the quantity of heat (Q) transmitted
through a
unit time
（
t
）
in
a direction normal to a surface of unit area (A)
due to a unit
temperature
gradient
(
Δ
T)
under
steady
state
conditions
and
when
the
heat
transfer
is
dependent only on the temperature gradient.
答：
热导率被定义为当热传递仅取决于温度梯度时，
在稳态条件下，
由一单位温度梯度产生
的在垂直单位面积表面的
方向上，单位时间内通过的热量。
4
Translate the sentence
into Chinease:
Materials
that
cause
the
lines
of
flux
to
move
farther
apart,
resulting
in
a
decrease
in magnetic flux density compared with
a vacuum, are called diamagnetic.
答：使磁通
线移动的更远，从而导致比在真空环境下磁通密度更低的材料成为抗磁材料。
1
Translate the
following sentence into Chinese:
Shear
involves
applying
a
load
parallel
to
a
plane
which
caused
the
material
on
one
side
of
the
plane
to
want
to
slide
across
the
material
on
the
other
side
of
the
plane.
答：剪切是施加一个平行于平面的载荷，该载荷可以使材料的一边与另一边相互滑移。
2
Translated the following sentence into
Chinese
From
the
perspective
of
what
is
happening
within
a
material,
stress
is
the
internal
distribution of forces within a body
that balance and react to the loads applied
to it
答：从材料的内部情况来看，应力是平衡和抵抗外
部应力所产生的内部力量的分布情况。
3
Translated the following
sentence into Chinese
The variation in
properties can be due to directionality in the
microstructure
(texture)
from
forming
or
cold
working
operation,
the
controlled
alignment
of
fiber
reinforcement and a variety of other
causes.
答：性能的不同可能是由成型和冷加工过程所造成的微观结构
（纹理）
的方向性、
纤维增强
< br>相的排列方式和其他因素所造成的。
4
Translate the following
sentence into Chinese:
The
way
a
material
is
loaded
greatly
affects
its
mechanical
properties
and
largely
determines
how,
or
if,
a
component
will
fail;
and
whether
it
will
show
warning
signs
before failure actually occurs.
答：
材料的加载方式会极大的影响它的力学性能，
也会
很大程度上影响当材料发生破坏时会
怎样破坏以及在破坏之前是否会发出警告信号。
5
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese:
Seemingly
identical
test
specimen
from
the
same
lot
of
material
will
often
produce
considerable
different results.
答：从相同的材料里面选取的相同的样本，也
会经常产生差异较大的结果。
6
Translated the following sentence into
Chinese
The lack of a fundamental
definition indicates that hardness is not be a
basic
property
of
a
material,
but
rather
a
composite
one
with
contributions
from
the
yield
strength, work hardening, true tensile
strength, modulus, and others factors.
答：缺乏基本定义表明硬度不是材料的基本性能，
而是由屈服强度、加工硬化、真实拉伸
强
度、模量和其他因素复合的结果。
1
Translate the following
sentence into Chinese:
Some
metals
form
a
barrier
layer
of
oxide
on
their
surface
which
cannot
be
penetrated
by
further
oxygen
molecules
and
thus
retain
their
shiny
appearance
and
good
conductivity for many decades.
< br>答：
一些金属会在表面形成氧化物的钝化层，
这些钝化层
会阻止氧分子的渗透，
使其能够保
持很好的表面光泽和较长的电
导性。
2
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese:
When the planes of an ionic
bond are slid past one another, the resultant
change
in location shifts ions of the
same charge into close proximity, resulting in the
cleavage of the crystal.
答：<
/p>
当离子键之间所构成的平面相互滑移时，
所导致的位置的改变，<
/p>
会使带有相同电荷的离
子靠的更近，最终致使晶体发生破坏。
3
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese
Good
mathematical
predictions
for
electrical
conductivity,
as
well
as
the
electrons'
contribution
to
the
heat
capacity
and
heat
conductivity
of
metals
can
be
calculated
from
the
free
electron
model,
which
does
not
take
the
detailed
structure
of
the
ion
lattice into account.
答：
对于金属的电导性和电子对热容的贡献以及对金属的热导性的数学估测，
能够在不考虑
离子晶格具体结构的自由电子模型中计算出来。
4
Translate the
following sentence into Chinese
The
electrical
and
thermal
conductivity
of
metals
originates
from
the
fact
that
in
the
metallic
bond,
the
outer
electrons
of
the
metal
atoms
form
a
gas
of
nearly
free
electrons, moving as an electron gas in
a background of positive charge formed by
the ion cores.
答
：
金属的热导性和电导性是来自于，
在金属键中，
金属原子的外层电子形成了一个由自由
电子所组成的云，
它能够像在含有由离子核所形成的正电荷的大环境中的电子云那样移动这
一事实。<
/p>
5
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese
When considering the exact band
structure and binding energy of a metal, it is
necessary
to
take
into
account
the
positive
potential
caused
by
the
specific
arrangement of the
ion cores - which is periodic in crystals.
答：
当我们考虑金属的精确带结构和物理结合能的时候，
必须要考虑由于晶体的周期性离子
核特殊排列所形成的正电荷的电势。
1
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese:
Some
metals
and
metal
alloys
possess
high
structural
strength
per
unit
mass,
making
them useful materials
for carrying large loads or resisting impact
damage.
答
;
一些金属和合金在单位质量上具有高的结构强度，使他们可以承受大的载荷，抵御冲击
破坏。
2
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese:
Pyrometallurgy
uses
high
temperatures
to
convert
ore
into
raw
metals,
while
hydrometallurgy
employs aqueous chemistry for the same purpose.
答：
热法冶金术用高的温度将原矿石变成粗金属，
< br>而水法冶金术通过水相的化学变化达到相
同的目的。
3
Translate the
following sentence into Chinese
Nearly
all
the
hydrogen
and
helium
in
the
Universe
was
created
in
Big
Bang
nucleosynthesis,
whereas
all
the <
/p>
“
metals
”
were
produced
by
nucleosynthesis
in
stars
or supernovae.
答：只有氢和氦是在宇宙大爆炸的核合成反应中形成的，
而其他的
“金属”是在恒星和超行
星的核合
成反应中形成的。
4
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese
The strength and resilience of
metals has led to their frequent use in high-rise
building
and
bridge
construction,
as
well
as
most
vehichles,
many
appliances,
tools,
pipes, non-
illuminated signs and railroad tracks.
答：
金属的强度和阻弹力使他们经常用在高楼大厦和结构桥的建
设上，
也用在大多数的车辆、
装置、工具、管道、非照明标志和
铁路轨道上。
5
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese
In
the
specialized
usage
of
astronomy
and
astrophysics,
the
term
“
metal
”
is
often
used to refer to any element other than
hydrogen or helium, including substances
as
chemically non-metallic
as neon, fluorine, and oxygen.
答：
在天文学和天文物理学的专门使用中，
除了氢和氦之外的所有元素都被认为是
金属，
包
括在化学上作为非金属的一些元素像氖、氟和氧。
1
Translate the following sentence into
Chinese
Oxidation
and
corrosion
resistance
is
provided
by
the
formation
of
a
protective
oxide
layer which is formed
when the metal is exposed to oxygen and
encapsulates the
material, and thus
protecting the rest of the component
答：
抗氧化和抗腐蚀性是由于氧化物保护层的形成所产生的，
该保护
层在金属接触到氧气时，
能够包裹住材料，进而保护构件的其他部分。
< br>
2
Translate
the following sentence into Chinese:
Such
materials
allow
the
turbine
to
operate
more
efficiently
by
withstanding
higher
temperatures. Turbine Inlet Temperature
(TIT), which is a direct indicator of the
efficiency of a gas turbine engine,
depends on the temperature capability of 1st
stage high pressure turbine blade made
of Ni base superalloys exclusively
答：
这些材料通过承受更高的温度，
可以使涡轮发动机更加有效地工作。
涡轮发动机的进气
温度是涡轮发动机引擎效率的一个最直接的指
标，
它仅仅取决于由镍基超高温合金所制成的
在第一阶段的高压
涡轮发动机刀片的温度的承受能力。
3
Translate the following
sentence into Chinese
By
developing
an
understanding
of
the
basic
material
science
behind
these
nanoparticle formations, there is
speculation that it might be possible to expand
research into other aspects of
superalloys.
答：
通过提高我们对这些纳米颗粒
形成背后的基础的材料科学的认知，
就有了把研究引伸到
超高温
合金的其他的一些方向是可能的的假设。
4
Translate the following
sentence into Chinese:
Many
superalloys
have
a
two
phase
heat
treatment
which
creates
a
dispersion
of
square
gamma
prime
particles
known
as
the
primary
phase
with
a
fine
dispersion
between
these
known as secondary
gamma prime.
答：
许多超高温合金要经过两个阶
段的热处理，
这些热处理会使它们形成一个在第二伽马相
之间有
很好的分散度的被称为第一相的方形伽马相粒子分散体。
5
Translate the following
sentence into Chinese:
Superalloys are
commonly used in gas turbine engines in regions
that are subject
to high temperatures
which require high strength, excellent creep
resistance, as
well as corrosion and
oxidation resistance.
答：
超高温合
金通常被用于涡轮发动机引擎里面的一些地方，
这些地方会遇到高温，
< br>需要高
的强度，优异的抗蠕变、抗腐蚀和抗氧化性能。
1
Translate the
following sentence into Chinese
Ceramics now are broadly defined as
inorganic, nonmetallic materials that exhibit
such useful properties as high strength
and hardness, high melting temperatures,
chemical inertness, and low thermal and
electrical conductivity but that also
display brittleness and sensitivity to
flaws
答：现在陶瓷被普遍定义为无机非金属材料，
具有
一些有用的性能如：
高的强度和硬度、高
的熔点、化学惰性和低
的热、电导率，但也显示出脆性和对缺陷的敏感性。
2
Translate the following
sentence into Chinese
Containing a
variety of ingredients and manipulated by a
variety of processing
techniques,
ceramics
are
made
into
a
wide
range
of
industrial
products,
from
common
floor
tile to nuclear fuel pellets.
答
< br>:
由于包含多种多样的成分，而且经过多种加工工艺处理，因此陶瓷可以被制成从
普通的
瓷砖到核能量块等广泛范围的工业化产品。
3
Translate the
following sentence into Chinese
Yet all
these disparate products owe their utility to a
set of properties that are
universally
recognized as ceramic-like, and these properties
in turn owe their
existence
to
chemical
bonds
and
atomic
structures
that
are
peculiar
to
the
material.
答：
而所有的这些不同的产品的特性都归因于一系列公认的与陶瓷相
关的性质，
这些性质又
归功于材料所特有的化学键和原子结构的
存在。
4
Translate the following into Chinese
These structures and chemical
ingredients, though various, result in universally
recognized ceramic-like properties of
enduring utility, including the following:
mechanical
strength
in
spite
of
brittleness;
chemical
durability
against
the
deteriorating
effects
of
oxygen,
water,
acids,
bases,
salts,
and
organic
solvents;
hardness,
contributing
to
resistance
against
wear;
thermal
and
electrical
conductivity
considerably lower than that of metals; and an
ability to take a
decorative finish.
答：
尽管这些结构和化学成分是多种多样的，
但是却造成了普遍被认为的可以做长期使用部
件的陶瓷类的性能，包括尽管有脆性的力
学强度；抵抗氧气、水、酸、碱、盐、和有机溶剂
腐蚀的化学耐久性；
< br>硬度可以很好地抵抗磨损；热、电导率明显低于金属；
和可以进行装饰
性磨光的性能。
1
请用
be
responsible for
短语造句
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