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土木英语翻译答案
Unit2
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Unit5
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for most design situations the code
will specify the magnitude of the loads
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design for
wind effects is complicated by a number of
phenomena
??
the
great the floor area that is to be supported by a
single member
，
the smaller
will be the probability that the
code
live load will appear with its full intensity
??
however
compared to the other structural
loads
，
the dead load
variations are relatively
small
，
and the actual
mean values are quite close to the
code-prescribed data
??
in theory
，
at
least
，
the dead load on a
structure is supposed to remain constant
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对于大多数设计情况规范规定的是静力荷载的大小
??
对于风作用许多现象使设计复杂化
??
类似的，单个构件承担的楼板面
积越大，在整个面积上，规范活荷载已全部强度出现的概率就越小
??
然而，与其他结构荷载相比，横
在变化是相对较小的，实际平均值于规范规定的值很接近
10.
至少在理论上，结构上恒荷载被认为是保持不变的
Unit6
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a crack in the tension zone of concrete
implies that some slip has occurred between the
steel reinforcement
and the surrounding
concrete
??
however ,if the concrete stain is
measured over a gauge length that includes several
cracks ,it is found that
bernoulli
’
s
principle applies to this average tensile strain
??
some
deviation
from
linearity
must
be
expected
because
of
small
inaccuracies
in
individual
strain
measurements and small errors in the
location of gauge lines
??
stress-strain curves for the concrete
were also determined from axially loaded cylinders
and were found to be
similar to the
stress-stain curves for the concrete in the
specimens
??
any
tensile stress that exists in the concrete just
below the neutral axis is small and has a small
lever arm
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混凝土受拉区出现裂缝就意味着混凝土与钢筋之间已经出现滑移
??
如果测量混凝土应变的标距包括
数个裂缝，则帕努利原理可适用于平均拉应变
??
由于每个应变的测量误差和测量
线位置的误差，计算结果可能会偏离线性假定
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中性轴下方混凝土中的拉应力很低，而且其内力壁也很小
Unit9
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probably the most difficult of problems
that soils engineer is asked to solve is the
accurate prediction of the
settlement
of a loaded foundation
??
vertical deformation due to the change
in shape is the immediate settlement
??
by the
principle of superposition it is possible to
determine the immediate settlement under any point
of the
base of a foundation
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the pore water
in a saturated will commence to drain away room
after immediate settlement has taken place,
a system of forces is said to be in
equilibrium when the resultant of the forces and
the resultant of all the
if there are
more than three unknowns ,the equations cannot be
completely solved and the system will be
the the reaction must be capable of
resisting any displacement or rotation that is
applied to the structure
however
，
for the
purpose of calculation it will be sufficiently
accurate to assume that the load is acting at the
it can
be seen that the
question of stability and determinacy of the
reactions must be independent of the
当所
有力的合力和某一点所有弯矩等于零时，力系处于平衡状态。
如果未知量超过三个就不能完全求解平衡方程系统给静不定
反力必须能够抵抗施加在结构上任何很小的位移和转动
为了计算假设荷载作用在一点是足够精确地
moment at one point are equal to zero
statically indeterminate or redundant.
point
actual loading that is
applied to the structure
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可以看出稳定问题和反力问题的确定必须独立于施加在结构上的实际荷载
the removal of this
water leading to the volume change is known as
consolidation
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the apparatus generally used in the
laboratory to determine the primary compression
characteristics of a soil
is known as
consolidation test apparatus
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岩土工程师需要解决的最困难的
问题可就是准确预测地基在荷载作用下的沉降
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由于形状的改变而引起的竖向变相就是瞬时沉降
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根据叠加理论可以确定基地任意一点的瞬时沉降
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在瞬时变形发生后不久，饱和粘土中的空隙土压力就会开始消散
10.
通常在实验室中用来表示土的主压缩特性的设备就是固结仪
Unit10
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this point is crucial to the
interpretation of shear strength parameters
??
the
characteristics
of
dry
and
saturated
sands
are
the
same
,provided
there
is
zero
excess
pore
water
pressure in the case or saturated sands
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in a dense
sand there is a considerable degree interlocking
between particles
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the term dilatory is used to describe
the increase in volume or a dense sand during
shearing and the rate or
dilation can
be represented by the gradient ,the maximum rate
corresponding to the peak stress
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the stress-
strain relationship or a clay depends on the
stress history of the clay
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这点对于分析抗剪强度参数是至关重要的
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只要在饱和情况下的沙土中的超
孔隙水压力为零，干砂和饱和土的特性就是相同
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在密砂中，颗粒间相互咬合的程度很高
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膨胀性这个术语是用来描述密实
沙土在剪切过程中体积增加的过程
10.
一种粘土的应力应变关系取决于该粘土的应力历史
Unit14
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welding is process in which two piece
of metal are fused together by heat to form a
joint
??
the
chemical and mechanical properties of the
deposited weld metal should be as similar as
possible to those
of the best metal
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the cross
section of a typical fillet weld is right triangle
with equal legs
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the
convex
fillet
weld
is
the
more
desirable
of
the
two
,since
it
has
less
tendency
to
crack
as
a
result
of
shrinking while cooling
??
where possible
,groove welds should be avoided because of their
high cost compared with fillet welds
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焊接是通过热量将两块金属融合到一起形成连接的过程
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焊条的化学性和力学性质应该尽可能地与主体金属想似
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典型角焊缝的横截面是等肢直角三角形
??
两种角焊缝中更希望的是凸面角
焊缝，因为冷却是不是产生收缩裂纹
10.
在可能的情况下，应该避免坡口焊缝，应为与角焊缝相比，它的造价更高
Unit18
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the basic function columns is the
delivery of vertical force to the base of the
structural frame
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since the concrete core is
contained confined by the steel shell ,interaction
between the steel and concrete is
assured
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in current practice ,lightweight spray-
on fire protection is used in lieu of concrete
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concrete helps
to support all loads applied thereafter
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the concrete
in the core of the steel pipe column provides
additional strength ,toughness ,and stiffness to
the
steel column
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柱子的基本功能是将竖向力传递给结构框架的基础
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由于包含了混凝土核心并受钢外
壳的约束，因此确保了刚与混凝土之间的相互作用
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在目前实践中，轻质，喷涂防火保护由混凝土代替
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混凝土帮助支撑此后施加的所有荷载
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钢管柱核心的混凝土给钢管柱提供了额外的强度韧性和刚度
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Unit19
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an earthquake is the vibratory movement
of the earth
’
s surface that
follows a sudden release of energy in the
crust
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the major
attention in structural design for seismic effects
is on the response to the vibratory motions on the
ground surface
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besides the size on a quake and its
location ,the other major factor determining the
potential for damage is
nature other
the structures affected by the quake
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the point on
the ground surface immediately above the initial
rupture point is called the epicenter on the
quake
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movement
in
different
directions
has
different
effects
on
the
building
and
all
on
these
effects
must
be
considered
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地正式地壳中伴随能量突然释放的地面震动
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结构设计中，对于地震作用主要注意的是结构对地面运动的响应
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除了震动的大小位置，决定随坏
潜力的其他主要因素是受震动影响的结构的性质
??
紧邻初始断裂点以上的地面上的点称为震中
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不同方向的运动对建筑物有不同的影响，必须考虑所用这些影响
Unit20
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generally construction management is
performed without any risk on capital to the
construction manager
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such companies take on contract for
both design and financing on the project
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in general
,the contract documents should be identified and
agreed to by both parties
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in a small contracting organization
project management is generally the province
organization the proprietor
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minutes kept
of the plans of action discussed at each meeting
should be distributed as soon as possible to all
attending
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一般来讲惊醒施工管理时，施工经理没有任何资金风险
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这些公司承担的合同既包括建筑的设计也包括他的施工
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一般来讲，合同文件件需要经过双方的确认和同意
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在小的合同组织里，项目管理通常是经营者的职责
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每一次会议所有的行动计划的记录都要尽快发放给所有与会人员
1
、土木工程可分为许多分支，如结
构工程、交通工程、环境
工程和岩土工程等。
Civil Engineering can be divided into
many branches, such as
structural
engineering,
transportation
engineering,
environmental
engineering and geotechnical engineering.
< br>2
、与其他土木工程分支不同，在岩土工程中，很难明确定义
边界条件
And
other
civil
engineering
branch,
in
geotechnical
engineering,
it
is
difficult
to
clearly
define
the
boundary
conditions.
3
、结构工
程涉及计算结构中的应力和内力等作用效应，以及
确定结构构件的材料、尺寸和外形等。
Structural engineering involves
computing architectures such
as
stress
and
internal
force
action
effect,
as
well
as
to
determine the structural components of
the material, size and
shape.
4
、采用
GPS
和激光扫描技术可
精确测量角度、水平和垂直
距离等。
GPS
and
laser
scanning
technology
can
accurately
measure
the angle,
horizontal and vertical distance.
5
、
过去卫生工程基本不涉及当今环境工程所包括的危险废物
处理。
Sanitary
engineering
in
the
past
do
not
involve
hazardous
waste treatment,
including environmental engineering today.
6
、当所有力的合力和某一点所有弯矩的合力矩等于零时，力
< br>系处于平衡状态。
A
system
of
forces
is
said
to
be
in
equilibrium
when
the
resultant of all the forces and the
resultant of all the moments
at one
point are equal to zero.
7
、如
果未知量超过三个，就不能完全求解平衡方程，系统为
静不定。
If there are more than three
unknowns,the equations cannot
be
completely
solved
and
the
system
will
be
statically
indeterminate.
8
、反力必需能够抵抗施加在结构上的任何很小的位移和转