关于生物材料的英语论文翻译

2021年2月10日发(作者：景石)

The future of biomedical materials

生物医用材料的展望

James M. Anderson

詹姆斯·

M

·安德森

Abstract

摘要

The purpose of this communication is to present

the author’s perspectives

on the future of biomedical materials that were presented at the Larry L.

Hench Retirement Symposium held at Imperial College, London, in late

September 2005.

这次交流的目的是为了表达作者的观点，这个观点是在

2005

年

9

月后

期在伦敦帝国学院举行的

Larry L. Hench

退休座谈会上被提出来的。

The author has taken a broad viewof the future of biomedical materials

and has presented key ideas, concepts, and perspectives necessary for the

future research and development of biomedical polymers and their future

role as an enabling technology for the continuing progress of tissue

engineering, regenerative medicine, prostheses, and medical devices.

< p>
作者放眼生物医用材料的未来前景并介绍了主要观点、

概念、

将来实

验所必须的透视图、

生物医用材料的发展以及 将来作为组织工程学连

续发展、再生医药、假肢、医疗设备等的授权工艺。

This communication, based on the oral presentation, is meant to be

provocative and generate discussion.

这份基于口头报告的交流意味着将挑起激烈讨论。

In addition, it is targeted for students and young scientists who will play

an ever-increasing role in the future of biomedical materials.

此外，

它是针对将来在生物医用材料方面扮演越来越重要角色的学生

和青年科学家。

Introduction

简介

Over the past decade, research and development of new biomedical

materials has turned from “passive” materials to

materials that actively

interact and integrate with their biological environment.

在过去的几十年里，新生物医用材料的研究和发展已经从“被动

的”材料转向和生物环境积极相关并成为整体的材料。

Unfortunately, this paradigm shift has not been matched by a requisite

enhancement of our knowledge of the mechanisms of interaction between

the materials and proteins, cells, and other materials within the biological

environment.

不幸的是，

这种范例的转变和我们必 备的知识不相匹配。

这种知识就

是材料与蛋白质、细胞以及其他 生物环境的材料相互作用的机理。

Given the unique nature of tissues and organs, we lack biological design

criteria for the development of new materials and devices constructed

from these materials.

< p>
考虑到组织和器官的独特性质，

由于新材料和新设备的发展是从这些

材料出发的，我们至今缺少生物设计的标准。

Additional constraints in our developing biological design criteia and

structure/biological property relationships are our dependence on

in vitro

studies and non-human models in the development process.

在我们发 展生物设计标准和结构的过程中，还存在额外的限制因素。

在研究过程中，生物学性质的 关系仅仅依赖于试管研究和非人体模

型。

The history of biomaterials

生物材料的历史

As has been stated by many authors in many different ways, if we do not

understand and appreciate the past, we are doomed to repeat it in the

future.

正如许多 作者用不同的方法阐述的一样，

如果我们没有理解和领会过

去， 将来我们注定会重复过去。

Table 1 presents the author’s perspective on the history of biomaterials.

表

1

展示了作者关于生物材料的观点。

As

exempli?ed by the

change in font size of the word “biomaterials”, the

?rst quarter century, 1950 to 1975, of biomaterials development was

dominated by the characteristics of the materials intended for prostheses

and medical devices.

正如改变单词

“biomateri als”

字体大小的例证，第一个四分之一世纪，

即从

1950

年到

1975

年，

生物材料的发展是以做假体和医学设备材料为

主导的。

Important in the early days was the long-term integrity of the biomaterial

as well as its non-toxic nature.

早些年，生物材料的长期稳定性和无毒性是很重要的。

Biological interactions that were considered included the non-toxic nature

of the biomaterial as well

as its normal in?amma

tory and wound healing

responses when implanted.

在移植过程中，要考虑生物间的相互 作用，包括生物材料的无毒性、

常规的发炎以及伤口愈合的效应。

Many materials were described as being inert, but this was a confusing

descriptor as it did not adequately and appropriately describe material

changes following implantation or cell and tissue responses to the

implanted biomaterial.

许多材料被描述成不活泼的，

但这是 一个让人困惑的描述。

因为它没

能充分准确地描述移植过程材料 发生的变化或细胞和组织对移植的

生物材料作出的反应。

It eventually became clear that materials could change without adversely

affecting the function and interaction of the biomaterial, prosthesis, or

medical device.

材料在变化中不会对生物材料、

假体或医疗设备的功效产生不利影响

最终变得清晰。

Likewise, modulation of the in?ammatory and wound healing

responses

could occur without altering the function of the biomaterial, prosthesis, or

medical device.

同样地，

炎症的调 节和伤口愈合可以在不改变生物材料、

假体或医疗

设备功能的前 提下完成。

From a biological perspective, no material is inert.

从生物学角度来看，没有哪种材料是无效的。

From 1975 to 2000, biological interactions with biomaterials began to be

more extensively investigated.

从

1975

年到

2000

年，生物学和生物材料的相互作用开始被广泛研究 。

Advances in our knowledge of biological mechanisms, for example, the

coagulation, thrombosis, and complement pathways, led to a better

understanding of biological interactions with biomaterial surfaces.

在生物机理知识方面的进步，比如凝结作用、血栓形成、补充途径 等

使我们能更好的理解与生物材料表面的生物作用。

In t

he 1980’s, the revolution in techniques for

the study of cell and

molecular biology led to their application to the investigation of

interactions occurring at biomaterial interfaces.

在

20< /p>

世纪

80

年代，

在细胞和生物分子学研究中的技术改革引发了它们

在生物材料界面应用的研究。

More recently, with the advent of the areas of tissue engineering and

regenerative medicine, heavy emphasis has been placed on biological

interactions with biomaterials.

近来，

随着组织工程学和再生医药的出现，

生物材料和 生物体间的相

互作用越来越引起人们的重视。

In some cases, this has led to an undesirable decrease in the appreciation

of material properties and their role in these

new scienti?c areas.

在某些情况下，

生物体与生物材料间 的相互作用会导致材料性质评价

和它们在新的科学领域地位的下降。

An example of these types of problems is presented with biodegradable

polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering and their ultimate disposition

including changes in form and integrity with resultant changes in the

in?ammatory and foreign body reactions over the implantation time

period.

可生物降解的高分子支架在组织工程学和它们 最终的分解中呈现的

就是这类问题的一个例子，

所提到的分解包 含在移植过程中由于炎症

与外来体相互作用而导致形式和生成物组成的改变。

< p>

Table 1

History of biomaterials

1950

–

1975 bioMATERIALS

1975

–

2000 BIOMATERIALS

2000

–

BIOmaterials

Medical implant design

医疗植入体的设计

In

approaching

the

research

and

development

of

new

biomedical

materials

for

prostheses

and

medical

devices

as

well

as

an

enabling

technology

for

tissue

engineering

and

regenerative

medicine,

a

comprehensive, virtually all-inclusive perspective is initially necessary to

begin to appreciate design criteria.

在假体和医疗设备的新型生物材料研究开发和增长关于组织工程学

和 再生医学的过程中，欣赏设计标准已经综合广泛地被提出来了。

Table 2, Medical Implant Design, illustrates this in a simple manner.

< /p>

表

2

，一种很简单的方式描述了医疗植入 体的设计。

The

development

of

design

criteria

begins

with

the

identification

of

patient needs.

设计标准的发展开始于病人需要的认同。

We

must

remember

that

our

overall

goal

is

to

provide

biomedical

materials,

prostheses,

medical

devices,

and

other

constructs

that

will

enhance the health and welfare of patients.

我们必须意识 到，

我们总的目标是向病人提供可以提高健康和福利的

生物医用 材料、假体、医疗设备和其他构造。

With

the

identification

of

patient

needs,

concepts

are

then

developed

based

on

known

anatomical

and

physiological

processes

and

their

alteration

by

disease

processes

that

are

integrated

to

begin

the

design

process.

随着对病人需要 的识别，基于了解解剖和生理过程的观念已开始发

展。通过病理过程而改变它们已经和开 始设计的过程结合在一起。

Following from this, configuration, prototype, manufacture and assembly,

test/use,

reliability,

and

clinical

trials

follow

from

the

original

design

criteria.

从这以后，< /p>

由初始设计标准产生了构型、

原型、

加工 组装、

测试使用、

可靠性以及临床试验。

It

is

important

to

note

that

the

last

factor

in

medical

implant

design

is

implant retrieval and evaluation.

在医疗体植入设计中，

注意最后一个 因素，

即移植的检索和评价是很

重要的。

Implant retrieval and evaluation permits the identification of modes and

mechanisms of failure or success that ultimately in turn provide feedback

information

for

further

development

of

the

concept

based

on

additional

design criteria obtained from implant retrieval and evaluation.

移植的检索和评价可以鉴别模型成功与否，

最终为基于从移植检索和

评价中得到额外设计标准观念的进一步发展提供反馈信息。

The author acknowledges the significant contribution of Dr. John Watson,

Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La

Jolla, CA, who originally developed this construct of medical implant

design during his tenure at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

in Bethesda, MD.