激光术语中英文对照讲解

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Laser Glossary

ABLATION: The removal of material or tissue by melting, evaporation, or vaporization.

ABSORB: To transform radiant energy into a different form, usually with a resultant

rise in temperature.

ABSORBANCE: The ability of a medium to absorb radiation depending on

temperature and wavelength. Expressed as the negative common logarithm of the

transmittance.

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT: The amount of radiant energy absorbed per unit or

path-length.

ACTIVE MEDIUM: A medium in which lasing will take place, rather than absorption,

at a given wavelength.

AFOCAL: Literally, “without a focal length”; an optical system with its object and

image point at infinity.

AMPLIFICATION: The growth of the radiation field in the laser resonator cavity. As

the light wave bounces back and forth between the cavity mirrors, it is amp stimulated

emission on each pass through the active medium.

AMPLITUDE: The maximum value of the electromagnetic wave, measured from the

mean to the extreme; put simply, the height of the wave. (See drawing under )

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

ANGSTROM UNIT: A unit of measurement for a wavelength of light (written ?, equal

to one ten billionth of a meter (10-10 meter). Occasionally still used.

ANODE: An electrical element in laser excitation which attracts electrons from a

cathode. An anode can be cooled directly by water or by radiation.

AR COATINGS: Anti-reflection coatings, used on the backs of laser output mirrors to

suppress unwanted multiple reflections which reduce power.

AUTOCOLLIMATOR: A single instrument combining the functions of a telescope and

a collimator to detect small angular displacements of a mirror by means of its own

collimated light.

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AXIAL-FLOW LASER: The simplest and most efficient of the gas lasers. An axial

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flow of gas is maintained through the tube to replace

those gas molecules depleted by the electrical discharge used to excite the gas

molecules to the lasing state. (See .”)

AXIS, OPTICAL AXIS: The optical center- line for a lens system; the line passing

through the centers of curvature of the optical surfaces of a lens.

BEAM BENDER: Hardware assembly or optical device, such as a mirror, capable of

changing laser beam direction; used to re-

point the beam and in “folded,” compact

delivery systems.

BEAM DIAMETER: The diameter of that portion of the beam which contains 86% of

the output power.

BEAM EXPANDER: Optical device increasing beam diameter and reducing

divergence. Result: A smaller focused spot for more distance between lens and part.

BEAM SPLITTING: Optically splitting a laser beam into two or more beams,

allowing work on more than one side of a part at the same time

—

but at somewhat less

power than with a multiple-output beam system.

BREWSTER WINDOWS: The transmissive end (or both ends) of the laser tube, made

of transparent optical material and set at Brewster’s angle in gas lasers to achieve zero

reflective loss of vertically polarized light. Non-standard on industrial lasers, but a must

if polarization is desired.

BRIGHTNESS: The visual sensation of the luminous power of a light beam, as opposed

to scientifically measured power of the beam.

CALORIMETER: An instrument which measures the heat generated by absorption of

the laser beam

—

another way to measure laser power.

CATHODE: The element providing the electrons for the electrical discharge used to

excite the lasing medium.

CO2 LASER: A laser largely used in industry in which the primary lasing medium is

carbon dioxide.

COAXIAL GAS: Most laser welding is done with a shield of inert gas flowing over the

work surface to prevent plasma oxidation and absorption, to blow away debris, and to

control heat reaction. The gas jet has the same axis as the beam so the two can be aimed

together.

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COHERENT LIGHT, COHERENT RADIATION: Radiation composed of wave trains

vibrating in phase with each other. Simply expressed: parallel rays of light.

COLLIMATED LIGHT: Divergent light rays rendered parallel by means of a lens or

other device, allowing a sharp image of the object to be focused at the focal plane of the

lens.

COLLIMATION: The process by which divergent rays (white, or natural, light) are

converted into parallel rays (coherent light).

CONVERGENCE: The bending of light rays toward each other, as by a positive

(convex) lens.

CURRENT SATURATION: Maximum flow of electric force in a conductor; in a laser,

the point at which further electrical charge will not increase lasing action.

CW: The continuous-emission mode of a laser, as opposed to pulsed operation.

DEPTH OF FIELD: The working range of the beam, a function of wavelength,

diameter of the unfocused beam, and focal length of the lens. To achieve a small

diameter spot size, and thus a high power density, a short depth of field must be

accepted.

DIVERGENCE: The angle at which the laser beam spreads in the far field; the bending

of rays away from each other, as by a concave lens or convex mirror.

DRIFT,

ANGULAR: All undesirable variations in output (either amplitude or

frequency); angular drift of the beam, measured in milliradians before, during, and after

warm-up.

DUTY CYCLE: The length of time the laser beam is actually cutting, drilling, welding,

or heat-treating, as compared to the entire work cycle time.

ELECTRIC VECTOR: The electric field associated with a light wave and having both

direction and amplitude. Commonly represented by a line with an arrowhead.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE: A disturbance which propagates outward from an

electric charge which oscillates or is accelerated. Includes radio waves; X-rays; gamma

rays; and infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light.

EMISSIVITY, EMITTANCE: Rate at which emission takes place; the ratio of the

radiant energy emitted by a source or surface to that emitted by a blackbody at the same

temperature.

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Electronics, Communication Resource.

ENHANCED PULSING: Electronic modulation of a laser beam to produce high peak

power at the initial stage of the pulse. This allows rapid vaporization of the material

without heating the surrounding area. Such pulses are many times the peak power

EXPOSURE: A measure of the total radiant energy incident on a surface per unit area;

radiant exposure.

FAR-FIELD IMAGING: An imaging technique with solid-state lasers that has

several limitations: non-uniform energy distribution, very short working distances, and

poor control of hole geometry.

FLASHLAMP: Source of powerful light; often in the form of a helical coil and used to

excite photon emission in a solid-state laser.

FLEXOGRAPHY: A printing process involving laser-engraved, seamless rubber plates.

FLUORESCENCE: The glow induced in a material when bombarded by light.

Brewster windows of fused silica fluoresce in UV light, increasing absorption of laser

radiation and degrading laser mode and output.

FLUX: The radiant, or luminous, power of a light beam; the time rate of the flow of

radiant energy across a given surface.

FOCUS: Noun: The point where rays of light meet which have been converged by a

lens, giving rise to an image of the source. Verb: To adjust focal length for the clearest

image.

FOCAL POINT in laser work, the focal point of the beam relative to the work surface

has a critical effect, such as the depth and shape of drilled holes. When the focal point is

at the surface, holes are of uniform diameter. When the focus is below the surface,

conical holes are drilled.

FOLDED RESONATOR: Construction in which the interior

optical path is bent by mirrors mounted on corner blocks bolted into pre-aligned

position, permitting compact packaging of a long laser cavity.

FREQUENCY: The number of light waves passing a fixed point unit of time, or the

number of complete vibrations in that period of time.

GAIN: Another term for amplification, usually referring to the efficiency of a lasing

medium in attaining a population inversion. High gain is typically more than 50% per

pass of the light wave between cavity mirrors.

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GAS DISCHARGE LASER: A laser containing a gaseous lasing medium in a glass

tube in which a constant flow of gas replenishes the molecules depleted by the

electricity or chemicals used for excitation. The discharged gas can be filtered and 90%

recycled for economy.

GAS JET ASSIST: An assisting coaxial gas, such as oxygen, argon, or nitrogen, which

may be used to achieve very high power levels for cutting certain metals.

GAS

TRANSPORT: A laser design which generates very high beam power within a fairly

small resonator structure. Long electrodes parallel the axis and gas is circulated across

the resonator cavity.

GAUSSIAN: The “normal curve,” or normal distribution, an example of which is the

symmetrical bell shape of the holes created by the uncorrected, unfocused laser beam in

its optimum mode. A Gaussian laser beam has most of its energy in the center.

HAZ: Heat-Affected Zone, or the area where laser beam and metal (or other) surface

are in contact.

HELIUM-

NEON LASER: (“HeNe”), Laser in which the active medium is a mixture of

helium and neon, which is in the visible range. Used widely in industry for alignment,

recording, printing, and measuring, it is also valuable as a pointer or aligner of invisible

CO2 laser light.

HEAT SINK: A substance or device used to dissipate or absorb unwanted heat, as from

a manufacturing process (or, with lasers, from reflected rays).

HERTZ: The approved international term, abbreviated Hz, which replaces CPS for

cycles per second.

IMAGE: The optical reproduction of an object, produced by a lens or mirror. A typical

positive le

ns converges rays to form a “real” image which can be

photographed. A negative lens spreads rays to form a “virtual” image which can’t be

projected.

INCIDENT LIGHT: A ray of light that falls on the surface of a lens

—

or any other

object. The “angle of incidence” is the angle made by the ray with a perpendicular to

the surface.

INTENSITY: The magnitude of radiant energy (light) per unit, such as time or

reflecting surface.

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