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英美文化概况名词解释问答题
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内科名词解释及
简答题
英美文化概况问答题以及答案：
1.
What
are
the
some
of
the
major
powers
of
each
of
the
three
panches
of
the
US
government?
How
are
the
three
panches
supposed
to
check
and
balance
each
other?
Can
political
reform
in China borrow anything from that?
美国政府三大部门的一些主要权利是什么？三大部门之
间如何制约和平
衡？中国的政治改革能否从中借鉴什么？
A
．
What
are
the
some
of
the
major
powers
of
each
of
the
three
panches
of
the
US
government?
The three
panches
—
the Legislative, the
Executive, headed by the president. And the
Judicial, headed by the Supreme Court.
The
Legislative,
including
both
houses
of
Congress
(the
Senate
and
the
House
of
Representative)
。
The
legislative
panch(
立法机构）
is
the
only
panch
that
can
make
federal
laws, levy federal
taxes and declare war or put foreign treaties into
effect.
The Executive, headed by the
president. The president can appoint federal
judges as
vacancies occur, including
members of the Supreme Court. All such court
appointments
are subject to
confirmation by the Senate. The president has poad
powers, with the
executive panch, to
issue regulations and directives regarding the
work of the federal
departments. He is
the commander in chief of the armed forces. The
judicial
panch(
司
法机构
) is
headed by the Supreme Court with a chief justice
and 8 associate justices.
The
Federal
courts
have
jurisdiction
over
cases
arising
out
of
the
Constitution
and
other
cases
which do not arise out of individual states. The
Supreme Court has the judicial
review
power.
B
．
How are
the three panches supposed to check and balance
each other?
System
of
“
checks
and
balances
(
制
约
与
平
衡
< br>的
原
则
)
”
of
the
three-part
national
government works to keep serious
mistakes from being made by one panch or another.
C
．
Can political
reform in China borrow anything from that?
China
does
not
make
the
separation,
but
can
absorb
the
reasonable
factors.
The
people
”
s
congress
system
is
a
basic
system
suitable
to
China
”
s
national
conditions.
It
directly
reflects that
people
”
s democratic
dictatorship is national nature in our country,
reflected the whole picture of our
political life and is the basic forms and means
for
the people to be the masters of
democratic rights.(
中国不搞三权分立，但可以吸收其合
理的因素。人民代表大会制度是比较符合我国国情的根本制度，它直接反映我国人民民主专政的<
/p>
国家性质，体现了我国政治生活的全貌，是人民实现当家作主的民主权利的基本形式和途径
)
2.
“
British history is a
history of invasion
”
. Please
illustrate this point. How did
each of
the invasions influence English culture?
“英国的历史是侵略的历史”请说明这
个观点。每次侵略是如何影响英国文化的？<
/p>
Before the 1st century AD,
be made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic
people
凯尔特人
43AD,
invaded
by
the
Roman
Empire
罗马帝国
,
and
England
and
Wales
(though
not
Scotland
and Ireland) became
a
part of the Roman Empire for nearly
400years(till the 5th century
AD)
Germanic
日尔曼人
(the Angles
盎格鲁人
and the
Saxon
撒克逊人
) invasion, the
Anglo-Saxons
either
absorbed
the
Celtic
people,
or
pushed
them
to
the
western
or
northern
edges of Britain
(Glasgow, Scottish Celts). Anglo-Saxon invaders
became
the
forefathers
of
the
English,
the founders of
―
Angle-
land
‖
or
―
England
‖
as
it has
become known.
the late 8th century on,( till the
10th) raiders from Scandinavia(
斯堪的纳维
亚
), the ferocious
Vikings(
北欧海盗
), threatened
Britain
’
s shores, leading to
large
areas
of
northern
and
eastern
England
were
under
their
control.
(the
difference
between
the northerners and the southerners
sophisticated, arrogant, unfriendly and richer)
year
of
1066,
Norman(
诺曼人
,from
northern
France,
who
were
descendents
of
Vikings)
invasion;
Under
William
Normandy
(known
as
―
William
the
Conqueror
‖
征
服
者
威
廉
一
世
),they
crossed the English Channel in 1066, and in the
Battle of
Hastings, defeated an English
army under King
Harold(
英格兰最后一位撒克逊民族的国王
).
This marks the last time that an army
from
3
．
In the
late 1980s and the early 1990s the world saw great
changes. What new strategy
did the US
form after that?
在
1980s
末和
1990s
初世界发生了巨大的变化。在那之
后美国的
新政策是什么？
In
the late1980s and early 1990s the world witnessed
the most remarkable changes since
the
WWII. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the
change of the color of the Eastern
European
countries
and
the
disintegration
of
the
SU
at
the
end
of
1991
radically
changed
the balance of power
in the world.
American strategic
planners again pought up the idea of a Plax
Americana. Its national
strategy
was engagement and expansion, which
means the US, will take a more active part
in world affairs and will more actively
promote market economy and American style
democracy in the world.
What
is preemption in the Bush Doctrine?
在布什主义中得到优先权是什么？
In an
address
delivered to the West Point
graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put
forward
the
strategy
of
preemption,
which
is
formalized
in
the
National
Security
Strategy
issued
in Sept. 2002.
By
preemption, the US means that when it determines
that a country which is repressive
and
hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons
of mass destruction or has the
potential to possess such weapons, the
US should use force to remove this threat to US
security
and
should
not
wait
till
the
danger
becomes
imminent
or
until
the
Us
is
attacked.
This is known as Bush Doctrine.
4. Compare the education system in
Britain and that in China. Try to illustrate it
specifically.
比较英中两国的教育体系。尽量列出他
们的不同。
Receiving education in
Britain is kind of welfare, however, that is kind
of trade in
China.
A student
in UK
will have
―
Streaming
‖
, national test
and GCSE in their studying path,
and
they have 4 Key Stages. In China, students usually
have 3 stages
—
primary
school,
junior high school and senior
high school. And the fatal exam
―
Gaokao
‖
(university
entrance exam) will decide their way of
life forwards.
The chance for a student
to get into a university in China is much lower
than that in
Britain.
Only
1
out
of
1000
students
has
the
access
to
university.
In
China,
which
decided
that the education
is a mean of selecting other than a way of
exploring students
’
potential.
Studying in
Britain is tending to think, yet studying in China
is tend to recite.
As to the course,
comparing the three core subjects for a British
student---English,
Mathematics
and
Science,
the
Chinese
core
subjects
are
Chinese,
Mathematics
and
English,
of
which 2/3 are linguistic. While the British are
learning science, we spend 1/3 of
our
time learning their language, which, I think this
should explain why we are
inferior to
British in science.
5. What are the
major powers of each of the three panches of the
US government? How are
they supposed to
check and balance
（制约与平衡）
each other
？
(
这两问答案
见第一题）
What are the
advantages of the system?
这种体系的先进之处是什么？
The
separation is to restrict power, avoid the abuse
of power, prevent a state organ
or
personal dictatorship and tyranny, thus ensuring
the national political stability.
6.
Compare the roles of the British queen and the US
president.
比较英国国王和美国首
相的作用。
In UK, the sovereign only has a
ceremonial role restricted in exercise of power by
convention and public opinion. The
British monarch has no real power. The Queen is
primarily to symbolize the tradition
and unity of the British State.
In US,
the president is the head of the executive
panch(
行政机构
) , who is elected
to
a four-year term and can be elected
to only two terms .The powers of the presidency
are
formidable
but
with
limitations.
The
president,
as
the
chief
formulator
of
public
policy,
often proposes legislation to Congress.
The president can also veto any bill passed by
Congress.
The
president
can
appoint
federal
judges
as
vacancies
occur,
including
members
of the Supreme Court. All such court
appointments are subject to confirmation by the
Senate. The president can issue
regulations and directives regarding the work of
the
federal departments. He is the
commander in chief of the armed forces and is
primarily
responsible for handling
foreign relations.
7. How do you
understand that Britain has a
“
special
relationship
”
with the US?
如
何理解英国与美国有着特殊的关系？
During
World
War
II,
the
two
countries
were
closely
allied
and
continued
to
work
together
closely in the postwar year. Even
today, British and American policy-makers share
the
general ideas in many respects.
However, Britain
’
s
―
special
relationship
‖
with the
USA has gone through ups and downs (the
1956 Suez Crisis). The British began to realize
that
their
own
foreign
policy
actions
can
be
limited
by
the
United
States.
But
both
sides
have worked hard to maintain the
―
special
relations
‖
. Britain is
described as an
outpost([
?
a
?
t
?
post]
前哨
,
哨兵
,
哨站
)of an American-dominated military bloc.
集团；
联盟
There are
63 American military bases
基地
under American control in
Britain.
8. Please introduce the
undergraduate curriculum and graduate study in
American higher
education.
What
can
be
the
borrowed
by
us
from
that
to
improve
the
curriculum
in
Chinese
Universities?
请介绍美国高等教育中本科课程与毕业生教育。我们应该从中借鉴哪些去提升中
国大学的课程？
In America, the
undergraduate curriculum is basically divided into
three categories:
the General
Education, Major/Minor and Free Elective (Free
Elective). In the first two
years,
every student has to take some courses (such as
world history, writing, math or
research).
In
the
third
year,
each
student
must
choose
professional
courses.
At
the
same
time, they can also
choose courses which interest them, such as
sports, music, dance
and drama classes.
This is called
至于研究生教育有何不同，
自
己总结，
另外
What
can
be
the
borrowed
by
us
from
that
to
improve
the curriculum in Chinese
Universities?
自己总结
9. How did the English Parliament come
into being?
英国议会如何开始的？
The
word
“
parliament
”
comes from the verb
“
to
parley
”
, that is to discuss
or talk. The term
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