整理文体学答案

文体学

课后题

1

、

2

单元

(A).

1

Identify

and

classify

patterns

of

sound

repetition

in

the

following

A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a

examples.

compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence.

1

）

Words and phrases

D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as

shilly-shally

= pararhyme super-duper

= rhyme

modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP

high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme

5

What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete

kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme

sentence?

part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme

Neither

type

conforms

to

the

basic

clause

structure.

But

a

minor

2

）

Pride and Prejudice = alliteration

sentence is supposed to be “complete” in the sense that it is finished.

The Love’s labour Lost

= alliteration

Of Mice and Man = alliteration

An

incomplete

sentence

never

comes

to

its

end

because

of

sudden

Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration

interruption or other reasons. For example,

Father in a Fix = alliteration

Witch Watch = alliteration

(1)

Attention, please. (2)

Help!

The Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration

(3)

Going to the lecture? (4)

Why are you late?

Because I

—

3)Advertisements

Of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an

--Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision

incomplete.

--Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision

6

What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use of

--Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment,

pre- modification?

but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful

—but don’t break the bank.

What is the function of post- modification?

= (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration

A

complete

noun

phrase

consists

of

four

constituents:

determiner,

2

The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples

pre- modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article,

1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man

numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative

has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to

and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to;

learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different

the

head

can

be

a

noun

or

a

pronoun;

the

post-modifier

is

usually

a

from

animal,

which

does

not

have

such

a

device.

That

is

why

prepositional

phrase,

a

noun

phrase,

a

non-finite

clause,

a

relative

chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can

clause, etc.

never learn the language however hard it is taught.

Frequent

use

of

pre-modification

in

newspaper

headlines

can

2

）

Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the

economize

space,

and

arouse

the

reader’s

intere

st

as

well

because

same

pronunciation

with

the

main

character

in

Shakespeare’s

tragedy

pre-modification

is

usually

short,

thus

cannot

spell

out

details.

This

Romeo

and

Juliet.

Romeo

has

deep

love

for

Juliet.

It

indicates

that

keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out.

Romeow the cat has affection for the master.

Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style.

3)

Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop

Post- modification

can

be

very

long

and

complicated.

Using

of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts

post- modification

can

give

enough

room

for

details

and

for

further

people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick.

information.

Therefore,

it

is

frequently

used

in

more

formal

contexts,

3 1)

phonological devices in the following extract.

for

instance,

written

language.

Written

legal

English

prefers

A creak of hinges...aisle.

post-modification

in

noun

phrases,

because

the

composer

of

a

legal

In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled

document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly,

surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of

guarding against any possible misinterpretation.

onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which

7

What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts?

present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of

For

effective

presentation

of

information

and

language

processing

on

such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and

the

part

of

the

reader,

we

usually

attach

importance

to

sequence,

make the description vivid and believable.

segmentation

and

salience

in

the

formation

of

texts,

both

spoken

and

2

）

Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom

written.

3

）

Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms.

8

Which type of branching is common in informal speech? Which type

“TOM!”

of branching is preferred in written styles?

No answer.

...-- Mark Twai

Right-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informal

This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting

presentation of ideas.A writer may favor right-branching and use

how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the

short, simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity,

bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how

directness and intensity. Left- branching, however, is better

Granny

speaks.

When

we

read

it,

we

have

the

feeling

of

watching

adapted to writing because it is structurally more compact and

Granny

on

a

stage

play.

For

example,

“TOM!”

is

said

louder

than

logical, and it is usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas are

“Tom!”. “Y

-o-u-u, Tom

!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with

presented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel in

unusual loudness so as to be heard fa

r away. The exclamation marks “!”

suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards the

show

her

emotion,

and

the

dash

“—“

implies

her

sudden

stop.

The

end of the sentence.

italicized

through

emphasizes

the

contrast

with

“over”

and

“under”,

9

What

is

the

basic

phrase

order?What

are

the

stylistic

effects

of

humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than

fronting and postponement?

practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny,

The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or less

who

is

speaking

to

herself.

It

is

very

much

like

a

stage

monologue.

fixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The change of

After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there

the order can make a particular language unit more salient.

is a touch of humour all through.

Fronting

refers

the

movement

of

a

sentential

element

from

its

usual

3

单元

position to the front, and postponement refers the movement of a

1

What are thethree ways of clause classification?

linguistic

unit

from

its

normal

place

towards

the

end

of

the

classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By

sentence. In both cases the elements moved are highlighted. For

constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO,

example,

SVOC.

By

verb

phrase

we

have

finite

clause,

non-finite

clause

and

(1)

Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (fronting

verbless

clause.

By

functions

clauses

can

be

categorized

either

as

talent and capital for emphasis)

independent clause or dependent clause.

(2)

A

car

stopped

and

out

stepped

the

President

of

the

University.

2

how do we distinguish situation types?

(Postponing President of the University again for emphasis)

By according to meaning or sense of the verb.

10

What is syntactic parallelism and its function?

3

Name the participant roles in action types?

Syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form

The

participant

roles

in

action

types

are:

agentive

role

(doer

of

the

(e.g.

tense,

aspect)

and

phrase/clause

structure

in

two

or

more

action),

external

force

(causer

of

the

action),

intrumental

role

neighboring clauses or sentences. It reinforces meaning by contrast or

(tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action)

antithesis, or helps to build up an emotional climax. For example,

and objective role (the affected or the result of the action).

See

how

they

can

saw.

Power

saw.

And

drill.

Power

drill.

And

4

What

is

a

simple

sentence?

What

is

a

multiple

sentence?

sand. Power sand.

Directly/indirectly

This is an advertisement for selling Power Brand series of tools. When

A

simple

sentence

conforms

to

the

basic

clause

structure

SV(O)

(C)

the

reader

finishes

the

reading,

they

will

not

forget

the

brand

name