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阳性单词：
man
，
uncle
，
bridegroom
，
monk
，
son
，
king
阴性单词：
woman
，
aunt
，
bride
，
nun
，
daughter
，
queen
人与动物语言区别：
the
difference between human language and animal
communication
is
not
quantitative but qualitative
. one of
the major differences between humans and animals
is
that
human use of
language is not just a response to external, or
even internal, stimuli, as are
the
sounds and gestures of animals.
Do you
think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
Language is arbitrary in nature, it is
not entirely arbitrary, because there are
a limited number of words whose
connections between forms and meanings can be
logically
explained
to
a
certain
extent
,
for
example,
the
onomatopoeia,
words
which
are
coined
on
the
basis
of
imitation
of
sounds
by
sounds
such
as bang,
crash,etc..
Take compounds
for another example.
The two elements
“
photo
”
and
“
copy
”
< br>in
“
photocopy
”
are non-motivated, but the compound is
not arbitrary.
名词解释
：
1. Linguistics: Linguistics is
generally defined as the scientific study of
language.
2. Phonology:
The study of how sounds are put together and used
in communication is
called phonology.
3. Syntax: The study of
how morphemes and words are combined to form
sentences is
called syntax. .
4. Pragmatics: The study
of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.
5. Psycholinguistics:
The
study
of
language
with reference to
the workings
of
mind is
called psycholinguistics.
6. Language:
Language
is
a
system
of
arbitrary
vocal
symbols
used
for
human
communication.
7. Phonetics: The study of sounds
which are used in linguistic communication is
called
phonetics.
8. Morphology: The study of the way in
which morphemes are arranged to form words
is called morphology.
9. Semantics: The study of meaning in
language is called semantics.
10. Sociolinguistics:
The
study
of
language
with
reference
to
society
is
called
sociolinguistics.
1
arbitrary
：
Describes the property of
language,
including sign
language
, whereby there is
no natural or intrinsic relationship
between the way a word is pronounced (or signed)
and its
meaning.
2
Descriptive
Grammar
：
A
linguist’s
description
or
model
of
the
mental
gr
ammar,
including the units, structures, and
rules. An explicit statement of what speakers know
about
their language. Cf.
prescriptive grammar, teaching grammar.
3
Grammar
：
The
mental
representation
of
a
speaker’s
linguistic
competence;
what
a
speaker
knows
about
a
language,
including
its
phonology,
morphology,
syntax,
semantics,
and lexicon. A
linguistic description of a speaker’s
mental grammar.
4
lexicon
：
The
component
of
the
grammar
containing
speakers’
knowledge
about
morphemes and words; a speaker’s
mental dictionary
.
5
morphology
：
The study of the structure
of words
; the component of the grammar
that
includes the rules of word
formation.
6
Phonology
：
The sound system of a
language
; the component of a grammar
that includes
the inventory of sounds
(phonetic and phonemic units) and rules for their
combination and
pronunciation; the
study of the sound systems of all languages.
7
Semantics
：
The
study
of
the
linguistic
meaning
of
morphemes,
words,
phrases,
and
sentences.
8
sign
languages
：
The
languages
used
by
deaf
people
in
which
linguistic
units
such
as
morphemes
and
words
as
well
as
grammatical
relations
are
formed
by
manual
and
other
body
movements.
9
syntax
：
The
rules
of
sentence
formation
;
the
component
of
the
mental
grammar
that
represents
speake
rs’ knowledge of the structure of
phrases and sentences.
10
Universal
Grammar
(UG)
：
The
innate
principles
and
properties
that
pertain
to
the
grammars of all human
languages.
11
aspirated
：
Describes a
voiceless
stop produced with
a puff of air that results when the
vocal cords remain open for a brief
period after the release of the stop, e.g., the
[ph] in pit.
Cf. unaspirated.
12
diacritics
：
Additional
markings
on
written
symbols
to
specify
various
phonetic
properties such as length, tone,
stress, nasalization; extra marks on a written
character that
change
its
usual
value,
e.g.,
the
tilde
[~]
drawn
over
the
letter
n
in
Spanish
represents
a
palatalized nasal rather than an
alveolar nasal.
13
glottis
：
The opening
between the vocal cords
.
14 International Phonetic
Association
(IPA)
：
The
organization
founded in 1888
to further
phonetic research and
develop the International Phonetic Alphabet.
15
manner of
articulation
：
The way the airstream is obstructed as
it travels through the
vocal tract.
Stop, nasal, affricate, and fricative are
some
manners of
articulation
. Cf. place of
articulation.
16
phonetics
:
The
study
of
linguistic
speech
sounds
,
how
they
are
produced
(articulatory
phonetics),
how
they
are
perceived
(auditory
or
perceptual
phonetics),
and
their
physical
aspects (acoustic phonetics).
17
stressed
syllable : A syllable
with relatively
greater length, loudness, and/or higher pitch
than other syllables in a word, and
therefore perceived as prominent. Also called
accent.
18
tone
:
Contrastive
pitch
of
syllables
in
tone
languages
in
which
two
words
may
be
identical
except
for
such
differences
in
pitch,
e.g.,
in
Thai
[naa]
with
falling
pitch
means
―face,‖ but with a
rising pitch means ―thick.‖ Cf. register tones,
contour tones.
19
complementary
distribution
:
The
situation
in
which
phones
never
occur
in
the
same
phonetic
environment
, e.g., [p] and [ph] in
English. Cf. allophones.
20
free variation
：
Alternative pronunciations of a word in
which one sound is substituted
for
another
without changing the word’s
meaning
, e.g., pronunciation of bottle
as [batEl] or
[ba/El].
21
intonation
：
Pitch contour of a phrase or
sentence
.
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