-
地球
宇宙和空间科学（
Earth, space and
Space Science
）
Chapter 1 the position of the earth in
the universe
The first four
seasons starry sky
Direction determination on the 1. star
map
Directions
on
the
star
chart:
upper,
lower,
South,
left,
East,
right,
west.
Because
the
star
is
that
the
relative
position
of
the stars in the sky map,
observation, facing north, looking
up
into the sky, the actual range is before the north
south,
East left the West right.
2. famous constellations
and stars
(1)
famous
constellations
and
major
stars
(2)
look
for
the
North
Star
under the Big Dipper
The
Big Dipper (Ursa Major Part) is spoon shaped, the
end of
the two star connection and
extending toward the opening
direction
is
about
5
times
the
distance
of
a
star,
as
the
North
star.
(3) according to dipper dipper handle
to determine the four
seasons
The dipper handles toward
the East, South, West and north
respectively, showing the four seasons
of spring, summer,
autumn and winter.
3.
the
relationship
between
the
solar
calendar
and
the
rotation
of the earth
(1) the rotation of the
earth produces four seasons, with a
period of 365.2422 days.
(2) the basis of solar calendar day and
month time;
The number of
solar calendar days is based on the cycle of
seasons and the speed at which the
earth revolves around the
sun.
The
seasonal
cycle
is
365.2422
days,
the
size
of
the
month,
month for 31 days, I was 30 days;
February year for 28 days,
29 days in a
leap year.
(3) the
arrangement of solar calendar leap year
The fractional portion of
the cycle of alternate seasons
(O.2422
days) equal to garlic. Therefore, in the Gregorian
calendar every 400 years in 97 366
years (leap year) the rest
of the 303
years, 365 days (year). In A.D., divisible by 4 is
a
leap
year,
and
century
must
be
divisible
by
400.
It
is
a
leap
year.
4. with the lunar moon
(1) the meaning of the moon
Various lunar moon form
called moon.
(2) the causes
of phase change
The moon is
an opaque, non luminous sphere.
The
relative
positions
of
the
sun,
the
earth,
and
the
moon
vary
regularly over a period
of three months.
(3) the
name and appearance time of judgment
When
the
moon,
the
moon
and
the
earth
are
in
the
same
line,
when
the
moon is centered, it is a new moon. The time is
the first
day of the lunar year. When
the earth is centered, it is full
moon
(hope), and the time is fifteen and sixteen of the
lunar
calendar.
The day, month, the three mutually
perpendicular, the other
side, when the
motion of the moon the moon, time for the lunar
seventh
moon,
eight;
Japan,
middle
exercise
for
the
moon,
time
for the lunar twenty-
two, twenty-three.
Yuexiang
The phase change cycle of
29.53 days.
(4)
the
arrangement
of
the
lunar
month,
the
middle
of
the
lunar
month. About 30 days, I was 29 days,
the size of the month and
distribution,
so the way to arrange and keep the Gregorian
calendar month.
5. reasons for the formation of
eclipses
(1) the meaning of
solar eclipse and lunar eclipse
As
the
moon
blocks
our
view
of
the
sun,
a
solar
eclipse
occurs;
the moon enters the
earth's shadow, and we see the lunar part
or all of the moon's surface darkening,
creating a lunar
eclipse.
(2) the cause and time of solar eclipse
and lunar eclipse
The sun,
moon, and ground are just right or near in a
straight
line, and the eclipse occurs
when the moon is centered.
Therefore,
eclipses
always
occur
on
new
moon
(Lunar
New
Year's
day).
Lunar
eclipse
occurs
when
the
earth
is
centered.
An
eclipse
of
the
moon must occur at the full moon (lunar calendar
fifteen,
sixteen).
(3) the type of solar eclipse and lunar
eclipse
The solar eclipse
is divided into a total solar eclipse, the
partial eclipse, eclipse eclipse is
divided into three
categories; two,
total lunar eclipse eclipse.
(4) of the total solar eclipse, the
total lunar eclipse
The
process of total solar eclipse is the process of
shading
the
moon's
shadow
from
right
to
left.
The
right
side
of
the
moon
is
darkened
first,
and
the
range
is
gradually
expanded.
All
the
blocks
are
blocked
and
the
right
side
of
the
moon
is
lit
up
until
the end of the total eclipse.
The process is a total
lunar eclipse lunar left (East) before
dark, all the dark, after the first
light left until the end
for total
lunar eclipse. The two phase change process in the
figure, as long as the moon's shadow to
make clear the
relationship between
direction and is easy to understand.
(5) the lunar eclipse does not happen
every month
The orbital
plane of the moon moving around the earth and the
orbital plane of the earth moving
around the sun have a 5. The
angle
between
the
left
and
right,
so
the
lunar
eclipse
doesn't
happen every month.
The second solar system and
interplanetary navigation
1. the sun and the moon
(1) the basic situation of the sun
The
sun
is
the
nearest
star
to
the
earth.
It
is
a
luminous,
hot
gas
star,
about
1
million
400
thousand
kilometers
in
diameter,
the
surface temperature of about 6000 degrees, the
central
temperature of up to L500
million degrees, the daily distance
of
about 150 million km. The earth moves around the
sun at the
same time as it rotates. It
takes a year to revolve around the
sun.
(2) the basic survey of the
moon
The
moon
is
the
only
natural
satellite
of
the
earth.
On
average
distance of about 384 thousand and 400
km, the moon is about
3476
km
in
diameter,
the
moon
has
no
light
of
its
own.
The
dark
part
of
the
moon
is
the
plains
and
lowlands
of
the
moon's
surface,
and the bright part of the moon belongs
to the highlands and
mountainous
regions of the moon's surface. The moon has
numerous craters. The moon's orbit
around the earth is about
a month, and
it rotates at the same time. The cycle is exactly
one month, so the moon we see on earth
is the same face.
2. the
influence of solar activity on human beings
(1) the types of common
solar activity
There are
sunspots, flares and prominences. Sunspots occur
in
the photosphere, prominences and
flares occurred in the
chromosphere.
(2) sunspot cycle;
The sunspot cycle is 11
years, and the number and size of
sunspots are often signs of solar
activity. The sunspot year
is the solar
maximum; the minimum sunspot number is the Solar
Valley year.
(3)
the influence of solar activity on the earth
Affect short wave
communication on earth.
Too
much ultraviolet light cause damage to human skin.
Influence the climate of
the earth.
Influence the
earth's magnetic field, the compass can not
correctly indicate the direction.
3. solar system
(1) the composition of the solar system
Nine planets, asteroids,
comets and other celestial bodies
orbit
around the sun in a certain orbit, forming the
solar
system. The sun is the central
celestial body, which attracts
all
the
celestial
bodies
of
the
solar
system
with
its
powerful
gravitational
attraction
around it, making
them
rotate
around
themselves in an orderly manner.
(2) from the date of the
order from the near to the distant
planets
The
distance
on
the
order from
the
near to
the distant planets
Mercury,
Venus,
earth,
Mars,
Jupiter,
Saturn,
Uranus,
Neptune
and pluto.
Mercury,
Venus,
earth,
and
Mars
are
called
terrestrial
planets,
consisting mainly of stone and iron,
with smaller radii but
smaller masses,
but with higher densities.
Jupiter,
Saturn,
Uranus,
and
Neptune
are
called
Jovian
planets,
consisting
mainly
of
hydrogen,
helium,
ice,
methane,
ammonia,
etc.,
and
are
much
larger
in
quality
and
radius
than
in
the
earth,
but are less dense.
Pluto is a special planet. It is the
outermost planet in the
solar system.
(3) the location of the
asteroid belt
Asteroids,
located
between
Mars
and
Jupiter's
orbit,
do
not
see
these asteroids with their naked eyes.
They orbit around the
sun in an
elliptical orbit, forming an annular asteroid
belt.
(4) the direction of
the revolution of the nine planets
The nine planets revolve from west to
East, and orbit almost
on
the
same
plane.
The
orbit
is
very
close
to
that
of
the
circle.
(5)
meteor phenomena, meteorites;
Meteor phenomenon
When a solid block of solar system
enters the atmosphere, it
rubs against
the atmosphere, burns and lights the night sky,
known as meteor.
No meteoroids burned down to the earth
surface, the meteoroid
meteorite
called. Meteorites mainly composed of rocks are
called meteorites. It gives us a wealth
of information about
the
formation
and
evolution
of
solar
system
objects,
and
is
an
excellent source of
scientific research. By calculating the
isotopic content of various elements in
meteorites, we can
calculate the age of
meteorites, thus calculating the period
when
the
solar
system
began
to
form.
The
famous
Jilin
meteorites,
meteorites have Chinese China Xinjiang
aerosiderite, Bahrain
Jie, Australia
Moqixun carbonaceous meteorite meteorite.
Meteor shower
Meteoroids originally move around the
sun, and when they pass
through the
earth, they change their orbits by the forces of
the earth and enter the earth's
atmosphere. Many meteors
disperse from
one point of the sky (radiation point) to form
a meteor shower.
Comet 4.
(1) the
meaning of comet
A comet is
a smaller mass of heavenly bodies orbiting the sun
on a flat long orbit,
A cloud shaped appearance.
(2) the composition of comets
A
large
ice
hockey
ball
consisting
of
fragments
of
rock,
solid
particles, and ice crystals
(3) revolution cycle of Halley's comet
Halley's comet is the most
famous comet, with a revolution of
76
years.
5. the human journey
to space and the exploration of the moon
and planets by man
(1) the human journey to space
Time event
In 1957, the Soviet Union successfully
launched the world's
first man-made
earth satellite, marking the opening of space
In 1961, the Soviet Union
successfully launched a manned
spaceship for the first time, and
Gagarin became the first
astronaut to
travel in space
In 1981,
the United States successfully launched its first
manned
space
flight,
the
Columbia,
and
human
exploration
of
the
universe
entered a new phase
In
1993, Russia and other countries began to build
the
international
space
station,
human
spaceflight
activities
into
a new era
(2) human landing on the moon
Time event
In 1959, the Soviet Union's lunar probe
2 successfully landed
on the ground for
the first time
In
1961,
the
United
States
announced
the
implementation
of
the
Appollo
manned lunar landing program
In 1968, the U. S.
flew
around the moon for the first time
In
1969,
American
astronaut
Armstrong
first
stepped
on
the
moon,
the
first successful lunar landing
(3) great events of human exploration
of mercury, Mars, and
Venus
Time event
1989
in
May,
the
American
space
shuttle
sent
the
Magellan
probe
into space
In
April
2001,
the
United
States
launched
the
Odyssey
Mars
probe
In
2003,
the
European
Space
Agency
Mars
Express
Mars
probe
was
launched
In
2003,
the
Mars
rover
rover,
carrying
the
Mars
rover,
launched
into the air
In
2003,
America's
twin,
the
rover,
was
launched
In
2004, the American messenger mercury probe took
the delta
2 rocket to orbit mercury
6., the achievements of
China's space industry
Time
event
In
1960,
China
successfully
launched
its
first
home-made
launch
vehicle
In 1970, the
successfully
launched, marking China's high flying space
In 1975, China successfully
launched the first recoverable
satellite, becoming the third country
in the world to master
the technology
of satellite return
In
1985,
the
long
march
series
of
launch
vehicles took part in
international competition and launched
satellites for other
countries
From
1991
to
now,
the
Shenzhou
spacecraft
was
launched,
in
which
the Shenzhou five
manned spaceship was launched in 2003, and
China
became
the
third
country
in
the
world
to
send
astronauts
into space independently
Third sections of the Milky way and the
universe
1. universe
(1) the composition of the
Milky Way Galaxy
The
Milky
Way
galaxy
is
a
massive
celestial
system
composed
of
numerous stars and interstellar
materials.
(2) size and
shape
The
galaxy
is
discus
shaped
from
side
to
side,
overlooking
the
whirlpool. The Milky way
is about 100 thousand light-years
across.
(3) the
position of the solar system in the galaxy
The
solar
system,
near
the
equatorial
plane
of
the
galaxy,
about
30 thousand light-
years (1 light-years from about 94605
kilometers) away from the center of the
Milky way, is the
central
movement
of
the
solar
system
as
an
ordinary
star
around
the
galaxy.
There
are
about
2
stars
in
the
Milky
way,
such as the sun.
2. the composition of the
universe
At
present,
there
are
about
1
billion
celestial
bodies
similar
to
those
observed
by
the
Milky
way.
These
celestial
systems
are
called galaxies, and all galaxies form
a vast universe. The
cosmic part of
man's observation is called the total galaxy,
which is about 15 billion light-years
away from the earth.
Within
this
range,
the
system
is
composed
of
several
levels
of
celestial bodies, as follows:
3. the origin and evolution
of the universe
(1) Harbert
discovered the characteristics of Galaxy motion
All galaxies are far away
from us. The farther away galaxies
are,
the faster they move. The distance between
galaxies is
constantly expanding.
(2) the Big Bang Theory
About
15
billion
years
ago,
the
universe
we
were
in
was
squeezed