-
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主旨大意题的解题技巧
< br>主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和归纳能力。主要有主题型和标题型
两类,题干中一般有
main idea, topic, title,
mainly about
等字眼。
1
、快速解题法
此类题的阅读文章多属于议论文和说明文,其结构特点常表现为:提出问题——论述
问题——得出结论或阐明观点。考生对这一结构的掌握,有助于迅速掌握文章的主题,把
握文章的脉络,从而快捷而准确地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。
解答此类题目的关键在于迅速抓住阅读文章的主题句。考生只要找准了主题句,对于
阅
读理解中的主旨大意题就迎刃而解了。
主题句的显著特点:主
题句所表达的意思具有明显的概括性;句子结构简单精练;文
章或段落中的其他句子都是
对主题句的进一步解释、说明、论证或扩展。
主题句的五种位
置:
①
文首;
②
文尾;
③
首尾呼应;
④
文中;
⑤
没有主题句。
<
/p>
主题句的确定方法:用浏览法(
skimming
)
,即只需选读文首、文尾,或每段的首句和
尾句等,
重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
2
、辨认主旨小窍门
①
段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句。
②
作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨。
③
首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答可能就是文章主旨。
p>
④
提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:<
/p>
therefore, thus, but, however, in
short
等。
3
、答题基本步骤
< br>①
阅读文章开头几句和最后几句,以便获得有关主题和中心思想的信息。
②
浏览文章的其余部分,寻找能支撑和论证主
题、中心思想的关键词。
③
仔细推敲
各个选项,排除有明显错误或无关信息的选项,从而选出最佳答案。
4
、推敲正误小窍门
①
正确选项常含有抽象名词或概括性词语。
②
正确选项一般不出现细节信息,不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。
③
那些概括全文、容全面、含义深刻、说明
道理的选项一般是正确答案。
④
四个
选项中,容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。
⑤
干扰项特点:细节信息明显,容片面,以偏概全,只含局部信息,或是一句没有展
开论述的话,概括围太宽或太窄,或是此选项没有具体的容。
词义猜测题的解题技巧
这类题包括词义猜测和句意猜测两类;词义又包括单词和短语意义。近几年的高考阅
读理解题中一般有
2
至
3
p>
个小题是直接考查词句意义猜测的。对词义考查主要有对生词词
义的
推测和对熟词生义的推测或是在特定场合下对词或句子的理解。这里着重谈一谈如何
猜测
词的意思。
1
、根据转折关系
.
.
根据上下句之间表示转折或对比关系的连接词,如
but,
however,
otherwise,
< br>though
等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确
定另一词的含义。另
外,分号也可以表示转折,对比或不相干的意义。如:
例
1
:
Any
fool can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell
it.
(卷)
例
2
:A
child’s
birthday
party
doesn’t
have
to
be
a
hassle;
it
can
be
a
basket
of
fun,
according
to
Beth
Anaclerio,
an
Evaston
mother
of
two,
ages
4
and
18
months.
(
全国卷
)
·What does the underlined word “hassle”
probably mean?
A. A party
designed by specialists
B. A plan
requiring careful thought
C. A
situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. A demand made by guests
2
、根据对比关系
表示对比关系的标志词有:
unlike, not,
while, on the other hand, in spite of,
in contrast
等。如:
例
3
:If you agree,
say “Yes”; if you
dissent
,
say “No”.
3
、根据同类关系
< br>同类关系表示意义上的相似关系。
表示同类关系的词和短语有:
< br>similarly,
like,
just
as, also
等。如:
例
4
:
Mr
Green loves to talk, and his brothers are
similarly loquacious.
4
、根据因果关系
表示因果关系的词有:because, so that, so / such …
that … 等。如:
例
5
:
The
flowers in the vase withered because they had no
water.
5
、根据同位关系
<
/p>
阅读中出现的难词有时后面会紧跟一个同位语对其进行解释或进一步补充说明,这时
可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。如:
例
6
:
Yes,
that
is
the
Tai
Mahal,
one
of
the
most
famous
buildings
in
the
world.
(全国卷)
6
、根据并列关系
< br>当词或短语之间有关列连词
and
或
or
(或者、否则)时,其连接的两项容在含义上是
接近的
或递进的,由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域,推辞其大致意思。如:
例
7
:
In
the
ancient
city
of
Rome,
we
visited
every
mansion,
battle
site,
theatre
and
other public halls.
例
8
:And
if
you’ve
gathered
your
friends
around
you
to
rebuild
a
happy
family
atmosphere(
气氛
),
you
may
frear
that
saying
no
will
bring
back
the
kind
of
counflict
you grew up
with
—
or destroy the nice
atmosphere you now enjoy.
·
The underlined
word “conflict” in the second letter
means
.
A. dependent
life B. fierce fight
C.
had manners D. painful feeling
7
、根据比喻关系
.
.
一般由
as…as,
like
等表示。如:
例
9
:
The
hot-air
balloon
took
off.
It
was
as
buoyant
in
the
air
as
a
rose
leaf
in water.
8
、根据定义关系
定义句的谓语动词多为
be, mean, be
considered, refer to, be called, be known
as
等。如:
例
10
:
Sociology is
the term used to describe the scientific study of
human
society.
9
、根据所举实例
一般由
for example, such as,
like
等来表示举例。如:
例
p>
11
:
Many
United
Naitons
employees
are
polyglot.
Ms
White,
for
example,
speaks
six languages.
10
、根据同义关系
根据生词所处语境中的同义词或近义词的意思来推测它的意思。如:
例
12
:
Doctor
s
believe
that
smoking
cigarettes
is
detrimental
to
your
health.
They
also regard drinking as harmful.
11
、根据转换说法
插入语
that is, that is so say,
in other words
以及
namely, i.
e. , or
等都可
以用来对前面的容进行解释,意为“也就
是说”
“即”
。如:
例
13
:
The
cinema is only open to adults, i. e. people over
18.
12
、根据标点符号
冒号、破折号、括号等都可表示对前文的解释或说明。如:
<
/p>
例
14
:
Wit
hout
examinations,
employers
will
look
for
employees
from
the
highly
respected
schools
and
from
families
known
to
them
—
a
form
of
favoritism
will
replace
equality.
(卷)
·The word
“favoritism” is used to describe the phenomenon
that
.
A. bright
children also need certificates to get satisfying
jobs
B. children from well-respected
schools tend to have good jobs
C. poor
children with certificates are favoured in job
markets
D. children attending ordinary
schools achieve great success
13
、根据定语从句
由生词后起修饰限制或起补充说明作用的定语从句推测其意思。如:
例
15
:
Jack
is
now
a
florist,
who
keeps
a
shop
for
selling
flowers
in
our
district.
14
、根据逻辑推理
根据生词前后的搭配关系和上下文的意思等来推测其意思。如:
例
16
:
Al
though the fisherman was wearing
wou’wester
,
the
storm was so
heavy
that he
was wet through.
15
、根据单词发音
有的英语词汇是通过音译进入汉语词汇中的我们可以根据其读音来理解其意思。如:
aspirin(
阿司匹林
),
nylon(
尼龙
),
Olympic(
奥林匹克
),
sofa(
沙龙
), typhoon(
台风
)
等。
.
.
16
、根据生活常识
有时根据生活经验和基本常识可以推测出生词的意思。如:
<
/p>
例
17
:
The
snake slithered through the grass.
17
、根据构词方法
根据前缀、后缀、合成、转换等构词法来推测生词的意思。如:
例
18
:
Af
ter
just
a
few
days
on
the
job,
I
began
noticing
that
the
other
fellows
were overcharging passengers.
(
卷
)
例
1
9
:
Exceptional
children
are
different
in
some
significant
way
from
others
of
the same age. For these children to develop their
full adult potential, their
education
must be adapted(
适应
) to those
differences.
·What does the underlined
word “exceptional” mean in the passage?
A. foolish B. unusual
C. extremely gifted D.
clever
18
、根据文章语境
猜测任何词义都离不开上下文的语境,所以可借助文章语境对需要猜测的词或短语进
行合乎逻辑的推测。如:
例
20
:
Being considered a leader
in our society is indeed of high praise.
Leadership
means
power,
commands,
respect
and,
most
important,
encourages
achievement.
Unlike
vitamin
C,
leadership
skills
can’t
be
easily
swallowed
down.
They must be carefully cultivated.
Different
from
popular
belief,
most
good
leaders
are
made,
not
born.
They
learn
their skills in their everyday lives.
But which do they develop? How do they (and
how can you) get others to follow?
(
卷
)
·The
underlined word “cultivated” (Paragraph 1) roughly
means
.
A. encouraged
B. compared C. examined D.
developed
此外,根据语境要求考生理清某些代词所
指,也是阅读中的一个常考点。
英语中代词使用得比较频繁,文章中的代词
one, it,
that, he, him
或
them
等可以
指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找,有时需
要对前面
提到的容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事。如:
例
21
:
Th
e
President
has
started
using
lookalikes
during
some
public
appearances.
Dave is offered
a chance to “serve his country” by becoming
one.
·The underlined word
“one” in the third paragraph refers to
.
A. the President B. the
director C. an actor D. a
look-alike
词义推测的两个原则:不管这个词多超
纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思;不管这个词
多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合
下的意思。
.