-
promotion of empl
oyment, form a
rea
sonable a
nd
orderly
pattern of
i
ncome
distri
buti
on,
bui
ld a more fair
a
nd sustai
nable
social se
curity
systems, medi
cal and health
system reform. T
he
pl
enar
y,
innovati
on of soci
al
governance, must focus
on the
mainte
nance
of
fundame
ntal interest
s of the
overwhelming majority of the
pe
ople, maximize
fact
ors, e
nha
nce
social development,
impr
oving soci
al governance,
the i
nterests
of national
se
curit
y, e
nsure
t
hat the
people live
a
nd w
ork, soci
al
stabil
ity and
orde
r.
o improve
social gover
nance,
stimulati
ng social
organizati
on,
i
nnovative and effective system of
preventing
and resolvi
ng
social
conflicts, impr
oving
t
he publi
c
se
curity system,
set up the
National Security Council
,
national security systems and
nati
onal
se
curity
strategy to e
nsur
e national
security.
Plenary
sessi
on, the
construction of ecologi
cal
civ
ilization, you
must
esta
bli
sh systems
of ecol
ogical system, using
the system to
protect t
he
ecologi
cal
e
nvironme
nt.
o
improve natural
resour
ces
asset property right system a
nd use
control, red li
ne of delimitation of
e
col
ogical
protecti
on,
re
sources
paid
use system a
nd
e
col
ogical
compensati
on
sy
stem in ecologi
cal
envir
onme
nt
prote
ction management sy
stem
reform. Plenary
sessi
on,
ce
ntering o
n building a
liste
ning party comma
nd, can
wi
n and havi
ng a fine style
of the pe
ople'
s army, a
strong army under the
new
sit
uation of the
party
Goal
s, restricti
ng the
development of
nati
ona
l defense and army
buil
ding i
s
solve
d outstanding
contra
dicti
ons
a
nd
problems,
i
nnovati
on a
nd
development of military
the
ory, enhance milit
ary
strategic guida
nce, improve
t
he military strategy in the
new
period, building a
modern military force system with
Chi
nese
chara
cteristics.
o dee
pen t
he
adjustment of
personnel system reform
in the army, military
poli
cy
and system reform, prom
ote the
development of military and civi
lian
integration de
pth.
Plenary
session
stresse
d that
compre
hensive reform must be to
strengthen a
nd
impr
ove the
party's
leader
shi
p, give full play
to the core r
ole of the
party commands t
he overall
sit
uation and coordi
nating
all parties, impr
oving the
party's leadi
ng water ...
Margin.
Challe
nged t
he
leadershi
p of the Communi
st
Party of Chi
na, Marxi
sm-
Leni
nism and Mao Ze
dong
thought by
Deng
Xiao
-pi
ng's
fla
g, replace
d by
thre
e representatives and the
harmonic societ
y.
The former Communist Party spirit and
social cohesi
on
poi
nt of almost all
politica
l makeover.
Chara
cteristics
of socialism publi
c
ow
nership is
shifting to
private ow
nership,
planned reg
ulation and
market regulati
on, t
he
pr
oletari
an regime
controlle
d by the elite. Of
univ
ersal equality, fairness
a
nd
basi
c
principl
es of
distri
buti
on
sy
stem is socialist societ
y,
however after economic monopolize
d by
powerful, ve
sted interest
s
grow
employers
do
not have t
he same status,
har
dly se
ems fair
socia
l
distri
buti
on.
State key protection
of
capital i
nterests rather
tha
n the i
nterests of
citizens, had
bee
n hits the
bott
om of the prol
etariat
地基承载力标准值特征值设计值的区分
一、原因
与钢、
混凝土、砌体等材料相比，土属于大变形材料，当荷载增加时，随着地基变形的
相应增长
，地基承载力也在逐渐加在，很难界定出下一个真正的“极限值”
，而根据现有的
理论及经验的承载力计算公式，
可以得出不同的值。因此，地基极限承
载力的确定，实际上
没有一个通用的界定标准，
也没有一个适用
于一切土类的计算公式，
主要依赖根据工程经验
所定下的界限和
相应的安全系数加以调整，
考虑一个满足工程的要求的地基承载力值。
< br>它不
仅与土质、土层埋藏顺序有关，而且与基础底面的形状、大小、埋深、上部结
构对变形的适
应程度、地下水位的升降、地区经验的差别等等有关，不能作为土的工程特
性指标。
另一方面，
建筑物的正常使用应满足
其功能要求，
常常是承载力还有潜力可挖，
而变形
已达到可超过正常使用的限值，也就是变表控制了承载力。
因此，
根据传统习惯，
地基设计所用的承载力通常是在保证地基稳定的
前提下，
使建筑
物的变形不超过其允许值的地基承载力，
即允诺承载力，
其安全系数已包括在内。
无论
对于
天然地基或桩基础的设计，原则均是如此。
随着<
/p>
《建筑结构设计统一标准》
（
GBJ68
-84
）
施行，
要求抗力计算按承载能
力极限状态，
采用相应于极限值的“标准值”
，并将过去的总安
全系数一分为二，由荷载分项系数和抗力
分项系数分担，这给传统上根据经验积累、采用
允许值的地基设计带来了困扰。
《建筑地基基础设计规范》
（
GBJ7
－
89
）以
承力的允许值作为标准值，以深宽修正后的
承载力值作为设计值，引起的问题是，抗力的
设计值大于标准值，
与《建筑可靠度设计统一
标准》
（
GB50068
－
20
01
）规定不符，因此本次规范进行了修订。
二、对策
《建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准》
（
GB50068
－
< br>2001
）鉴于地基设计的特殊性，将上一
版“应遵守本
标准的规定”修改为“宜遵守本标准规定的原则”
，并加强了正常使用极限状
态的研究。而《建筑结构荷载规范》
（
GB500
09
－
2001
）也完善了正常使用极
限状态的表达
式，认可了地基设计中承载力计算可采用正常使用极限状态荷载效应标准组
合。
“特征值”
一词，
用以表示按正常使用
极限状态计算时采用的地基承载力和单桩承载力
的值。
三、应用
用作抗力指标的代表值有标准值和
特征值。
当确定岩土抗剪强度和岩石单轴抗压强度指
标时用标准
值；
由荷载试验确定承载力时取特征值，
载荷试验包括深层、<
/p>
浅层、
岩基、
单桩、
锚杆等，见规范有关附录。
地基承载力特征值
fak
是由荷载试验直接测定或由其与原位试验相关关系间接确定和由
此而累积的
经验值。
它相于载荷试验时地基土压力－变形曲线上线性变形段内某一规定变形
所对应的压力值，其最大值不应超过该压力－变形曲线上的比例界限值。
修正后
的地基承载力特征值
fa
是考虑了影响承载力的各项因素后，最
终采用的相应于
正常使用极限状态下的设计值的地基允许承载力。
单桩承载力特征值
Ra
是由载荷试验直接测定或由其与原位试验
的相关关系间接推定和
由此而累积的经验值。它相应于正常使用极限状态下允许采用单桩
承载力设计值。
当按地基承载力计算以确定基础底面积和埋深或按单桩承载力
确定桩的数量时，
传至基
础或承台底面上的荷载效应应按正常使
用极限状态采用标准组合，
相应的抗力限值采用修正
后的地基承
载力特征值或单桩承载力特征值。
即
S
≤
C
，
C
为抗
力或变形的限值；
pk
≤
fa
（地
基）
；
Qk
≤
Ra
（桩基）
。此
时特征值
fa
、
Ra
< br>即为正常使用极限状态下的抗力设计值。
当根据材料性质确定基础或桩台的
高度、
支挡结构截面、
计算基础或支挡结构内力、
确
bvi
ousl
y,
face
Chi
na's Socialist
sy
stem, the Communi
st Party
is not the
party.
In that
case,
politi
cal
chaos ha
s bee
n very tight.
Is remodeling
or
reconstr
ucti
on,
i
s a correction or a
stove.
Whet
her to tur
n
right
or left, is ba
ck to
the source
or put forward
new political i
deas.
This is to determine the
r
oad pr
obl
ems in
China, is al
so the key out
of the de
ep water
of the reform of the
e
conomic sy
stem.
After 18, the new Ce
ntral
coll
ective lea
dership
attaches great importan
ce to
politi
cal
orie
ntation.
First, the
cles
ng point,
starti
ng from the Ce
ntral
Governme
nt's
self
-re
straint,
whi
ch
prea
ches
a
nd
pro-image,
br
oug
ht fresh feeling to
t
he communit
y.
Secondly,
before reform and
openi
ng up and reform and
openi
ng two
periods after
non-negative,
untyi
ng the
tangl
e of the soci
ety a long
time on t
his issue. Third, a
ne
w generation of part
y
leaders on various
occasions to
Mao Ze
-Dong a
nd
Ma
o Ze
-Dong's
thoug
ht of evaluati
on has
room for
manoe
uvre,
throug
h
to the r
uling
i
deol
ogy of Ma
o
Zedong thought, i
s the
call
of the soul t
o the S
ocialist
Revol
ution and
constr
ucti
on. Empty talks
jeopardize
national
interest
s and try again, is
a
n affirmation of De
ng
Xia
o-ping's reform i
deas.
These strong politica
l
signal
showing a
new
ge
neration
of
poli
tical leader
s is still
kee
ping to t
he Socialist
roa
d.
Four is revisiting
t
he
o Ze-Dong's
hi
storical
cycle
of
ofile
anti
-corrupti
on
a
nd t
he
importa
nce
of the
Constit
ution, reorga
nization
is ba
d style of official
dom,
wa
s to civ
ilize people obey
the la
w
, w
hile
impr
oving the col
or change
of the regime of vigila
nce.
Five is to reform into
dee
per waters a
nd stressed
t
hat top
-level
design, this i
s a review on
the reform and openi
ng up in
t
he past, i
s also
look
ing for a way out.
Six
foreign and Russia cl
oser, the
flexibl
e attitude
on the
issue of the
Korea
n
pe
ninsula
,
Sino
-Japane
se
fishi
ng har
dli
ne
China
on the island out of the
nt
ow pr
ofile
sha
dow bega
n to
gradua
lly pla
n
development. Signs show that
t
he new l
eadership
began t
o make a left turn in
politics.
However, as of right now, not
only ide
ologi
cal
confusi
on i
n the
community, the new
lea
dership's
t
hinki
ng is messy.
Ne
w leader
s bot
h
stresse
d the
need
t
o implement t
he
Constituti
on, stresse
d the
need t
o turn off the
power
i
n a cage. Al
so
stre
sses that Mao Zedong
t
hought ca
nnot be lost, 30
years after the reform and openi
ng up
30 years ago
can
not deny
each ot
her.
Bot
h
advocate dem
ocracy a
nd
rele
ase
n does not speak
of
cal
constraint
s. Neit
her
de
ny the
history of the
CPC Central Committee on several issues
...
Comrades: today
brings
t
ogether member
s, mainly in
order to
provi
de
a platform to Exchange a
nd
lear
n from each
other
i
n order t
o facilitate our
work. Just now, we focus
on taxation,
pla
nni
ng and
stabilit
y, safety,
proje
ct
constr
uction, typi
cal topics
such as
private facts
prese
ntation and
interacti
on, and towns currently exist
in the in
-de
pth
a
nalysis
of the problems to
be solved, to ex
plore
new methods t
o solve
t
he pr
oblem. It
can
be sai
d that
summing
up t
he achievement,
no grandstanding
;
analy
sis
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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