2018届高三英语二模汇编--概要写作

2018

届高三英语二模汇编

——

概要写作

、

2018

黄浦二模< /p>

Directions

:

Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more

than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

The Dangerous Downsides of Perfectionism

In

one

of

my

earliest

memories,

I’m

drawing.

I

don’t

remember

what

the

picture

is

supposed

to

be,

but

I

remember the

mistake. My

marker slips, an unintentional line appears and

my

lip trembles. The picture has long

since disappeared. But that feeling of deep frustration, even shame, stays with me.

That’s the thing about perfectionism, a crucially self

-defeating way to move through the world. It makes you

better at your career and relationships and life in general. Culturally, we often see perfectionism as a positive.

But

the

disadvantage

of

perfectionism

isn’t

just

that

it

holds

you

back

from

being

your

most

successful,

productive-self. Perfectionistic tendencies have been linked to a long list of clinical issues: depression, social anxiety

disorder, eating disorders, and most damaging of all,

suicide

(

自杀

)

.

“Based

upon

the

60

-

odd

studies

that

we’ve

done,

the

higher

the

perfectionism

is,

the

more

psychological

disorders you’re going to suffer,” says York St John University’s Hill. “Factors often labeled ‘healthy’ perfectionism,

like

striving

for

excellence,

aren’t

actually

perfectionism

at

all.

They’re

just

conscientiousness

(

尽职尽责

)

—

which

explains why people with those tendencies often have different results in studies. Perfectionism isn

’t

interpreted by

working hard or setting high goals. It’s that critical inner voice.”

Take the student who works hard and gets a poor mark. If she tells herself, “I’m disappointed, but it’s okay; I’m

still

a

good

person

overall,”

that’s

healthy.

If

the

message

is,

“I’m

a

failure.

I’m

not

good

enough,”

that’s

perfectionism.

Perfectionists can make smooth sailing into a storm, a brief ill wind into a category- five hurricane. Eventually,

the behaviours perfectionists adapt, actually, do make them more likely to fail.

答案：

Many of us believe perfectionism is a positive. But researchers are finding that it is nothing short of

dangerous, leading to a long list of health problems and failure in study or life. Besides, perfectionism is

different from

conscientiousness

in

that

the

former

is

connected with

being

particular

about

oneself.

(50

words)

2

、

201 8

普陀二模

Better Memory Causes Boredom

A new study shows that the better your short

-

term memory, the faster you feel fed up and decide you’ve had

enough. The findings appear in

the Journal of Consumer Research

.

Noelle Nelson, assistant professor of marketing and consumer behavior at the University of Kansas School of

Business. She and her colleague Joseph Redden at the University of Minnesota tried to think outside the lunch box.

“Something that was interesting to me is that some people get tired of things at very different rates. When you

think

about

pop

songs

on

the

radio,

some

people

must

still

be

enjoying

them

and

requesting

them

even

after

hearing them a lot. But a lot of other people are really sick of those same songs.” The difference, the researchers

1

supposed, might have to do with memories of past consumption.

The researchers tested the memory capacity of undergraduates. The students then viewed a repeating series of

three classic paintings…like

The Starry Night

,

American Gothic

, and

The Scream

…or listened and re

-

listened to a

series of three pop songs…or three pieces of classical music. Throughout the test, the participants were asked to

rate their experience on a scale of zero to ten. And the better a participant scored in the memory test, the faster

they got bored.

“We

found

that

people

with

larger

capacities

remembered

more

about

the

music

or

art,

which

led

to

them

getting tired of the music or art more quickly. So remembering more details actually made the participants feel

like they’d experienced the music or art

more often.” The findings suggest that marketers could cope with our

desire for their products by figuring out ways to distract us and keep us from fully remembering our experiences.

We could also trick ourselves into eating less junk food by recalling the experience of a previous snack. As for

kids easily bored, just tell them to forget about it—it might help them have more fun.

答案：

A study shows if a person has a good short

-

term memory he is likely to feel bored quickly. Assuming

memories

of

past

experience

may

influence

the

different

rates

at

which

some

people

feel

fed

up,

two

researchers conducted a test, relating students’ memory capacity to their performance, and got the result.

The findings may apply to marketing, self

-

controlling and educating. (60)

3

、

2018

徐汇二模

A Workaholic Economy

Although the output per hour of work has more than doubled since 1945, leisure seems reserved largely for

the unemployed and underemployed. Those who work full

-

time spend as much time on the job as they did at the

end of World War Ⅱ. In fact, working hours have increased noticeably since 1970. Bookstores now abound with

manuals describing how to manage time and cope with stress.

There are mainly two reasons for lost leisure.

Since 1970, companies have responded to improvements in the business climate by having employees work

overtime rather than by hiring extra personnel. Some firms are even downsizing as their profits climb. A host of

factors pushes employers to hire fewer workers for more hours and, at the same time, compels workers to spend

more

time

on

the

job.

Most

of

those

incentives

(

诱因

)

involve

the

structure

of

compensation

(

报酬

).

The

way

salaries and benefits are organized makes it more profitable to ask 40 employees to labor an extra hour each than

to hire one more worker to do the same 40

-

hour job. Once people are on salary, their cost to a firm is the same

whether they spend 35 hours a week in the office or 70. Therefore, it is more profitable for employers to work

their existing employees harder.

For

all

that

employees

complain

about

long

hours,

they,

too,

have

reasons

not

to

trade

money

for

leisure.

“People

who

work

reduced

hours

pay

a

huge

penalty

in

career

terms,”

Bailyn

of

Massachusetts

Institute

of

Technology maintains. “It’s taken as a negative signal about their commitment to the firm.” He adds that many

corporate managers find it difficult to measure the contribution of their employees to a firm’s well

-

being, so they

estimate

staff

productivity

in

terms

of

hours

worked.

Employees

know

this,

and

they

adjust

their

behavior

accordingly.

答案：

People actually work more hours than before despite the increased productivity. On one hand, it

’

s

because the payment distribution system makes it economical for companies to have employees work

overtime than hiring more people. On the other hand, employees tend to work long hours because their

working time is linked to their contribution to the firm. (56 words)

2

4

、

2018

杨浦二模

It is universally true that all parents in the world love their children. However, as parents’ views of life vary,

they show their love in different ways.

The monarch type of parents are intolerant and self-centered. They lay down regulations in the family for

their children to observe. Furthermore, they insist that their children should act upon them without question. With

a

firm

belief

in

their

own

philosophy

of

life,

they

have

little

respect

for

others’

opinions,

least

of

all,

their

children’s. The sentence they say most frequently to their children is,

“ you should do this.”

Contrary

to

the

monarch-type

parents,

the

servant-type

parents

revolve

around

their

children

all

the

time.

They are soft, good- natured, and easy-going. They never deny their children any wish, and cheerfully run to buy

anything their children ask for. They are happy so long as their children are content. With the sincere belief that

love means sacrifice, they are ready to give up anything for their children’s sake. With their children at the center

of their lives, they always ask, “What else can we do for you?”

The friend-type parents, as the term implies, treat their children as friends. They are generous and wise. Like

good friends, they discuss with their children the latest news, share their children’s interests, and listen attentively

to their children’s expression of emotion, whether it is ang

er, fear, joy or sorrow. They have a close relationship

with their children while sticking to their principled stand. They discuss problems with their children rather than

provide ready solution. They respect their children as their equals. They often say:

“Let’s put out heads together

and see what we can do.”

There

is

no

doubt

that

children

welcome

the

third

type

of

parents,

for

a

free,

friendly,

and

sympathetic

atmosphere at home is most favorable to the development of youngsters both in body and in mind. All parents

should re-examine and change some of their ways of showing their love if they want their children to grow up

happily and healthily.

答案：

Parents are generally classified into three different types. The monarch

-

type parents are self

-

centered

and dominant, so they usually force their opinions on children. The servant

-

type parents are child

-

centered,

willing

to

devote

everything

to

meeting

children’s

demands

unconditionally.

The

friend

-

type

parents

are

democratic

and

wise,

who

accompany

their

children

through

effective

communication

and

joint

work.

Children favor the last type.

Parenting

differs

depending

on

parent’s

different

views

of

life.

The

Monarch

-

type

parents

don’t

respect

their children and force regulations upon them. The servant

-

type parents willingly sacrifice everything to

satisfy children’s needs and wishes. The friend

-

type parents, the most welcomed type, are democratic and

friendly while sticking to their principles. A re

-

examination of parenting is necessary for children’s healthy

growth.

5

、

201 8

崇明二模

Do Smartphones Make Us Smarter?

Should teachers allow cellphones in a classroom? A recent study on the way smartphones disturb learning

might help explain the issue. Researchers published findings showing how students were affected by their phones

3

in the classroom. They explored the differences in student performance in four situations: open phone use allowed,

phones allowed in the classroom but could not be used, no phones in the classroom and a no

-

instruction control

group. After watching a 20

-

minute video, students took a short quiz. The result was that the students in a room

without any cellphones performed significantly better on the test. Scientists believe the way we attach ourselves to

our phones could be the problem.

Smartphones have become so strongly established in society that many people are lost without them. We are

now in an age when many people can’t imagine life without a phone. There is even a name for the anxiety caused

by

not

having

one—nomophobia,

which

is

the

powerful

feeling

people

get

when

they

don’t

have

signal,

their

battery is about to die, or they are separated from their phones. Their fear of missing out on important information

or

connections

can

have

a

controlling

effect

on

their

lives

and

can

divide

their

attention

from

other

important

things like learning.

So does information technology help or block the way we think? In the past, people relied heavily on specific

knowledge and knew who in their circle of friends would be most likely to know things in different subjects. Now,

our friend with all the information is the Internet. Indications are that people don’t remember information as well

if

they

know

they

can

use

a

computer

or

phone

to

recall

it

quickly.

So

it

may

be

more

difficult

to

move

information from the Internet into our long

-

term memory.

But the impact of being exposed to so much information isn’t all bad. Reports show that frequent Internet use

can strengthen fast

-

paced problem solving and can speed up the ability to spot patterns in a lot of data.

答案：

Researchers

recently

found

smartphones

influenced

learning.

For

one

thing,

smartphones

have

become an essential part of life, without which people feel at a loss, thus distracting their attention from

learning. For another, people rely so heavily on smartphones that their long

-

term memory can be affected.

However, having access to a large amount of information also benefits people in some aspects. (60 words)

6

、

201 8

长宁二模

The Conflict of the Orders

The types of people who served as officials

in the Roman government changed over time. These changes

stemmed from the attempts of common people to more rights. The struggles became known as the Conflict of the

Orders.

In the early republic, Romans were divided into two classes of people: patricians and plebeians. Patricians

were powerful landowners who controlled the government. As nobles, they inherited their power. Plebeians, who

made

up

most

of

the

population,

were

mainly

farmers

and

workers.

For

many

years,

plebeians

had

few

rights.

They could vote, but they were barred from holding most public offices. Plebeians could not even know Roman

laws because laws were not written down. In court, a judge stated and applied the law, but only patricians served

as judges.

Over

time,

plebeians

increased

their

power

through demand

and

strikes.

They

gained

the

right

to

join

the

army, hold government office, form their own assembly, and elect leaders. In one of their greatest victories, they

forced the government to write down the laws of the Roman Republic. In about 450,B.C. the Romans engraved

their laws on tablets called the Twelve Tables. The laws were placed in the Forum, the chief public square, for all

to view.

4

The first plebeians were appointed to the government in the late 400s B.C. After 342B.C., a plebeian always

held

one

of

the

consul

positions.

By

about

300

B.C.

many

plebeians

had

become

so

powerful

and

wealthy

themselves that they joined with patricians to form the Roman nobility. From that time on, the distinction between

patricians and plebeians was not as important. Membership in the nobility was still very important, however, since

government officials were not paid a salary, only wealthy nobles could afford to hold office. Thus, the nobles still

controlled the republic.

答案：

Romans consisted of two classes: patricians and plebeians. Patricians, the nobles, inherited power and

controlled

the

government.

Plebeians,

the

common

people

having

few

rights,

gradually

gained

rights

through struggles. Later, many plebeians gained power and wealth and became nobles. Only the rich could

afford to hold the unpaid office, so the nobles still controlled Rome. (55words)

7

、

201 8

松江（闵行）二模

Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious

The

everyday

signs

of

conscientiousness

(

认

真

尽

责

)—being

punctual,

careful

in

doing

work,

self

-

disciplined, and

scrupulous

(

一丝不苟的

) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the

model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out,

and

are

concerned

about

the

people

they

work

with.

It’s

the

conscientious

worker

who

helps

newcomers

or

updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always

gets things done on deadline.

Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness

for almost all jobs, from semi

-

skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. Among sales

representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume

of sales.

Conscientiousness

also

offers

a

buffer

(

缓冲

)

against

the

threat

of

job

loss

in

today’s

constantly

changing

market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level

of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

But

conscientiousness

in

the

absence

of

social

skills

can

lead

to

problems.

Since

conscientious

people

demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental

when

others

don’t

show

the

same

high

levels

of

model

behavior.

Factory

workers

who

were

extremely

conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co

-

workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those

they criticized, which damaged their relationships.

When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. Success in

creative professions like art or advertising calls for a balance between wild ideas and conscientiousness. Without

enough

conscientiousness

to

follow

through,

people

become

mere

dreamers,

with

nothing

to

show

for

their

imaginativeness.

答案：

1.

Conscientiousness

is

the

feature

of

model

organizational

employees

and

keeps

the

company

functioning successfully.

2. Conscientiousness has both advantages and disadvantages.

3. With conscientiousness, employees give outstanding performance, so they are less likely to be jobless.

4. Meanwhile, conscientious people without social skills tend to have tense relationships with their fellow

5