预防医学英文总结

名解

*Essential

nutrients:

The

essential

substances

are

vital

for

growth

and

maintenance

of

a

healthy

body

throughout

characteristics: 1/ its omission from diet must lead to a decline in certain aspects of human health; 2/ if the

omitted nutrient is restored to the diet before permanent damage occurs, those aspects of human health hampered by

its absence should regain normal function.

*Acid rain:

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses low

pH (<5.6). Acid rain is caused by emissions of SO

2

and NO

x

.

*Soil:

Soil is the unconsolidated or loose covering of fine rock particles that covers the surface of the earth. It is the

complex of minerals, organic materials, water, air, etc.

*Raynaud

’

s

disease:

a

vasospastic(

血管痉挛的

)

disorder

causing

discoloration

of

the

fingers,

toes,

and

occasionally

other areas.

*Primary

preventive:

Avoid

occurrence

of

an

illness

and

injury

by

preventing

exposure

to

risk

factors.

(prevention

before disease occurrence).

*Eutrophication:

Eutrophication is the ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as

nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system.

*Soil

pollution:

soil

pollution

is

caused

by

the

presence

of

human-made

xenobiotic(

杀虫剂

)

chemicals

or

other

alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper

disposal of waste.

*RNI/RDA:

Recommended nutrients intake/recommended dietary allowance, means nutrient intake that is sufficient to

meet the needs of nearly all individuals (about 70%) in certain age and gender group.

*Kwashiorkor:

is an acute form of childhood protein- energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability(

过敏性

),

anorexia, ulcerating dermatoses and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates.

*Occupational disease:

is chronic ailment that occurs as a result of work or occupational activity. It has a specific or a

strong

relation

to

occupation

generally

with

only

one

causal

agent

recognized.

It

occurs

among

a

group

of

exposed

people with a frequency above the average morbidity of the rest of the population.

*Silicosis:

is a form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust(

石英灰

), and is marked by

inflammation and scarring in forms of nodular lesions in the upper lobes of the lungs. It is a type of pneumoconiosis.

*IDD:

iodine deficiency disorders are a series of diseases caused by insufficiency of intake of iodine.

*Work-related disease:

is a disease without causal relationship with work but which may be aggravated by occupational

hazards to health.

*Air

pollution:

is

the

introduction

into

the

atmosphere

of

chemicals,

particulate

matter,

or

biological

materials

that

cause

discomfort,

disease,

or

death

to

humans,

damage

other

living

organisms

such

as

food

crops,

or

damage

the

natural environment or built environment.

*Health:

is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

*Primitive environmental pollution:

pollution caused by natural disasters and endemic diseases

*Iatrogenic disease:

It is a special disease that affects physical and mental health, as a result of improper diagnosis,

treatment, or preventive measures from health care providers.

*Community health service (CHS):

a systematic approach to the practice of medicine in communities built on principles

of epidemiology and community organizing. A blending of preventive medicine, clinical medicine, and sociology

China

’

s

CHS:

with

leadership

of

government,

participation

of

community,

guidance

of

high

level

professionals,

CHC

offers

services

of

prevention,

clinic,

health

promotion,

rehabilitation,

health

education

and

birth

control.

General

practitioners are the convenient, integrated, continuous.

*Public health:

is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized

efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals.

*Secondary

environment:

artificial

or

remade

environment

which

is

related

with

human

activity

or

man- made

environment pollution.

*Polysaccharide:

including cellulose(

纤维素

), hemicelluloses(

半纤维素

), pectins(

果胶

), gums(

树胶

) and mucilages.

*Occupational

hazard:

it

is

hazard

from

working

conditions

which

include

process

and

operation,

environment

of

workplace and materials and products. The hazards include chemical, physical, biological agents such as dusts, noise

and insects.

*UL:

tolerable upper intake level which do no harm to human body.

简答

*Briefly describe the function of dietary protein.

a)

Producing vital board constituent

b)

Maintaining fluid balance

c)

Contributing to acid-base balance

d)

Forming hormones and enzymes

e)

Contributing to immune function

f)

Forming glucose

g)

Providing energy

*The property and the function of fermentation dietary fibers

Property:Indigestible polysaccharides

a)

Polysaccharide: cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, gums and mucilages.

b)

Noncarbohydrate: lignins (alcohol derivatives).

c)

Insoluble: cellulose, lignins, hemicelluloses

d)

Soluble:

pectins,

gums

and

mucilages,

some

hemicelluloses

(Soluble

fiber

are

digested

by

bacteria

in

the

large

intestine.)

Metabolic products are short chain fatty energy about 3kcal/g.

Function:

a)

Stool large and soft because plant fiber attract water

b)

Binding bile acid and cholesterol

c)

Reduced colon cancer and heart disease

d)

Advise to increase fiber intake using fiber-rich foods, not relying on fiber supplements

*Four elements for diagnosis of occupational disease (HCFL)

a)

History of occupational exposure: agents, duration, location, protection, etc.

b)

Clinical features: personal health history, symptoms, signs

c)

Field investigation and surveillance system: assessment of exposure level, monitoring, environmental inspection,

process, personal protective equipment utilized, etc.

d)

Laboratory or physical examinations: biochemical marker, enzyme, protein, IHC, neurological functions, CT, X-ray,

etc.

*What are the three steps towards the goal of occupational health?

a)

Recognition: hazard and identification

b)

Evaluation: risk assessment

c)

Control: risk management

*What are the origins of occupational hazards?

Working conditions:

a)

Process and operation: regulation, work and rest, ergonomics, intension

b)

Environment of workplace: natural condition, layout and design

c)

Materials and products: equipments, raw materials, by-products, products

*What are the health effects when exposure to occupational hazards?

a)

Occupational diseases: any disease contracted as a result of exposure to risk factors arising from the work activity.

b)

Occupational injury

c)

Work-related

diseases:

without

causal

relationship

with

work

but

which

may

be

aggravated

by

occupational

hazards to health.