-
第一章
名
词
一、名词的分类：
名词就
其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可
数名词。
专有名词：
Beijing
Smith
the United
Nations
可数名词
普通名词：
物质名词：
water, coal, rice
不可数名词
抽象名词：
surprise, honour, help
二、可数名词的复数形式
1
．一般情况，直接加
-s
。
port
（港口）→
ports
；
technique
（技术）—
techniques
2
．以
s, x, ch, sh
结尾发
[s]
、
[
∫]
、
[t∫]
、
[dЗ]
音的词，加—
es
bus
—
buses,
box
—
boxes,
bush
—
bushes
bra
nch
—
branches
，
stomach
—
stomachs
（
stomach
词尾发
k
，故复数直接加
-s
）
3
．辅音字母
+ y
< br>，变
y
为
i
，加
-es
university
—
universities
y
前为元音字母，直接加
-s
boy
—
boys
4
．以
O
结尾加<
/p>
-es
hero
—
heroes
O
前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加
-s
zoo
—
zoos
radio
—
radio
piano
—
pianos
photo
—
photos
5
．以
f
或
fe
结尾，变
f
或<
/p>
fe
为
v
，再加
-es
leaf
—
leaves
wife
—
wives
※以下
f
结尾单词直接加
< br>-s
< br>belief
—
beliefs
（信念）
roof
—
roofs
（屋顶）
pro
of
—
proofs
（证据）
safe
—
safes
（保
险柜）
chief
—
chiefs
（首领）
gulf
—
gulfs
（海湾）
6
．不规则名词
man
—
men,
woman
—
women,
foot
—
feet,
tooth
—
teeth,
goose
—
geese,
mouse
—
mice,
child
—
children,
ox
—
oxen
注
1
：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据
上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，
例如：
sheep
羊
fish
鱼
deer
鹿
means
手段，方法
works
工厂，作品
series
系列
注
2
：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表
示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用
复数形式。
1
个体名词：
man, expert, factory
集合名词：
audience
（观众）
，
c
lass, family
如：
cattle
牛
people
人民
police
警察
注
3
：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体）
，也可看作复数（作为集体的
各个成员）
。
例如：
audience
（观众）
class
（班级）
family
（家庭）
gro
up
（小
组）
Her family is well-known in the region.
她家在该地区是名门望族。
His
family are quarrelling severely about the
property.
她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。
改错：
1. Every possible means
have been tried to cure the boy of his illness.
A
B
C
D
2.
Fish
always sells
well
in
the
markets
because fish
contains
rich
protein,
which can
build you up.
A
B
C
D
3. Is it the
police who is searching the house for a wanted
criminal
（罪犯）
?
A
B
C
D
三、不可数名词
物质名词、
抽象名词均属不可数名词。
前面不能加不定冠词
a / an
，
词尾也不能加—
s
。
请牢记下列典型的不可数名词。
news
消息
information
信息
advice
忠告，建议
progress
进步，进展
knowledge
知识
weather
天气
fun
乐趣
equipment
设备
English
英语
furniture
家具
wealth
财富
damage
损坏
traffic
交通，车辆及行人
baggage /
luggage
行李
clothing
衣服，衣着
word
消息，信息
work
工作
homework
家庭作业
housework
家务
改错：
1
．
What a fun it
is to be bathed in sunlight on the beach in
summer.
A
B
C
D
2
．
At the thought
of gaining such great
wealths by
printing works of famous writers, he
was full of
D
joy.
3
．
What pleasant
surprise it is to bring me such a nice gift !
A
B
C
D
4
．
I feel it great
honour to be invited to give advice on your
teaching papers.
A
B
C
D
5
．
Word of his
sudden death came as shock to us.
A
B
C
D
说明
1<
/p>
：部分抽象名词可与
a
（
an
）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这
2
※
A
B
C
些词有：
surprise, pleasure,
shock, honour, help,
success
等。
当这类词在句中作表语（例
3
）
，作宾补（例
4
）
及在介词
as
之后，词义发生
变化，通
常要加
a / an
。
说明<
/p>
2
：
paper
表示“纸”不可数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有
价证券”为可数名词
。
四、名词的所有格
名词的所有格通常在名词后加—
’s
构成，
用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况：
1
）表示有生命的名词
my
brother’s car
children’s
books
（儿童读物）
students’
rooms
2
）表示国家、城市、地域的名词
C
hina’s population
Beijing’s weather
3
）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词
the
moon’s surface
ten years’ hard work
十年的辛劳
today’s newspapers
20
dollars’ worth of a stamp
一张价值
20
美元的邮票
其他无生命的名词通常用“
of +
名词”的短语表示所属关系。
the object of the sentence
句子的宾语
the title of the film
影片的名字
五、名词的作用
1
）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。
Mr. Li holds an
important position in the government office.
主语
宾语
We elected him monitor of our class.
宾语
宾补
2
）
名词还作其他名词的前置定语，
用于更准确说明某物的用途，
性质，
组成材料等。
a
tea cup
茶杯
a
car
number
车牌号
a
shoe shop
鞋店
a
stone
bridge
石桥
※※名词作定语必须用单数。
man, woman
作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的
名词的单复数决定。
< br>sport
作定语，单复数形式均可。
a man teacher
一个男教师
ten women
doctors
十个女医生
a s
port
（
s
）
shirt
运动衫
the arms race
武器竞赛（特例）
选：
It is said that
the Air Force about $$80
million a year. Really a problem, isn’t
it ?
A
．
bird hit cost
B
．
birds hit costs
C
．
bird hits cost
D
．
bird hit costs
本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词
作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为
A
、
C
。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件
多
次发生，故选
C
。
六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题
3
1
）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析
选：
One of the advantage of
living on the top floor of a high rise
is that you can get a
good
.
（
2001
年上
海高考题）
A
．
sight
B
．
scene
C
．
view
D
．
look
辩析：
sight
1.
看见
2.
视力
3.
视野
4.
风景
scene 1.
（事件发生的）<
/p>
现场
2.
场面
;
情景
3.
景色
4.
（拍电影）
场景，
（舞台）
布置
view 1.
眺望
2.
视野
3.
风景，景色。
look 1.
看
2.
神色
,
表情
looks
=appearance
外貌
本句意
为：
住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，
是能清楚眺望到一切。
故本题答案为
C
。
近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。
2
）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则
选：
1. Summer in ________
south of France are for ________ most part dry and
sunny.
A. /; a
B. the, /
C. /, /
D. the, the
2
．
Most
animals
have
little
connection
with
animals
of
different
kind
unless they kill them for food.
A
．
the
；
a
B
．不填
；
a
C
．
the
；
the
D
．不填
；
the
名词练习
1.
He is a man of
________ and he has_______ interesting_______ in
his life.
A.
much
experience;
a
lot
of;
experiences
B.
many
experiences;
much;
experience
C.
many
experience;
much;
experience
D.
many
experiences;
a
lot
of;
experience
2.
Perhaps
we
need
to
clear
away
these
books
to
make
_______
for
our
new
students.
A. place
B. area
C. room
D.
space
3.
If you are driving to the airport, can
you give me a _______?
A. hand
B. seat
C. drive
D. lift
4.
Being able to
speak another
language
fluently
is a great ______
when
you are
looking for a
job.
A. chance
B. importance
C. assistant
D.
advantage
5.
The _______ of building the Great
Theater ______ only one year.
A. job;
spent
B. work; spent
C. position,
took
D. works,
took
4
6.
He had run
away from home and gone to _______ when he was 16
years old.
A. the sea
B. a sea
C. seas
D. sea
7.
Only
one third of
the people
present
at
the
meeting
were _________ the
new
rules.
A. in
favour of
B. in
agreement of
C.
in for
D.
wit the side of
8.
Everybody
thinks
little of the
film.
In
fact, there
is
no ______ of
it being tried
out in the film festival.
A.
sign
B. use
C. possibility
D.
doubt
9.
Can your
________ with you---- money ,
jewellery
, cameras and so on.
A. gifts
B. suitcase
C.
bags
D. valuables
10.
Students
should be encouraged to finish their
homework_______.
A. of themselves
B. of their own
C. for their
own
D. on their
own
11.
When he
is angry
, his _______ stands up on end.
A. head
B. uniform
C. hair
D. skin
12.
His letter was so confusing that I
could hardly make any ______ of it.
A.
explanation
B.
meaning
C.
sense
D. guess
13.
---Is Mr Smith in?
--- No,
he
’
s asked for _______
leave.
A. a two week
’
s
B. a two-week
C.
a two-week
’
s
D. a two weeks
14.
-----______
car crashed into a tree yesterday
. They
must have been driving too
fast.
---- Every boy and every girl _____ to
drive that fast.
A. Tom and
Jane
’
s; wish
B.
Tom
’
s and
Jane
’
s wishes
C. Tom and Jane
’
s
; likes
D.
Tom
’
s and
Jane
’
s want
15.
________
Mr
Wang
has!
He
almost
never
remembers
where
he
leaves
his
keys.
A. What a poor memory
B. What poor
memory
C. How good a memory
D. How poor
memory
16.
The
_____ change of weather may have some _____ his
health.
A. sudden; caused
B. sudden;
effect on
C. suddenly; bad results to
D. suddenly;
effect on
17.
Because prices of food and clothing and
almost everything else in that country
have steadily gone up the buying
_______ of the dollar has gone down.
A. energy
B. force
C. power
D.
strength
18.
_______ of English is helpful if you
are devoted to _______ English literature.
A. A good knowledge; study
B.
A good knowledge studying
C. Good knowledge; study
D. Good knowledge; studying
19.
---Few
children are as bright as he is, and also, he
works very hard.
5
--- It
’
s no
_______ that he always gets the first place in any
examination.
A. doubt
B.
problem
C.
question
D. wonder
20.
Mary
’
s
handwriting is better than_______ in her class.
A. anyone else
B. anyone
else
’
s
C.
anyone
’
s else
D. other
students
21.
It
really
doesn
’
t
make
any
_____
whether
to
buy
a
laptop
computer
or
a
desktop
computer.
A. choice
B. decision
C. difference
D.
sense
22.
Many students signed
up
for
the _____
race
in the
sports
meeting to be
held
next week.
A.
800-meter-long
B.
800-meters-
long
C.
800
meter
length
D.
800
meters
length
23.
His
behaviour
at
the
party
last
night
seemed
rather______.
Many
of
us
were
quite surprised.
A. out of practice
B. out of place
C.
out of politeness
D. out of pity
24.
These
football players had no strict ______ until they
joined our club.
A. practice
B.
education
C.
training
D.
exercise
25.
If it was not an accident, he must have
done it ________.
A. on purpose
B. in common
C.
on occasion
D. in time
26.
We must keep our room clean. Dirt and
disease go _______.
A.
from
time
to
time
B.
hand
in
hand
C.
step
by
step
D.
one
after
another
27.
_____ is
known to us all, _____ feed on grass while horses
on grain.
A. It , cattle
B. This; cattles
C.
What cattles
D. As; cattle
28.
______
everyone
can
hear
the
speaker
there
is
no______
in
turning
up
the
radio.
A. Now that; point
B. Even if; point
C. Now that,
need
D. Even if;
need
29.
Shelly had prepared carefully for her
English examination so that she could be
sure of passing it on her first
_______.
A. intention
B. attempt
C. purpose
D. desire
30.
No one has
yet succeeded in explaining the ______ of how life
began.
A. cause
B.
problem
C. reason
D.
puzzle
31.
Jack tried
hard
to
get
a
gold
medal
in
this Winter Olympic Games but
he
had
no ______.
A.
luck
B. time
C. fate
D.
entrance
32.
The young man owes his success to many
people , his parents _______.
A. after
all
B.
by chance
C.
on purpose
D. in
particular
33.
I
should like to try that coat on, for I
don
’
t know if it is my
_______.
6
A.
shape
B. model
C. design
D.
size
34.
It
is
important
for
us to employ a
word or phrase
to
the _______
in
language
studies.
A. situation
B. expression
C.
condition
D.
translation
35.
Flight BA 123 to Vienna is now boarding
at _______.
A. Gate 21
B.
21
st
Gate
C. the Gate 21
D.
21 Gate
36.
----Shall we take a walk before dinner?
----- Oh, yes,
______ is my favourite time of a day.
A. the early evenings
B. in the early
evening
C. the
early of the evening
D. early evening
37.
Being poor,
she had to borrow a new _______ so as to attend
the party
.
A.
cloth
B. clothes
C.
clothing
D. dress
38.
Popular music
is liked by many people, but it is not to
everyone
’
s _______.
A. manners
B. smell
C.
taste
D. thought
39.
Such
good
______
should
be
made
of
one
’
s
spare
time
to
study
another
foreign language.
A. chance
B. choice
C. decision
D. use
40.
She
thought
the painting
was of
little ______ , so
she
let
him
have
it
for only
$$15.
A. cost
B.
important
C. price
D. value
41.
There are
three _______ in our clinic.
A. woman
doctor
B. woman doctors
C. women doctor
D. women doctors
42.
I tried every
______ to make him give up smoking.
A.
mean
B. ways
C. meaning
D. means
43.
______ will
conquer nature.
A. The man
B. Man
C.
Any man
D.
The men
44.
Y
esterday I was invited to
the dinner at _______.
A. Turners
B. the Turners
C.
Turners
’
D. the
Turners
’
45.
Jess went to
a _______ for some shoes.
A.
shoes
’
store
B. shoe store
C.
shoe
’
s store
D. shoes store
46.
Standing on
top of the mountain, you
’
ll
get a wonderful _______.
A. joy
B. seeing
C. view
D.
nature
47.
He was chosen _____ of the company.
A. manager
B.
a manager
C. the manager
D. as a manager
48.
---What can I
do for you?
---
I
’
d like to have a ______ of
China Daily.
A. piece
B.
sheet
C. lot
D. copy
49.
______it is
to listen to music!
A. How fun
B. How a fun
C. What a fun
D. What fun
7
50.
What
the
expert
has
said
and
done
will
be
_______
to
the
department
managers.
A. value
B. benefit
C. of valuable
D.
of benefit
1-5
ACDDD
6-10
DACDD
11-15
CCBCA
16-20
BCBDB
21-25
CABCA 26-30 BDABA
31-35
ADDAA
36-40 DDCDD
41-45 DDBDB
6-50 CADDD
第二章
主谓一致
句子的谓语动词和句子的主
语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语
是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主
语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有
以下几种类型：
1
．
带后置定语型
。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。
（
tog
ether
）
with
…
S +
except / but
…
besides
…
rather than
…
as well as
…
V
A
library together with a
lot of books has been given to our school as a
gift.
Two pilots as well as all the
passengers were killed in this plane crash.
两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。
2
．
部分
—
整体型
。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。
70 percent
two-thirds
part
of
the / one’s + n
+V
half
（整体）
all
the rest
1
）
About 70% of
the surface of the earth is covered by water.
2
）
Part of the
books are worth reading, but the
rest
（
of
them
）
are of no value.
※
注：
all
单独
作主语时，
All
指人谓语用复数
。<
/p>
All
指物或事情谓语用单数
。
．．．．．．．
．．．．．．．．．．
1
）
All are eager
to reach an agreement.
所有的人都急于达成协议。
2
）
All is going
well.
一切都进展顺利。
3
．
定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数
。
Each / Every
Either / Neither
Another
+
n
（单数）
+ V
Many a
8
More than one
More than one
graduate wants to go to work in Western China.
不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。
Many a day has passed since the boy was
lost.
那个男孩失踪已有许多天。
4
．
就近一致型
。下列连词连接两
个主语时，及
there be
句型有多个并列主语，谓语
应与最靠近的主语保持一致。
A
or B
1
）
Either you or
I am to meet them at the station.
Either A
or B
不是你就是我要去车站接他们。
Neither A
nor B
2
）
Not
only the teacher but also his students object to
the plan.
Not only A
but
also B
3
）
There is an air-
conditioner and two computers in his office.
There be A, B and C
在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。
5
．
需记住的其他规则
Either
1
）
Neither
of
+ n
作主语，谓语用单数。
Each
None of +
n
（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。
None of +
n
（单数）作主语，谓语用单数。
Either of the answers is right.
两个答案中有一个是对的。
None of the cars was / were damaged.
这些车都没有受损。
None of the food has gone bad.
食物没有变质。
2
）
a number of +
n
（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。
the
number of + n
（复数）作主语，谓语用单数。
A
large number of students
are from the south.
很多学生是南方人。
The
number of students in our school has gone up to
3000.
我校学生数已上升到
3
000
人。
3
）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。
He is one of the few persons who have a
good knowledge of Italian.
他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。
在以上
句子中，
persons
是
who
的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。
（比较）
He is the only one of
the boys who was given a prize.
他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。
当
one
之前有
the only
修饰时，
one
是
who
的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。
4
）单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。
两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。
When and where to hold the meeting
isn’t
decided
yet.
（一个不定式作主语）
What I say and what I think are none of
your business.
我说什么，想什么与你无关
。
（两个并列主语从句作主语）
9
5
）
each, any,
every, no
构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。
Someone is asking you on the phone.
有人在打电话找你。
注：复
合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用
they
，也可用
he
。
Everyone was present at the meeting,
weren’t they
/
wasn’t he
?
Someone has known the news,
haven’t they
/
hasn’t he
?
6
）以
“s”
结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和
学科名作主语，谓语用单数。
The United
Nations was set up in 1942.
联合国建于
1942
年。
The
Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.
《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。
Economics is my major.
经济学是我的主修课程。
7
）某些形容词或分词和定冠词
the
连用表
示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。
The sick have been cured and the lost
have been found.
病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。
8
）由
and
连接
两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
English and Chinese are quite different
languages.
若
and
并列
的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用
单数。
The manager and secretary is as
busy as a bee all day.
那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。
（两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）
War and peace is a contant theme in
history.
战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。
（对立统<
/p>
一的一对事物）
9
）单复数同形的名词如
deer,
means
；集合名词如
family
作主语，如何决定谓语动
词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。
10
11
Exercise 1
主谓一致
1
．
I, who
your friend, will try my
best to help you.
A
．
be
B
．
am
C
．
is
D
．
are
2
．
The United
States must look out of the rights of
citizens.
A
．
its
B
．
their
C
．
ours
D
．
us
3
．
So far as I
know, more than one person
connected with the accident.
A
．
is
B
．
has
C
．
are
D
．
have
4
．
Maths as well
as physics always
me
to much trouble.
A
．
causes
B
．
puts
C
．
cause
D
．
put
5
．
Not only you
and I but Peter, the top student in our grade,
not able to solve the
problem.
A
．
are
B
．
were
C
．
is
D
．
am
6
．
There
one or two things that I
have to mention.
A
．
is
B
．
are
C
．
has
D
．
have
7
．
Either I or my
accountant
（会计）
to
blame for the loss ?
A
．
Is
B
．
Are
C
．
Am
D
．
Does
8
．
So
far
70%
of the
poor
in
this
area
out
of
poverty
（贫困）
with
the
help
of
the
local
government.
A
．
has
got
B
．
are getting
C
．
have got
D
．
had got
9
．
Collecting
stamps as a hobby
increasingly popular during the past
ten years.
A
．
became
B
．
becomes
C
．
has become
D
．
have become
10
．
Whether or not
the new plan will produce any
positive
（积极的）
results
to be seen.
A
．
remain
B
．
is
remained
C
．
remains
D
．
have remained
11
．
Too much work
and too little rest
bad
health.
A
．
lead to
B
．
leads to
C
．
result in
D
．
result from
12
．
He is the only
one of those speakers who
ideas perfectly clear.
A
．
make their
B
．
makes his
C
．
express their
D
．
express
13
．
Every possible
means
tried, but
without much result.
A
．
has been
B
．
have been
C
．
are
D
．
is
14
．
Ten minutes
an hour when one is waiting
for a phone call.
A
．
seem
B
．
look
C
．
seems
D
．
looks
15
．
All we have
seen and heard
our memory.
A
．
is deeply
impressed on
B
．
great impress
C
．
are strongly
impressed in
D
．
highly
impresses
1-5 BAABC
6-10 AACCC
11-15
BBACA
12
第三章
代
词
单
数
人
称
代
词
物
形
容词
性
主
代
词
Himself
反身代词
myself
yourself
herself
itself
ourselves
yoursel
ves
themselves
名词性
mine
yours
his
hers its
ours
yours
theirs
my
your
his
her its
our
your
their
宾格
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
主格
第
一
人
称
I
第
二
人
称
you
第
三
人
称
he
she
it
第
一
人
称
we
复
数
第
二
人
称
you
第
三
人
称
they
一、人称代词的用法
1
．人称代词的主格在句中作主语
He is always thinking more of others
than of himself.
2
．人称
代词的宾格作动词和介词的宾语
Y
ou
can’t trust
him.
Who
else wants to go for a picnic besides him ?
注
1
．主格，宾格均可作表语，在口语中用
宾格较多
If I were
she
, I would act on the doctor’s
advice.
——
Who is knocking at the door ?
——
It’s
me.
※
注
2
．作主语的人称代词孤立地使用在无谓语动词的句中，常用宾格
——
I want an apple.
——
Me, too.
“What ! Me to say sorry to him ?
No!”
注
3
．两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是：
单数按
2
，
3
，
1
人称排列；复数按
1
，
2
，
3
人称排列。
Y
ou, she
（
< br>Mary
）
and I must attend
today’s meeting.
※
I and Tom are to blame.
该责备的是我和汤姆（在承认错误或自我批评时，说话人一般把自己
放在
他人之前讲。
）
二、<
/p>
it
的用法
1
．代替已提到的事物或上文提及的情况
He
bought a magazine and lent it to me.
Her
mother has died. It is a terrible shock to her.
她母亲死了。这对她打击很大。
13
2
．用于
I
t+be+n/adj
句型中，说明天气、时间、距离等
It is freezing cold today.
It is f
ive minutes’ ride
from here to the station.
3<
/p>
．
（未指明但谈话双方都明白的）那件事；那种情况。
-------- Do you like it here?
------- Oh, yes. The air, the weather,
the way of life. Everything is nice.
4
．代替性别尚不明的婴儿和小孩
She was holding a baby in her arms and
it was crying.
5
．作形式主语或形式宾语，代替作
主语或宾语的不定式，动名词或从句
It
was kind of you to send me a present.
（<
/p>
it
作形式主语）
I make it a rule to walk two miles a da
y.
我通常一天步行二英里。
（
it<
/p>
作形式宾语）
I
take it
that you don’t agree with me
.
我的理解是，你和我看法不同。
（
it
作形式宾语）
☆
注：少数动词，如
take
（理解）
，
hate
，
dis
like
，不能直接带宾语从句，须在动词和宾语从
句之间，加
形式宾语
it
。
5
．
It is/was …
that ….
构成强调句，强调句中某一部分
It was I that/who told him about it.
（强调主语
I
）
三、物主代词
1
．形容词性物主代词只能作名词的前置定语，不能单独使用
Those people are my schoolmates.
2
．名词性物主代词单独使用，在句中作主语，表语和宾语
作主语
Y
our bike is black.
Mine
（
Mine = My
bike
）
is red.
作表语
This fault is
yours, not hers.
这是你的过错，不是她的错。
作宾语
There is
something wrong with my bike. May I use yours ?
3
．名词性物主代词与
of
连用构成双重所有格
1
）表示部分概念
Y
esterday I came across an
old friend of mine
（
= one of
my old friends
）
in the
street.
2
）表示强调
We show great interest in this
invention of yours
（
= your
invention
）
Be
sure not to believe that daughter of
hers
（
her
daughter
）千万别信她的那个女儿。
四、反身代词
1
．作动词或介词的宾语
She has been teaching herself English.
她一直在自学英语。
2
．作表语
I
am not quite myself today.
我今天身体不太好。
3
．作主语或宾语的同位语，译
“
亲自
”
；
“
本人，自己<
/p>
”
The mayor
himself will look into the matter.
市长将亲自调查这件事。
Y
ou’d better ask the patient
himself about his trouble.
关于病人的病情，你最好问他自己。
4
．反身代词的重要短语
14
I gave the room
a good cleaning all by myself. by oneself = alone
/on my own
独自一人
I
will be myself in no time.
be oneself
身体或大脑正常
Please make yourself at home.
请不要受拘束
help oneself to sth.
自行取用，随意拿取
Help yourself to apples.
No
one was there, so she helped herself to all the
money on the table.
He came to
himself a few minutes later.
come to oneself
苏醒
It is better to
think for yourself.
think for onself
独立思考，自己作出决定
I’d
be grateful (thankful) if you keep this
information to yourself.
keep sth. to oneself
不把某事告诉别人
五、相互代词
each
other
一般指两者；
one another
一般指三者或三者以上。但现在可以通用，不加区别。在
句中仅作宾语，不能
作主语。
We should care
for each other and help each other.
They often stay at one another’s
houses.
他们经常住在彼此的家里。
六、不定代词
1
．
some
和
an
y
some
及复合代词
someone,
something
用于肯定句。
any
及复合代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。
Some of the milk has gone bad.
I haven’t any money on me.
If anything unusual happens, let me
know.
若发生异常情况，请告诉我。
注
1
．若表示请求，建议，尽管是疑问句，
用
some
，不用
any
。
Would you like
some more coffee ?
Shall I bring
some food to the party ?
注
2
．
any
及复合代词也可用于肯定句，表示
三者
或三者以上
中任何一个。
．．
．．．．
I
think any of his movies would interest you.
——
Which would you like,
tea, coffee or wine ?
——
Any will do.
随便哪一个都行。
2
．
each
和<
/p>
every
each
用于强调两个
或两个以上的人或事物中每一个
。既可作定语，也
可作主语和宾语。
．．
．．．．．．．．．．．．．
Each of the boys has his strong and
weak points.
There is a bookstore on
each side of the street.
every
（形容词）用于表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中每一个
。在句中只能作定语
。
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
．．．．．
I have read every book he
lent me.
请注意以下不定代词的特殊用法或固定搭配
①
I have read it in some
magazine.
some
修饰单数可数名词，相当于
a
certain
15
②
She is something like his
mother.
她有点像她的母亲。
③
He is something of an
expert at computers.
他是一个出色的电脑专家。
④
She is nothing but a
dancer.
她只不过是一个跳舞的。
（
nothing but =
only
）
⑤
He was anything but
pleased at the
news.
听到这个消息他一点不高兴。
（
anything but = not … at
all
）
3
．
both, either,
neither
和
all, any, none
both
两者，双方；
neither
（两者）都不，
（两者中）无一；
eith
er
（两者之中）任何一个；
all
（三者或三者以上）全体人员，所有东西。
none
（三者或三者以上）都不。
any
（三者或三
者以上中）任何一个。
作用：
1
）作主语
Both of his students are from
Beijing.
Either of the
teams has the chance of winning.
Neither of his novels is satisfactory.
None of us have
（
h
as
）
ever been abroad. None of
the money was paid to me.
2
）作名词的定语
He spent all his money.
Both sides are eager to reach an
agreement.
There is a post office on
either side of the street.
Neither seat is
occupied.
两个位子都空着。
3
）
both, all, each
作主语同位语，位于
be
动词
/
助动词和行为动词中间。
作宾语同位语，置于宾语之后。
They are both
（
all
）
tired of
reading.
We each have
different opinions about it.
I will invite you both = I will invite
both of you.
选择：
——
Have you any money ? I need some badly.
——
Sorry
.
at all.
A.
Nothing
B. No one
C. None
D. A
little
注
1.
指带没有上文中提到的人或物，
用
none.
不能做定语。下句是典型病句
:
Luckily, none
passengers were injured in the car accident.
3. no one
仅指人；
no one, nothing
等不定代词不能接
“
of +
n.
”
结构
Everyone of us likes it.
判断下列句子是否正确。如果有错，请改正。
1
．
The Parkers
bought a new house, but they will need a lot of
decoration before they move in.
A
B
C
D
2
．
Some people
make more money than we teachers, but few gain as
much satisfaction from
A
16
B
C
his work.
D
3
．
Between you and
I, we have nothing in common.
A
B
C
D
4
．
Y
ou
have to hurry up if you want to buy something
cheap because there is hardly something
A
B
C
left.
D
5
．
The men and
women who pushed the
frontier
（边境）
Westward across
America probably
A
never thought of them
as brave pioneers.
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
a solid bank account.
7
．
There are two
buses to Baihai Park. Y
ou can take each
of them.
A
B
C
D
8
．
Believe it or
not. There is such no thing which will happen
here.
A
B
C
D
9
．
His refusal
came as none surprise. I expected it.
A
B
C
D
10
．
When each the
pop star stepped into the hall, all the people
present burst into cheers.
A
B
C
D
另外，替代上述之事用
that, this, it
；替代下文要说的事，用
this
：
Her mother was ill. That /
This is why she couldn’t come.
The problem is
this
：
he is suffering from
cancer.
4
．
one
和
that
1
）
one
替代上文提到的同种类的人或事物
，但非同一个人或物。
one = a +
单数名词。
——
What do you think of the
watches ?
——
Excellent. I’m going to buy one. = I
going to buy a watch like them.
其复数形式为
ones
。
< br>The white coats match the hat than the blue ones.
白色上衣比蓝色上衣更配
这顶帽子。
one
只能替代可数名词
。若其有形容修饰
，需加
“a”
；若其后有限制性后置定语，需加
“the”
。
．
．
．
．．．．．．．．
例
1
：
This hat is too
small for me. Can you change it for a bigger one ?
例
2
：
This
picture is the one my mother wants to have very
much.
2
）
tha
t
替代上文提到的同种类的事物。
that = the +
单数名词，常用
that of
…
结构。
例
1
：
My
seat was next to that of the
mayor.
（
that = the
seat
）
例
2
：
The
air of a suburb is clearer than that of a city.
郊外的空气比都市的干净。
17
6
．
My wife and I
reached the agreement that everything is more
important for us than building
that
可替代可数名词（例
1
）
，也可替代不可数名词（例
2
< br>）
。其复数形式为
those
。
Our rules are quite
different from those of other organizations.
one
和
that
作
“
替代
”
的
用法，是高考的一个重点热点。
5
．疑问代词
who, what,
which
1
）
whi
ch
既可指人，也可指物。表示在一定范围内
“
哪一个
”
。
Which of these ideas costs the least ?
在这些办法中，哪一个花费最小？
Which do you prefer, classical music or
popular music ?
2
）
who
（谁）
，
w
hat
（什么）则用于无选择范围的情况。
Who are you talking about ?
What is your hobby ?
你的业余爱好是什么？
6
．部分否定
1
）
everyone,
everything
可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句。
——
Is everyone here ?
——
Y
es, except Li
Ming.
2
）
not
与
both, all,
everyone,
everything
及副词
always,
entirely / wholly
（全部地）连用，表示
部
分否定，译
“
并非
…
< br>都是
”
Not
everyone is kind. = Everyone is not kind.
并非所有人都善良。
All
your answers are not correct.
I
don’t wholly agree with you.
我并不完全同意你的看法。
选择：
I agree with most of what
you said, but I don’t agree with
.
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D.
nothing
答案
A
7
．
other, the
other
, the others, the rest, another
1
）
other (adj)
其他的，仅作定语，修饰复数名词。
no / some /
any / many
other
可修饰单数或
复数名词
Can we settle this problem in other
ways ? Y
ou have no other choice but to
wait.
I have many other questions
to ask.
Please come to my
home some other time.
2
）
another
同类中另一个
Would you like another cup
of tea ?
Give me another chance,
please.
I need another three
dollars = I need three more dollars.
我还需要三美元。
3
）
others
泛指其他人，别人或其他东
西，常与
some
对照使用，表示
“<
/p>
有的
…
有的
…”
It is like her to think of
others.
Some people believe in God; others
don’t.
4
）
the other
表示两者的另一个。
He
has two sons. One is thin and the other is fat.
5
）
the others /
the rest
表示除去一部分其余的人或物。
the
others
代替可数名词；
the
rest
可代
替可数或不可数名词。
Some of the boys went swimming, while
the others lay on the beach, bathed in sunlight.
一些男孩去游泳，其余的躺在沙滩上沐日光浴。
18
用
other, the other, the
others, the rest, another
填空：
1
）
I don’t know
pop music. So I can h
ardly tell one
song from
.
2
）
Y
ou
might as well paint
side of the wall white.
3
）
Perhaps he came
here for
reasons.
4
）
Some of the
equipment is made in China;
is introduced from Japan.
5
）
We must try to
meet the needs of
.
Exercise
代
词
1. Shanghai is
really a fascinating city and
we
’
ve decided to stay for
______ two weeks.
A. another
B.
other
C. the other
D.
other
’
s
2. ---Do
you like ______ here?
---Oh, yes, the
air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is
so nice.
A. this
B. these
C. that
D. it
3. I like _____ in the autumn when the
climate is clear and bright.
A
．
it
B
．
that
C
．
this
D
．
one
4. We considered _____
logical
（符合逻辑的）
that not all
plans can be put into practice.
A
．
that
B
．
quite
C
．
it
D
．
very
5. --- Are the new rules working ?
---
Y
es, ______ books are stolen.
A
．
Few
B
．
Some
C
．
Less
D
．
None
6. --- Have you any money with you ? I
need some badly
--- Sorry
, but _____ .
A
．
not
B
．
nothing
C
．
none
D
．
quite a little
7. --- How much tea is left in the pot
?
--- ______.
19
A
．
None
B
．
Nothing
C
．
Not some
D
．
No
one
8. ---Y
ou have no
difficulty finding the answer to the question?
---_______.
A. Not a little
B.
No problem
C. None at all
D. Neither
9. --- Do you have_____
ready for tonight’s party ?
---
No. I still have to send all the
letters of invitation.
A
．
anything
B
．
something
C
．
everything
D
．
nothing
10. --- Do you mind if Peter join you
in your work ?
--- Y
es, I do. I will be
glad to work with _____ Peter.
A
．
anyone but
B
．
no one except
C
．
all besides
D
．
everyone and
11. --- Where do you think I should put
this pot of flowers ?
--- Put it on _____ side of
the meeting hall.
A
．
every
B
．
any
C
．
each
D
．
either
12. As is expected, cities like Cario
and Jakarta probably would _____ have a population
of
20 million by 2010.
A
．
both
B
．
each
C
．
every
D
．
either
13.
Y
ou
should
learn
to
think
for
yourself;
nothing
taught
by
others
can
have
the
same
effect on you as ______
learned by yourself.
A
．
what
B
．
it
C
．
that
D
．
the one
14. ---
Why don’t we take a
little break
?
---
Didn’t we
just have
_____ .
A
．
it
B
．
that
C
．
one
D
．
this
15.
If this dictionary isn’t
yours,
______ can it be ?
A
．
what else
B
．
who else
C
．
which elses’
D
．
who
else’s
16.
New
English-Chinese
dictionary
has
been
republished
many
times,
more
up
to
date
than the
last edition.
A
．
every
B
．
either
C
．
each
D
．
any
17.
They couldn’t have
dinner in a restaurant because
_____ of
them ____
money.
A
．
all, didn’t
have
B
．
everyone, had
no
C
．
none, had any
D
．
no one, had any
18. Most of the equipment is made in
China; _____ imported from Japan.
A
．
others
B
．
the others
C
．
the rest
D
．
the
other
19.
It
is
one
thing
to
enjoy
listening
to
good
music,
but
it
is
quite
_____
to
perform
skillfully yourself.
A
．
another
B
．
other thing
C
．
others
D
．
the other
20
．
The man is so
familiar to me. I must have met him one day _____
.
A
．
or the other
B
．
or another
C
．
or else
D
．
or
something
21. One of the sides of the
board should be painted yellow, and _____ .
A
．
the other is
white
B
．
another white
20
C
．
the other white
D
．
the rest white
22. I intended
to compare
notes with a
friend, but
unfortunately _____
couldn
’
t spare even
one minute.
A.
they
B. one
C. who
D.
it
23. I read about it in some book or
other. Does it matter _____ it was ?
A
．
where
B
．
what
C
．
how
D
．
which
24
．
There is _____
thing _____ private
ownership
（私有制）
of land in
China today
.
A
．
no
such a, as
B
．
no such, as
C
．
such no, as
D
．
no
such, like
25. --- Is David a man with
good manners.
--- I
don
’
t think so. As a matter
of fact, he is ______ but polite.
A.
something
B. everything
C.
nothing
D.
anything
26.
Meeting
my
uncle
after
all
these
years
was
an
unforgettable
moment,
_____
I
will
always treasure.
A. that
B. one
C. it
D. what
27. ---
Can I help you?
---
I
’
d
like
to
buy
a
present
for
my
father
’
s
birthday
,__
___
at
a
proper
price
and
of
great use.
A. one
B. it
C. that
D. those
28.
The
Parkers
bought
a
new
house
but
_____
will
need
a
lot
of
work
before
they
can
move in.
A. they
B. it
C.
one
D. which
29. --- What do you think of her idea?
--- I was not in the least surprised
for I had fully expected ______.
A.
that much
B. as much
C.
very much
D. so much
30. --- What an
amazing film. It
’
s the most
interesting film I
’
ve ever
seen.
--- But I
’
m
sure it won
’
t interest
_______.
A. somebody
B.
anybody
C. everybody
D. nobody
31. He
seems to have little, if ______,to do with it.
A. so
B. any
C. some
D.
anything
32. In that case,
it was ______ she could do not to cry
.
A. something
B. anything
C. all
D. nothing
33.
If
your
daughter
can
make
what
her
teachers
teach
______,
she
will
make
rapid
progress.
A. it
B. that
C. herself
D.
hers
34.
Due
to
lack
of
fund
and
equipment,
we
have
______
choice
than
to
give
up
the
experiments.
A. some other
B. other
C. another
D. no other
35. --- Who on earth could it be?
--- It was ______ other than Clint
Eastwood.
21
A.
nobody
B. none
C. nothing
D. not
36. --- Is Jissica a diligent student?
--- No, but she is a lazy one, if
______.
A. something
B. everything
C. anything
D. nothing
1-5 ADACA
6-10 CACCA
11-15 BBCCD
16-20 CCCAB
21-25 CADBD
26-30 BABBC
31-36DCDDBC
第四章
冠
词
一、冠词的种类
冠词可
分成不定冠词
a
，
an
和定冠词
the
。
二、泛指和特指的定义
1
．
泛指
：一般提及人或事物，不作具体说明
叫泛指。下列两种情况为泛指
a
）未明确交待的人或事物
I met her in a coffee shop near the
station.
我在车站附近的一家咖啡馆遇到她的。
b
）表明数量“一”
He asked for a book and two magazines.
他要一本书和两本杂志。
2
．
特指
：具体指明人或物叫特指，其基本意
思是“这，那”
。下列三种情况为特指。
1
）上文提到过的人或物
I bought a book yesterday. The book is
of great value.
昨天我买了一本书，这本书很有价值。
2
）说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物
——
When will the
meeting be held?
——
At 2:00 o’clock in the
afternoon.
3
）带有限制性的后置定语
The movie directed by Mr. Zhang Yimou
was a great hit.
张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。
三、冠词使用的基本规则
1
．可数名词
单数可数名词
复数可数名词
泛指
a book
books
特指
the book
the books
表示泛指，单数可数名词用不定冠词
a
（<
/p>
an
）
，复数名词不用冠词。
表示特指，可数单数名词和复数可数名词，均用定冠词
the
。
2
．物质名词和抽象名词
物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。
Blood is thicker than water.
血浓于水。
Wisdom is better than strength.
智慧胜于力量。
22
特指的物质名词和抽象名词，用定冠词
the
。
The snow in
front of the house is beginning to melt.
房前的雪开始融化了。
a(n)
与物质名词连用，可表示种类或一杯之量。
Maotai is an excellent wine. Bring me a
coffee, will you?
选择：
The warmth of
sweater will of course be determined by
the sort of
wool used.
A
．
the
；
the
B
．
the
；不填
C
．不填
；
the
D
．不填
；不填
四、需要用定冠词的其他几种情况
1
．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词之前。
the sun, the moon, the earth, the
world, the sky
2
．用于表示方位名词，序数词和形
容词最高级之前。
sail to the
east
turn to the right
This is the most expensive of all the
clothes.
This is the third time that
he has been elected chairman of the Student Union.
3
．与某些形容词或分词连用，代表一类人或事物。
I was brought up to respect
the old.
我从小就接受教育，要敬爱老人。
The beautiful can never die.
美是永恒的。
4
．用在表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、沙漠，建筑物等名词之前。
the Pacific
（
Ocean
）太平洋
the South-China sea
南中国海
the Sahara
哈拉沙漠
the Persian Gulf
波斯湾
the Beijing Station
北京车站
5
．用于
姓氏的复数形式之前，表示“夫妇”或“一家人”
。
The Turners are sitting at lunch table.
特纳一家正吃午饭。
6.
由普通名词构成的专有名词（如国家，党派等）前。
例：
the United States; the
Communist Party of China
7.
用在表示发明物的单数名词前。
The telephone was invented by
Bell.
8
．用在某些固定短语中：
on the spot
当场
on
the whole
总的来说
for
the most part
多半，在多数情况下
out
of the question
不可能
五、不用冠词的其他几种情况
1
．
物质名
词，抽象名词（见第三章）
，人名，地名等专有名词前。
Air is important to us.
Beijing is the capital of
China.
2
．表示
季节、月份、周日、节假日（中国传统节例外）名词之前。
I
like spring
most. I’m going to return
to England at
Christmas Day.
若具体指明哪一年的季节，应有定冠词。
The war broke out on the spring of
1942.
3
．表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名
词之前
He is good at maths. I like
playing football.
I often go to
school without breakfast.
23
注：强调一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。
Mother cooked me a nice dinner this
morning.
The dinner cooked by my
mother tastes delicious.
4
．表示
正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词，在句中作宾补或同位语。
He has been elected chairman of the
student union.
Mandela, president of South
Africa, was awarded the Nobel prize for peace in
1997.
南非总统曼德拉于
1997
年获得诺贝尔和平奖。
5.
在与
by
连用的交通工具名称之前。
例
:by taxi, by bike, by boat
但注意：
get into a taxi, take a
bus, on the train
等表达形式。
6
．某些固定短语中，要求不用冠词。
at present
目前
take part in
参加
in
peace
平安，平静
by chance
碰巧
注意：有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。
at table
在进餐
in hospital
住院
in the
hospital
在医院工作或参观等
out of question
不成问题
out of the
question
根本不可能
at
the table
坐在桌子旁
be in charge of
负责?
by
day
在白天
by the
day
按天计算
7
．高考中冠词考查热点
选择：
Summers in
south of France are for
most part dry and sunny.
（
2000
年春季高
考）
A
．
the
；不填
B
．不填
；
the
C
．不填
；不填
D
．
the
；
the
答案为
D
。分析：方位名词要用定冠词
the
，
故可考虑的选项为
A
、
D
。
for the most part
为固
定短语，故答案为
D
。近几年来，高考试卷对
冠词的命题方式大多数情况是，一空考冠词的基本
用法，一空考固定短语中冠词使用。因
此在我们学习固定短语中，一定要留神并准确记忆固定短
语中名词前使用的冠词。
24
be in the charge of
由?负责
冠词练习
1. ______on-
going division between English-speaking Canadians
and French-speaking Canadians is
______
major concern of the country.
2.
---Where is my blue shirt?
---
It
’
s in the washing machine.
Y
ou have to wear _____ different one.
A. any
B. the
C. a
D other
3. The
sign reads
“
In case of
_____ fire, break the glass and push _____ red
button
”
.
A. / , a
B.
/ , the
C. the, the
D. a , a
4. There is ______
dictionary on ______ desk by your side.
A. a, the
B. a, a
C. the, a
D. the, the
5. Jumping out
of _______ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite
______ exciting
experience.
A. /, the
B. / , an
C. an , an
D. the, the
6. One way to
understand thousands of new words is to gain _____
good knowledge of
basic
word formation.
7. The cakes are delic
ious.
He
’
d like to have _____
third one because _____ one is rather too small.
A. a, a
B. the, the
C.
the, a
D. a , the
8.
The warmth of ______ sweater will of course be
determined by the sort of _____wool used.
A. the, the
B. /, the
C. the, /
D. / , /
9. Mr Smith, there
is a man at _______ front door who says he has
______news for you of great
importance.
A. the, /
B.
the, the
C. / , /
D. / , the
10.
A
bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in
______ leg.
A. a
B.
one
C. the
D. his
11.
Paper
money
was
in
______
use
in
China
when
Marco
Polo
visited
the
country
in
_____
thirteenth century.
A. the,
/
B. The, the
C.
/, the
D. / , /
12.
It
is
not
rare
in
______
that
people
in
______
fifties
are
going
to
university
for
further
education.
A. 90s, their
B. the 90s, /
C. 90s, the
D. the 90s,
their
13.
People
regard the wheel as _____ invention of the first
importance in _____ human history.
A.
an , the
B.
an; /
C. the, the
D. the, /
14.
Y
oung as he is , David has
gained ______ rich experience in _____society.
A. /, /
B. the, the
C.
a, /
D. /,
the
15. The
party last night was _____ success. We sang and
danced until
it came to ______
end at
twelve.
A. a , the
B. the, an
C. a , an
D. / , an
25
16.
She is
usually on _____duty in her office every _____
days.
A. the, a
B. / , /
C. / , a
D.
a , /
17. The two rooms are of _____
size. But another two rooms are twice _____ size
of
them.
A. the,
the
B.
a, a
C. the, a
D.
a , the
18.
Cleaning women in big cities usually
get paid by ______ hour.
A. the
B. a
C. an
D. /
19.
----He wants
to have ______ word with you.
---- I
know ______ word has come that I am the next
person he wants to talk to.
A. / , the
B.
a , the
C.
a , /
D.
the, a
20. Mr Smith told us that _____
gold medal his son had got was considered _____
great
honour to
the whole family.
A. the, /
B.
a, a
C. the, a
D. a, the
21. Who do you
think will take_____ office next month and become
______ of that country?
A. a, the
B.
/ , the
C.
the, /
D.
/ , a
22.
--- Do
you think an advertisement is ______help when you
look for a new job?
--- Well, it all
depends. Anyway, it gives me more of ____ chance
to try.
A. a , a
B.
/ , /
C. the, the
D. a , the
23.
Although
he
knew
______little
about
_____
large
amount
of
work
done
in
the
field,
he
succeeded where more well-informed
experimenters failed.
A. a, the
B.
the, a
C. a, /
D. / , the
24.I got ____ bad
toothache yesterday, which kept me awake ______
whole night.
A. a, the
B. / , a
C. the, a
D.
a , /
25.
______
person like him won
’
t be
simply satisfied with ______ little progress that
has
been
made.
A. The, a
B. The, /
C.
A, /
D. A
, the
26. I smoke out of ______ habit, not
for ____ pleasure; for I have been in the habit
for 20 years.
A. a, the
B. the, a
C. / , the
D / , /
27. Many people are still in ______
habit of writing silly things in ______ places.
A. the, the
B.
/, /
C. the, /
D. / , the
28. I wonder what it feels
like to become one of _____ really
rich. The Jenkins already hav
e two
Roll Royces and now they are buying
_____ third!
A. the, a
B. the, the
C. / , a
D. / , the
29.
In the face of _____ failure, it is the most
important to keep up ______ good state of mind.
A. / , a
B. a , /
C. the, /
D. / , the
30.
--- What
drinks shall I order?
--- _____ large
coffee for me. Oh, you may as well bring me _____
hot chocolate too.
A. / , the
B. A, /
C. A
, a
D. / , /
31.
I hear that
______ apple juice is _____ healthy drink .
A. / , a
B. / , /
C. an , a
D.
the, /
26
32.
All
these
changes
will
lead
to
______
strong
and
powerful
China,
_____
country
that
can
surprise and enrich our planet.
A. a , a
B. the, a
C. the, the
D.
a , the
33.
When
it
comes
to
bringing
up
children
,
some
people
say
______
discipline
produces
_____
happy, well-behaved
child.
A. a ,
the
B.
/ , a
C. a , a
D. / , the
34.
The growing crime rate has become ______ major
problem of _____ society.
A. the, the
B. a , /
C.
/ , the
D. / , /
35. Don
’
t worry
too much about ____ mistakes. They are ____
natural part of learning.
A. / , a
B. the, a
C. the, /
D. the , the
1-5 ACBAC
6-10 ADCAC
11-15 CDBAC
16-20 BDACC
21-25 BADAD
26-30 DCAAC
31-35 AABB
第五章
形容词和副词
第一节
形容词和副词的作用
1
．形容词的作用
1
）
作定语
The present markets have taken a new
look.
目前市场一派新气象。
2
）
作系动词的表语
Their performance was
excellent.
He looks upset.
This text seems
difficult.
He
is said to have gone mad.
3
）
作宾语补足语
Who left the door open ?
谁没有关门？
Something must be done to make the
waste water clean.
4
）
作伴随状况
He waited outside, cold and
hungry.
His son returned home, safe
and sound.
（安然无恙）
2
．形容词作定语的位置
1
）形容词作定语通常放在被修饰的名词之前。若出现多个形容词，
排列顺序为：
a
）冠词
——序数词——数量词——描绘性形容词
I
spent the last few sunny days at the seaside.
b
）描绘性形容词——大小——长短——新旧——国籍——材料
build a fine new stone
bridge
He is a famous
American writer.
2
）下列三种情况定语后置
27
a
）短语
He was the only person awake at the
moment.
b
）修饰不定代词
If anything unusual
happens, let me know.
c
）
“
a
”开头的形容词
He is the greatest artist
alive today.
他是在世最伟大的艺术家。
Time alone will show who was
right.(time alone=only time)
只有时间能证明到底谁正确。
3
．副词的作用
主要用
作状语，修饰动词，形容词，副词，介词短语和整个句子
I simply
can’t
accept your
presents.
（修饰动词）
我无论如何不能接受你的礼物。
I
’m
terribly
sorry to interrupt you. The cars are running at
much the same speed.
（修饰形容词）
This article is translated quite
well.
（修饰副词）
She
looks exactly like her
mother.
（修饰介词短语）
Luckily, I escaped being killed by a
passing car.
（修饰全句）
改错
1
）——
How did you find his lecture ?
A
B
——
V
ery well
. It
couldn’t be
any better.
C
D
2
）
How
different the people there speak English from
us
！
A
B
C
D
3
）
The vast
majority of people were strong against the
decision.
A
B
C
D
4
）
It is too a hot
day today. I can’t
stand the
burning air.
A
B
C
D
1
）
C
well
→
good
well
表示“好”是副词，当形容
词用时表示“健康”
2
）
B
different
→
differently,
它修饰动词
speak
3
）
B
strong
→
strongly,
它修饰介词
短语
against the
decision
4
）
B
a
hot
→
hot
a
too
通常修饰形容词和副词。
too
也可修饰单数可数名词，表达方
式：
too + adj. + a
+n
。类似词有
as, so
和
how
。
He
is so good a boy that we all like him.
How good a boy he is!
请注意
关于
too
的一些特殊表达：
1
．
can not
< br>?
too
?
再?
也不为过
2
．
only too = very
非常
Y
ou can’t too careful when
crossing the street.
横越马路后，越小心越好。
I
’m only too pleased to be
able to go home.
能回到家，我真高兴。
3
．
too
可以有以下程度状语
1
）
Y
ou
speak a bit/ a little/ rather too
fast.
你讲话有点快。
2
）
These shoes are
far/ much too big for
me.
这双鞋我穿太大了。
几组副词的比较：
28
1.
very, much
二者均为程度副词，
very
修饰形
容词或副词；
much
修饰“
a
”开头的形容词，过去分词或非
谓语动词。例如：
very good/ exciting/
limited.
（以习惯上被用作形容词的过去分词）
He was (very) much afraid.
I
enjoyed the film (very) much.
2.
already, yet,
still
already
用在肯定句，表示某事已经发生
；
yet
用于否定句和疑问句中，表示期待某事发生；
still
表示某事还在进行。例如：
I have already finished my work.
He hasn
’
t come
back yet.
Has she fallen asleep yet?
译：
1
）
Keep
still when I take a picture.
2) It is
raining hard; still, we must go out.
3
．
almost, nearly
1)almost
比
nearly
更接近某状况。例如：
It
’
s almost 12
o
’
clock. (11:55)
It
’
s nearly 12
o
’
clock. (11:45)
2)almost
多与
nobody, nothing, no, none,
never
连用。例如：
I
almost never see him.
not nearly
为固定用法，含义为“远非”
。例如：
It
’
s not nearly
easy.
4
．
quite,
rather, fairly
1)quite
和
rather
修饰名词时在
a
之前。而
fairly
在
a
之后。例如：
We had
quite a party. It
’
s a fairly
interesting film.
但如果有形容词和
rather
一起修饰名词时，放在
a
的前后均可，例如：
They
are rather a strong (a rather strong) team.
2)rather
通常修饰贬义词和不喜欢的词，而
fairly
通常修饰褒义词或喜好的词。
例如：
The question
is rather difficult.
The city is fairly
clean.
第二节
形容词和副词的比较结构
英语中的形容词和副词可以划分为三个等级：原级，比较级和最高级。
原级
比较级
最高级
young
younger
youngest
excellent
more excellent
most excellent
形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成方法
1
）单音节词及以“
er
< br>”
，
“
le
”
，
“
ow
”
，
“辅音字母
+y
”收尾的双音节词，在词尾加
er
或
< br>est
构
29
成比较级和最高级
quick
→
quicker
→
quickest large
→
larger
→
largest
thin
→
thinner
→
thinnest clever
→
cleverer
→
cleverest
simple
→
simpler
→
simplest narrow
→
narrower
→
narrowest
happy
→
happier
→
happiest
2
）其他双音节词及多音节词，在词加
more
或
most
构成比较级和最高级
famous
→
more
famous
→
most famous
beautiful
→
more
beautiful
→
most beautiful
3
）英语中有一部分形容词和副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，如
下表所示：
原级
far
good, well
bad badly, ill
many, much
little
old
比较级
farther
further
better
worse
more
less
older
elder
最高级
farthest
furthest
best
worst
most
lest
oldest
eldest
注：<
/p>
1
）
farther, further
均可表示距离上“更远”
；但表示程度上“进一步”
，用
further
。
I’m too tired to go any farther /
further.
We must look
into the matter further.
我们必须进一步调查此事。
I
have nothing further to say.
我再没什么可说的了。
注：<
/p>
2
）
elder /
eldest
指家庭成员的长幼关系，作前置定语。
older / oldest
表示年龄大小关系，可作定语也可作表语。
My eldest sister is going to get
married.
我大姐要结婚了。
My elder sister is ten years older than
my younger brother.
我姐姐比我弟弟大十岁。
He
is the oldest teacher of us.
我是我们中最年长的老师。
第三节
形容词和副词的比较结构
1
．表示
A
与
B
一样
肯定形式
1
）
S +
V + as adj / adv
（原级）
as
2
）
S +
V + as adj + a + n
（单数）
as
3
）
S +
V + as many / much / few / little + n +
其他成份
as
This river is as long as that one = The
river is the length of that one.
Peter is as lovely a boy as Tom. =
Peter is a boy as lovely as Tom.
I
will offer you as much help as I can.
Try
to make as few mistakes as possible.
否定形式
not as / so
?
as
This movie was not so good
as I had expected.
30
I haven’t seen as old a car as this for
years.
以上结构中，第二
as
为连词，连接比较的一方。第一个
as
为副词，可在其前加上多种程度
状语。
English is not nearly as easy as I
imaged.
英语远没有我当初想象的那么容易。
（
not nearly
远非）
We have produced 70% / twice as much
cotton this year as we did last year.
今年我们生产的棉花是去年的
70% /
两倍多。
2
．表示
A
超过
B
表达形式
S + V adj /
adv
（比较级）
than
This text is more difficult to
understand than that one.
Work means more
to me than anything.
对我来说，工作比任何东西都重要。
It
is raining more heavily than ever.
雨下得比以往任何时间都大。
比较级前可加上多种程度状语
（多得多）
much / far / a lot / a
great deal
（更）
even / still
I spend
（一点）
a bit
/ a little / rather / slightly more time on
English than before.
（两倍）
twice
（半小时）
half an hour
※在否定句和疑问句中，比较级程度状语用
any
Are you feeling any
better ?
I am so tired that I can’t go
any
farther.
※注：两者比较，形容词比较级前面不用冠词“
the
”
，但句中带有“
o
f
+
比较范围”这一结
构，则要在
比较前加“
the
”
He is the cleverer of us two.
Which is the cheaper of the two ?
3
．表示越?越?
表达形式
1
）
the adj /
adv
（比较级）
S + V
2
）
the
adj
（比较级）
+ n S + V
The sooner, the better.
越早越好。
The
less she worried, the better she worked.
她越不担忧，工作效果越好。
The
harder you study
, the greater progress
you will make.
4
．表示“最”
三者或三者以上的人或事物之间进行比较，用形容词或副词最高级
表达形式：
S + V + adj /
adv
（最高级）
+
比较范围
He is the best
student in our
class.(
在某一范围或区域内比较用
in)
He did the experiment (the) most
carefully of / among all of
us.(
在与主语同类的人或物中比较用
of
或
among)
（副词最高级前
the
，可省略）
This is the most beautiful city that I
have ever visited.
注：<
/p>
most
作“非常”解时，其前不用
th
e,
但可用
a
。
This city is most beautiful.
He
is a most skilled driver.
表示“最”的概念还有以下方式
31
1) adj./
adv.(
比较级
)+than any other
+
单数名词
/the others
2
）?否定词（
never,
nothing
等）
+
比较级
3
）?否定词?
+ so
?
as
She speaks English more
fluently than any other student in our class.
No other country in Europe went through
more wars than England.
= England went
through the most war in Europe.
在欧洲没有一个国家比英国经历的战争多。
It can’t be worse. = It is the worst
thing I have ever known.
China has never been so powerful as it
is today.
中国从来没有象今天这样强大。
5
．需了解的几种特殊表达方式
1
）
A
no + adj / adv
比较级
than B
A
、
B
与形容词或副词性质相反
Y
ou are no more
stupid than he. = Y
ou are as clever as
he.
The dish tastes no worse
than I expected. = The dish tastes as good as I
expected.
这道菜的味道和我当初估计的一样好。
2
）
as much +
名词
as
表示双方在程度上一样
He
has as much interest in politics as in art.
他对政治与艺术同样感兴趣。
选择：
It is generally believed
that teaching is
it
is a science.
A
．
an
art much as
B
．
much an art as
C
．
as an art much
as
D
．
as much an art
as
（答案
D
，本题为句型（
2
）的具体运用）
3
）
not so much
A
as B = more B than A
A
、
B
同结构，译“与其说
< br>A
不如说
B
”
< br>
He is not so much a
novelist as a critic.
与其说他是小说家，不如说他是评论家。
She was more sad than angry when her
son lied again.
当他儿子再次说谎时，与其他说愤怒不如说他悲伤。
32
形容词与副词练习
had to
call a taxi because the box was _______ to carry
all the way home.
A.
much too heavy
B. too much
heavy
C. heavy too much
D. too heavy much
2.
—I’m very
_______ with my own cooking. It looks nice and
smells de
licious.
—
Mm, it does have a ______
smell.
A. pleasant; pleased
B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant;
pleasant
D. pleased; pleasant
has brains. In face, I doubt whether
anyone in the class has _______ IQ.
A.
a high
B. a higher
C. the higher
D. the highest
4
．
_______to take
this adventure course will certainly learn a lot
of useful skills.
A. Brave enough
students
C. Students brave
enough
A. fairly
B.
Enough brave students
D. Students
enough brave
C. nearly
D. seldom
5. I must be getting fat------- I can
_______ do my trousers up.
B. hardly
6. He did it _____ it took
me.
A. one-third a time
B. one-third time
C. the one-third time
D. one-third the time
7.
Come and see me whenever _______.
A.
you are convenient
B. you will be convenient
C. it is convenient to you
D. it will be convenient
to you
8. ---- I was riding along the
street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and
knocked me down.
---- Y
ou
can never be _______ careful in the street.
A. much
B. very
C. so
D. too
9. We are in _______ when we left that
we forgot the airline tickets.
A. a
rush so anxious
C. so an
anxious rush
A. the best
B. a such so anxious rush
D. such an
anxious rush
D. the most
10. Professor White has written some
short stories, but he is ______known for his
plays.
B. more
C. better
11. The _______ means of
getting form place to place in the city is the
bus.
A. most commonly useful public
C. public used
more commonly
A. late;
sound
A. quite
B.
most commonly public sued
D. most commonly used public
D. far; late
D. much
12. My brother was
still studying _______ into the night while I was
_______ awake.
B. lately; wide
B. very
C. deeply; far
C. too
13.
It was _______ possible for her to get the 9
o
’
clock train. I know she
got up at 9:15.
14. ---- What does the
model plane look like?
---- Well, the
wings of the plane are ________ of its body.
A. more than the length twice
C. more than
twice the length
B.
twice more than the length
D. more
twice than the length
33
15.
---- Wait until we get a satisfactory reply, will
you?
---- I
couldn
’
t agree ______. The
idea sounds great to me.
A. much
B. worse
C.
more
D. at all
16. I think this
exhibition is_______ of the two. I have never seen
_______ exhibition.
A. by
far better; the better
C.
by far the better; a better
A. out
B. to
B. far better; a better
D. far the
better; a better
C. on
D. away
D. extensively
D. were; deep
17. Crowds of people were turned
________ for lack of room.
18. Broadly speaking, I
would agree with Shirley, though not _______.
A. widely
B. thoroughly
C.
entirely
19.
Qualities of precious jewelry _______ found buried
_______ in the earth.
A. was; deeply
B. were; deeply
C. was; deep
20. For some people,
traveling abroad
is the thing they
enjoy most in
life; for others, ______,
cultural
differences make them feel
uncomfortable.
A. fortunately
B. even worse
C. what
’
s more
D. though
21. ----Do you
really want to go out?
---- It may
rain. ________ , I shall go out; I
don
’
t mind the rain.
A. anyway
B. otherwise
C. now that
D.
or else
22. ---- How do you like the
film?
---- There was nothing
special---- it was only_______.
A.
average
B.
usual
C.
normal
D.
common
23. Management
theories are ________ but the method of doing
business is different.
A. the same
pretty much
C.
the same much pretty
B. much pretty the same
D. pretty much the same
24.---- Tom is very stupid. He fails in
every exam.
---- In my opinion, he is
________ than stupid.
A. lazier
B. no lazier
C. more lazy
D. lazier rather
25. ---- Do
you play football after work?
----
Y
es, ________. Playing football is not
my favorite sport.
A. more or less
A. right
B. once in a while
C. time
and again
B. pleasant
B. However
B. so much
C. well
D. sooner or
later
D. good
D.
Generally
D. very much
D. highly; high
26. The
doctor was pleased to see how ________ she looked
after her recent illness.
bodies are
strengthened by taking exercise. _____, our minds
are developed by learning.
A. Probably
A. much too
C. Similarly
C. too much
C. high; highly
28. The examination I took yesterday
wasn
’
t difficult, but it was
_______ long.
29. I think that a person
should aim ________ and never speak ________ of
himself.
A. high; high
B. highly; highly
30. Exercise is
________ as any other to lose unwanted weight.
A. so useful a way
B. as a useful way
C. as
useful a way
34
D. such a useful way
1-5 ADBCB
6-10 DCDDC
11-15 DAACC
16-20 CDCDD
21-25 AADCB
26-30 CCACC
第六章
动词时态
在英语中，通过不同的时态，表示或区别在不同时间发生的动作或出现的情况，要准确地使<
/p>
用不同的时态，关键要弄清各种时态的定义和用法。在近年英语高考命题中对时态的考查是
一个
重点，所考查的主要是一般过去时，现在完成时，现在进行时，过去进行时。
一、一般现在时
基本用法：
1
．表示包括现在时刻在内整个阶段经常性和习惯性动作
The bank opens at 8:00 a.m. on
weekdays.
However busy I am, I write
to my mother regularly.
2
．表示人或物基本特征，特性及目前的状态
Now I am busy; I can’t spare time for a
holiday.
That street is
in bad condition, and smells terrible.
3
．表示客观真理，科学事实，格言及没有时限的客观存在
Knowledge is strength.
Light travels faster than sound.
Japan lies to the east of China.
选择：
1
．
I
ping-
pong quite
well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new
year.
A
．
will play
B
．
have played
C
．
played
D
．
play
2
．——
Can I help you, sir ?
——
Y
es, I bought this radio
here yesterday, but it
.
A
．
didn’t work
B
．
won’t work
C
．
can’t work
D
．
doesn’t
work
1.
答案为
D
。乒乓球打得出色是一个的基本能力和特征，因此要用一般现在时。
2.
答案为
D<
/p>
。收音机不响，反应的是收音机目前的工作状况，故用一般现在时。
改错：
1
．
Make sure that
you will pick me up after work.
2
．
I’ll see to it
that I will return the reference book on
time.
答案：
1
）
will pick
→
pick
2
）
will return
→
return
在
see to it
that
?
和
make sure
that
?句型中，从句动词用一般时，表示将来时。
二、一般过去时
基本用法
：
1
．
表示在一个特定的过去时间，
发生的事件
或人或物的客观情况。
该时态常跟一个表示过去
35
时间的状语连用。如：
yesterday, the
night before
（前天晚上）
，
once
（曾经）
，
the other day = a few days ago, just
now = a moment ago
（刚才）
I got to know him two years ago.
He was seriously ill last week.
2
．也可表示过去经常性或重复发生的动作或情况。
As a child, I would go to
sea along with my father.
China is
different from what it used to be.
情态动词
would
do
可表示过去习惯性动作；
used to be /
do
可表示过去习惯性动作或状态。
选择：
1
．
——
Y
our telephone number again ? I
quite catch it.
——
It’s
9568422.
A
．
didn’t
B
．
couldn’t
C
．
don’t
D
．
can’t
2
．——
We could have walked to the station, it
was so near.
——
Y
es. A
taxi
at all necessary.
A
．
wasn’t
B
．
hadn’t been
C
．
wouldn’t
D
．
won’t
3
．——
Come on it, Peter. I want to show you
something.
——
Oh, how nice of you ! I
you
to bring me a
gift.
A
．
never think
；
are going
B
．
never thought
；
were going
C
．
didn’t think
；
were going
D
．
hadn’t thought
；
were going
简析：
1.
答案
A
。
“没听清楚”发生在对方当时报电话号码那个过去时刻
，故用一般过去时。
2.
答案
A
。
根据对话的情景可知，
甲乙双方都在谈论过去发生的事情。
甲方用虚拟语气，
责备自己当时未能步行去车站，乙方强调当时乘出租车没有必要，故用一般过去时。
3.
答案
B
。
思维动词
think, know, expect
等，
时态使用的原则是：
表示现在的看法、知晓
用
一般现在时；表示过去的看法、知晓，而这种思维活动现在已不复存在，用一般过去时
。根据
对话可知，乙方没想到‘
“甲方会给他带来礼物”
，发生在未见到礼物之前。一旦见到礼物，这
种想法即刻消失，故
think
应用一般过去时。答案
B
比
C
语气强，更符合对话的情景，因此
B
为最佳选项。
在以下句型中，必须用一般过去时表示将来发生的动作：
1
．
It
is
（
high / about
）<
/p>
time
（
that
）
you went bed.
你该去睡觉了。
2
．
I would rather
they came tomorrow.
我倒希望他们明天来。
三、现在完成时
1
．表达形式：主动语态
have /
has done
；被动语态
have / has
been done
2
．基本用法：
1
）
表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个过
去时刻，
到说话时已完成，
并与现在的情况有联系。
I have turned on the
electric heater
（电热器）
in the
room.
（
I turned on the
electric heater, and the room is getting warm
now.
）
He
has taken away my reference book.
（
He took away my reference
book, and now I can’t use
i
t.
）
选择：
The price
,
but I doubt whether it will remain so.
36
A
．
went down
B
．
will go down
C
．
has gone down
D
．
was going down
答案为
C
。作者对今后物价是否能继续走低
，心怀疑虑，而他此时的心态是由物价下跌这一
动作引发的，故用现在进行时。
2
）表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻
开始，一直延续到现在。可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。
·
·
起点
Now
He has been in Beijing for
two years.
We have had plenty of rain
here since we parted last month.
自上个月我们分手以来，这里下了很多雨。
表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻持续到现在的时间状语还有
in
the past
（
last
）
few years, ever
since, so far,
up to the present
（直到现在）
，
until now, in recent
years
等。
选择：——
How are you
today ?
——
Oh, I
as ill as I do now for a
long time.
A
．
didn’t feel
B
．
wasn’t feeling
C
．
don’t feel
D
．
haven’t
felt
答案为
D
。
译：
我很长时间没有象今天这样周身
不适。
本句的实质是：
今天我身体状况最差，
< br>而这以前情况基本正常，
即
not feel ill<
/p>
。
这种正常身体状况从过去延续到今天截止。
故应用现
在完成时。
关于现在完成时，请注意以下三点：
1
）
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
现在完
成时表示的动作或状态或与在有联系，
它强调的
是对现在的影响
。一般过去时表示的动作或状态已成为历史，不复存在，与现在无关系。
He has worked in Paris for two years.
（现在人仍在巴黎。
）
He worked in Paris for two years.
（现在人已不在巴黎。
）
2
）可用句型
It is
+
（一段时间）
+ since
（主语
）
+
（动词的过去时）
，解决瞬间动词
不能与一
段时间连用的矛盾。如：
It
is ten years since he left Shanghai.
It is about two years since I got
married to Jane.
3
）下列
句型的分句中动词用现在完成时。如：
It
is the
first
（序数词）
time
（
that
）
I
have visited
China.
我是我第一次访问中国。
This is
the most
beautiful
（形容词最高级）
city that I
have ever seen
.
这是我见过的最美丽的城
市。
四、过去完成时
1
．表达形式
主动语态
had done
；被动语态
had been done
2
．基本用法
1
）在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已完成的动作。
had done
37
·
·
·
Now
例：
He said that he had
arrived three days before.
2
）动作
或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。
例：
By the time he came we had
worked for two hours.
had done
·
·
·
Now
例
1
：——
Mary came back yesterday.
——
Where
she
?
A
．
had; been
B
．
did; go
C
．
has; been
D
．
had; gone
答案为
A
。乙方要问的是“在昨天之前，她
去过哪里”
，属过去的过去。故应用过去完成时。
例
2
：
Until
then, his family
from him for two months.
A
．
didn’t hear
B
．
hasn’t heard
C
．
hadn’t heard
D
．
heard nothing
译：到那个时候，他家人已有两个月没有收到他的来信。
答案为
C
。
“未收
到来信”这种情况持续到那个时候，而不是现在。根据过去完成时的第二种
用法，应用过
去完成时。
例
3
：用正确时态填空
I
（
mean
）
to
go on Monday, but I have stayed at their request.
答案为
had
meant
。
动词
hope,
wish, intend, mean, want, expect
等，
其过去完成时可表示
“过去
未曾实现的希望，打算
或意图”
。
五、现在进行时
1
．表达形式：主动形式：
am /
is / are doing
被动形式
am / is / are being done
2
．基本用法
表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。
The
students are preparing for the entrance exam at
present.
表示目前的变化、发展和进展过程，需要用现在进行时。
Selecting a mobile phone for perponal
use is no easy task because technology is changing
so
rapidly.
请注意以下两点：
1
．
现在进行时与一般现在时的区别：
一般现
在时表示的动作，
其特征为经常性；现在进行时
表示的动作，其
特征具有暂时性。经常性与暂时性是区分这两种时态的主要尺度。
例：——
Is this
raincoat yours ?
——
No, mine
there behind the door.
A
．
is hanging
B
．
has hung
C
．
hangs
D
．
hung
答案为
A
。这段对话大多发生在下班，会议
或社交活动结束后，人们各自找自己的雨具这样
的场合。
“雨衣
挂在门后”是临时性的，故用现在进行时。
2
．进行时与
always,
continually, constantly,
forever
等副词连用，作为一种修辞手段，用于表
38
达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。
He is always thinking of others.
他总是为别人着想。
（赞扬）
At school he was constantly playing
trick on others.
在校读书时，他老是捉弄人。
（厌恶）
六、过去进行时
1
．表达形式
主动态：
was / were
doing
；被动形式：
was / were being
done
2
．基本用法
用于表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。
I was making a long-distance call to my
near relative before you arrived.
In those years we were having a hard
time.
例：
1.
——
Hey, look where you are going !
——
Oh, I’m terribly sorry.
.
A
．
I’m not
noticing
B
．
I wasn’t
noticing
C
．
I haven’t
noticed
D
．
I don’t
notice
into the house
when no one
.
A
．
slipped; was
looking
B
．
had slipped;
looked
C
．
slipped; had
looked
D
．
was
slipped; looked
1.
答案为
B
。
“走路时心不在焉，
不
注意前进方向”
，
发生在甲方责备他之前那段已过去的时
间里。故应用过去进行时。
2.
译文：汤姆乘着没有人注意，溜进房屋。答案为
A
。
when, while, as
引导的时间状语从句，
若主句动作与从句动作同时进行，且一长一短。那么持续时间长的动作用进行时，持续短的<
/p>
动作用一般时。本题中“溜
slip
”发
生在没有人注视这一过程中，
“溜
slip
”为短动作，故用
一般过去时，而
watch
“注视”持续时间长，应用过去进行时。
七、一般将来时
1
．基本用法
表示将来或即将发生的动作
2
．表达形式
主动形式：
shall /
will do
；
shall / will be
doing
被动形式：
shall / will be done
shall
用于第一人称，
will
用于所有人称
I won’t be free
tonight.
I will be
waiting for you outside after school.
一般将来时其他表达形式如下：
1
）
am / is / are
going to do
用于表示
a
）预先打算做某事。
b
）有迹象表明即将发生的动作。
We are going to visit the
Great Wall at weekends.
Listen to the
loud crash of thunder. It’s going to
rain.
听那震耳的雷声，天就要下雨了。
2
）
am / is / are
to do
用于表示按计划、安排要进行的动作
The meeting is to be held tomorrow.
注
1
：
该结构也可当情态动词用，表示“命令”
、
“可能”
39
Y
ou are to be back by 9
o’clock at the latest.
你必须最迟
在
9
点之前回家。
This kind of book is nowhere to be
bought. = This kind of book can’t be bought
anywhere.
注
2
：用在
if
条件句中，表示“想”
。
If we
are to be there in time, we’ll have to hurry
up.
3
）
be
about to do
用于表达某动作马上要发生
Be quick ! Flight No. 302 to Tokyo is
about to take off.
改错：
Allention please ! The
concert is about to start in five minutes.
删去
in five
minutes
。
be about
to do
不能与具体时间状语连用。
4
）转移动词
go, come,
start, leave, arrive, return,
sail
等以及
win, lose,
die
可用进行时表示将来
时。
The ship is sailing for Shanghai
tomorrow.
It seems to me that our
team is losing.
八、过去将来时
1
．基本用法
表示在过去某一时刻尚未发生的动作或存在的状态。
2
．表达形式
主动语态：
should / would do
被动语态：
should / would be done
I never imagined that he would become a
doctor.
I promised my boss that I
would finish this work by the end of this month.
一般将来时的其他表达形式，也适用于过去将来时
I felt that something terrible was
about to happen.
请注意：
①
when, once, until, as soon
as
等引导的时间状语从句
②
if, unless, so long
as
等引导的条件状语从句
③
even if, though, whenever,
whether
?
or
（不管?还是?
）等引导的让步状语从句
若从句动作未发生，应用一般时表示将来时。
I will let you know if he comes back.
He said that he wouldn’t lose heart
even if he
failed.
Whatever happens, do be calm.
九、被动语态
1
．定义：若主语是谓语动作的承受者，即主谓语为被动关系，则谓语动词应用被动形式。
The question is being
discussed at the meeting.
Full time
should be made use of to speed up socialist
construction.
必须充分利用时间加速社会
主义建设。
①下列情况不能用被动语态：
a
．不及物动词及不及物性的短语动词，如
happen,
appear, disappear, break out, take
place
等
40
b
．状态动词或系动词。
例：
There is no doubt that
Taiwan is belonged to
China.
（错）
His
head is felt hot.
（错）
This plan was proved
practical.
（错）
②下列情况用主动形式表示被动意义：
a
．表示事物的名词作主语，谓语表示该事物的特征。
例：
This book
sells well.
This cloth washes well.
b
．动词前有情态动词
won’t,
wouldn’t
，表示该动作难以实现。
例：
The door
won’t
open
.
这扇门就是关不起来。
The engine
wouldn’t
start
this morning.
今天上午这马达怎么也发动不起来。
动词时态练习
一、经典高考考题重现。
(04
全国卷
)
1. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying
so I' m afraid I ______
half of it.
A. was missing
B.
had missed
C. will miss
D.
missed
(04
浙江卷
)
2. The discussion ____ alive when an
interesting topic was brought in.
A.
was coming
B. had come
C. has come
D. came
(04
福建卷
)
3. She has set a new record ,that is
,the sales of her latest book ________ 50 million.
A
．
have reached
B
．
has reached
C
．
are
reaching
D
．
had reached
(04
江苏卷
)
4. More patients ___________ in
hospital this year than last year.
A. treated
B. have treated
C. had been
treated
D. have
been treated
(04
湖北卷
)
5. He kept looking at her , wondering
whether he
her somewhere .
A
．
saw
B
．
has seen
C
．
sees
D
．
had seen
(04
浙江卷
)
6. Because the shop _____, all the
T-shirts are sold at half price.
A. has closed down
B. closed down
（
04
北京
春季）
7.
－
Sorry to have interrupted
you. Please go on.
－
Where was I?
41
C. is closing down
D. had closed down
－
Y
ou ______ you
didn’t like your father’s job.
A. had said
(04
湖南卷
)
8. Turn
on
the
television
or
open
a
magazine
and
you
advertisements showing
happy
families.
A.
will often see
B. often see
C. are often
seeing
D. have
often seen
(04
北京卷
)
9. Now that
she is out of a
job, Lucy _____ going back to school, but she
hasn’t decided yet.
A.
had considered
B. has been
considering
C. considered
D. is going to
consider
(04
北京卷
)
mayor of Beijing says that all
construction work for the Beijing Olympics __ by
2006.
A.
has been completed
1-5
DDADD
6-10
CCABC
二、提高练习。
1.
---I thought you were proud of the work I
.
---
I’m afraid not.
Y
ou’d bett
er change it for
another.
A
．
do
B
．
had done
C
．
did
D
．
would
2. ---
Sorry
, Joe,
I didn’t mean to…
---
Don’t call me “Joe”. I’m
Mr. Parker to you, and ______ you forget it!
A. do
B.
didn’t
C. did
D. don’t
3.
Nobody could have guessed, 20 years ago, the
important place in Chinese history that
Shenzhen______.
A.
was having
B. was to have
C. had had
D.
had
4. The plane
over the landing field for twenty
minutes when the pilot was told that he should
use the Eastside Field.
A
．
had been
circling
B
．
is
circling
C
．
was
circling
D
．
had circled
5. ---What about the situation there?
---Oh, it ________ as serious as it
does now for a long time.
A. didn’t look
B.
wasn’t looking
C. doesn’t look
D. hasn’t looked
6. ---
Why! Where’s my
passport? Maybe I left it on the plane.
---My Goodness! Y
ou ______
things behind!
A. had never
left
B. didn’t leave
C.
never left
D. haven’t
left
7. Doctors and medical
supplies
to the scene of
the accident after the train crash.
A
．
had been rushed
B
．
were rushed
C
．
were rushing
D
．
rushed
8. All morning as she waited for the
medical report from the doctor, her
nervousness_____.
A.
has grown
B. is growing
C. grew
D. had grown
9. ---The former president was caught
at last.
---Really? Where
himself?
A
．
had he hidden
B
．
has he hidden
C
．
was he hidden
D
．
has he been
hiding
10.
After
a
tsunami
hit
Southeast
and
South
Asia
last
month,
up
to150,000
________
and
thousands
more _________ .
A. were killed; are still unknown
B. have been killed; were still unknown
42
B. said
C.
were saying
D. had been saying
B.
has completed
C. will have been
completed
D. will have completed
C.
are killed; are still unknown
D. had been killed; were still unknown
11. Why don’t you put the
meat in the fridge? It will
fresh for several days.
A
．
be
stayed
B
．
stay
C
．
be staying
D
．
have stayed
12.
You ____
things about. Look, what a mess in your room!
A. always throw
B. have always thrown
C. are always throwing
D. have always been
throwing
13. Plant more trees in this
area, otherwise we ______ from sandstorms.
A. often suffer
B.
will often suffer
C. is often suffer
D. will often
be suffered
14. ---
Henry,
the phone is ringing. Do you want me to go…?
---No, sit
still. ________.
A. I'll get it
B. I am to get it
C.
I' m getting it
D.
I am going to get it.
15. The article
suggests that when a person ______ under unusual
stress he should be
especially careful to have a
well
—
balanced diet.
A. be
B. is
C. were
D. was
16. The
prices of agricultural products
while those of industrial products
only a little.
A. are going up; have been brought down
B. have gone up; are being
brought down
C. are being gone up; has
brought down
D.
have been gone up; are bringing down
17. ---I thought you might have got
drunk.
---Y
es, I ______.
A
．
have
B
．
had
C
．
did do
D
．
might have
18. We plan to reach the North Pole in
mid-July, and by then we
for six weeks.
A
．
are walking
B
．
have been
walking
C
．
will be walking
D
．
will have been
walking
19. How can you possibly miss
the news? It ______ on TV all day long.
A. has been
B.
had been
C.
was
D. will be
20. I
don’t understand how you got a ticket. I always
you
a careful
driver.
A
．
think
?
are
B
．
am
thinking
?
are
C
．
tho
ught
?
were
D
．
think
?
were
21. ---Why did you come by
taxi?
---My bike broke down last night and I
________ it repaired.
A. didn't have
B.
don't have
C. won't have
D. haven't had
22. ---Do you mean we have to break off
the experiment for dinner?
---Y
es, it
in the dining room; no
waiting after the set time.
A
．
is served
B
．
serves
C
．
is being served
D
．
will serve
23. ---
Fined $$20!
Y
ou know you ______ 100 km an hour,
don’t you?
---
No, officer!
I can’t have been. This car doesn’t do 80.
A. are driving
B. have driven
C. drove
D. were driving
24. ---Do you regret having left your
first job?
---Why should I? I ______ as much, but
I enjoy more of my present job.
A. didn’t earn
B.
don’t earn
C.
hadn’t earned
D. haven’t
earned
25. It seems oil
_____ from this pipe for some time. We will have
to take the machine apart to put it
right.
A. has leaked
B.
is leaking
C. leaked
D. has been
leaking
26. Once a programme
put into a computer, it
accordingly.
A. is; acts
B. is being; is
acting
C. has been;
will act
D.
will be; acts
27. ---Could you lend me
that book you
me about when I
telephoned you?
---
No, I am
sorry
. I can’t. I gave it to a friend.
43
A
．
were telling
B
．
would tell
C
．
had
told
D
．
had been
telling
28. --- How huge these
tomatoes! Y
ou must have applied much
fertilizer(
肥料
) to them.
---
Y
es, I _________ . They ought to be
ripe enough to pick by next Tuesday.
A. do
B. must
C. have
D. did
29. ---Peter, you
_____ the car down at once.
---Ok! Oh! The
car ______ gone.
A.
wash, is
B.
will wash, is
C. wash, was
D.
will wash, has
30. ---The possibility
of a flood was just reported over the radio.
---
I know. I heard about it. The river ______ the top
of its bank.
A.
has reached
B. reaching
C.
had been reached
D. had reached
1-5ADBAD
6-10CBCAA
11-15BCBAB
16-20ACDA
21-25DCDBD
26-30CACAD
第七章
情态动词
情态动词具有一定的词义，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独充当谓语。它和谓语动词连用，
表示“请求，愿望，建议，推测”等意义。
第一节
交际
1
．表示“请求”
，请别人做事。用<
/p>
will, would, can ,
could
。
句型：
（
1
）
Will /
Would you
（
please
）
do
?
？
（
2
）
Can
/ Could you do
?
?
在这两个句型中
would,
could
比
will,
can
更正式、客气。
Will / Would you please explain the
text once again ?
Can / Could you
tell me what time Flight 312 arrives?
2
．询问是否“许可”
。用
can /
could
，
may / might
句型：
（
1
）
May
/ Might I do
?
?
（
2
）
Can
/ Could I do
?
?
在这两个句型中
could,
might
比
can,
may
更正式、客气。
—
Could I use
your car ?
—
Y
es, of course, you can ?
（回答必须用
can
）
—
Might I have a
look at your new computer ?
—
Y
es,
you may
（回答必须用
may
）
或
Please go ahead.
3
．自己想做，要求对方做决定
, <
/p>
即征询对方意见。用
shall
，用于第
一人称和第三人称。
句型：
Shall
I
（
we, he, she it,
they
）?
？译“要不要?？”
—
The room is so
dirty. Shall we clean it?
—
Of
course.
（
03
全国春季）
Shall these goods be sent over to you
at once ?
要不要把这些货物马上送给你？
4
．表示规劝，建议
1
）正面的规劝，表示“最好”
，
“应该”
，或“必须”做某事。
①表示“最好”
，用
had
better
，
may / might as
well
或
It is better / best to
do sth.
Y
ou might just as well tell
the manufacturer that male customers may not like
the design of the
furniture.
（
04
上海春季）
If you are
planning to spend your money having fun this week,
better forget it
—you’ve got some
big bills coming.
（
04
广东卷）
（
better
forget it
相当于
Y
ou
had better forget it.
）
44