-
1
．
This
，
These
，<
/p>
That
，
Those
< br>作代词的用法
180
“
What is this
（指近处的东西）？”
“
It's an a
pple
．
”
（在回答时不要再重复<
/p>
this
）
“
What is that
（指远处
的东西）？”
“
It
（不要说
That
）
is a pear
．
”
（对比）
“
What are these<
/p>
（
this
的复数形式）？”
“
They
（不要说
Th
ese
）
are
horses
．
“
What are those
（<
/p>
that
的复数形式）？”
“
They are donkeys
．
”
“
What is
this
，
and what is
that
？”
“
This is an
apple and that is a pear
．
”
（对比）
181
A beggar
came
，
and he
（不能说
this
或
that
）
asked for
money
．
（除了下面情况外从不用
this
或
that
代表人）
This is Mr
．
Tanaka
．
This is Mr
．
Sasaki
．
（介绍见面）
Hello
，
is that Jan
e
？（英国说法）
Hello
，
is this
Jane
？（美国说法）
（电话用语）
Stop crying and
that
（
or
there
）
is a good
boy
！
Those who
（为
he
who
或
one
who
的复数形式）
come are my
friends
．
Those
（
=The people
）
there
（
or coming here
）
are
Jews
．
（
He
is
）
Handsome boy
，<
/p>
that
！
（为了强调而重复）
182
This
和
that
可以指具体的东西：
He
gave
me
one
dollar
，
and
this
（
more
emphatic than
it
）
was all he
had
．
183
This
< br>和
that
也可表示抽象的东西：
He talked of
freedom
，
justice and all
that
．
也可指品质：
I like a man
（
or
men
）
like
this
（
or
that
）
，
such a
man
（
or
men
）
as
this
（
or
that
）
．
184
还可和某些介词连用，有特定的意思：
At
this
（
=Seeing or hearing
this
）
，
he became
angry
．
With
this
（
=So
saying
）
，
he
left
．
Upon this
（＝
And
then
）
，
he shook
his head
．
After this
（
=After
this incident
，
this
time
）
，
he became
more careful
．
Since that
（
=Since
that time
）
，
I have
never met any friend
．
185
偶有下面用法：
Get out of
this
（
=this place
）
．
（少见）
He must have arrived by
this
（
=this time
）<
/p>
．
（少见）
186
也可表示某些事物：
He knows
this
，
that and the other
（
matter
）
．
Some believe in
this
，
some believe in
that
．
I don't say anything against
Mr
．
this or Mrs
．
That
．
These came for
paper
，
those for
pens
，
others for
ink
．
187
也可指前面刚提到的东西：
He has good
intention
，
but
that
（指前句表示的内容）
is not
e
－
nough
．
I will learn
music
，
I know
this
（
=learning
music
）
is not easy
．
188
有时和
and
连用：
You must
do it
，
and
that
（
=and you must do it
）
immediately
（
< br>or at once
）
．
He decides to be a doctor
and that
（＝
and he decides to
be a doctor
）
after he gets
married
．
He has many good dogs and
these
（＝
and he
has
）
very small
ones
．
He is a doctor and a
well
－
known one at that
（而且又是一个有名的医生）
．
He has a
car
，
and a very large car at
that
．
He knows nothing except
music
，
and very little at
that
．
People were killed and thousands of
them at that
．
189
That
< br>可以代表前面所提的东西，而
this
代表即将谈的东西
：
To be or not
to be
，
that is a question
．
（
that
指
to be or not
tobe
．
）
“
You can depend
on me
．
”
That was
what he said
．
This is a
question
：
to go or to stay
？（
this
指
to
go or to stay
）
What I can say is
this
：
You can depend on
me
．
Coffee
，
cigars and
liquor
：
these are my
friends
．
190
在某些词组中，
that
比
this
用得
多：
That is
because you don't know
yourself
．
That is why you
failed
．
That is how I made it
．
So
（
or
And
）
that's
that
．
That's all
．
That
will do
．
）
That's a
good boy
．
What of
that
？
That is
（
to
say
）
．
For all
that
．
And
that
．
And all
that
．
191
That
< br>和
those
还有下面这些特殊用法：
< br>
He has
that
（
=He has
something
）
in his character
which puz
－
zles
me
．
（书面语）
There was
that
（
=There was
something
）
in his way of spea
k
－
ing
．
He saw that
（
=something
）
in her
face which made him afraid
．
There is
that
（
=There is
someone
）
who knows the
secret
．
（少见）
There were those
（＝
people
）
who said
“
no
”
．<
/p>
（这样用时较多）
He knew those who were opposed to
him
．
192
This
< br>有时用来表示“后者”
，
that
表示“前者”
：
The gun is more important than the pen<
/p>
．
This
（
=
The latter
，
The
pen
）
cannot do without
that
（＝
the
former
，
the
gun
）
．
English and Chinese are our school
subjects
．
This seems harder
than that
．
We study English
，
Chinese
，
geography
，
history and mathemat-
ics
．
This
last
（
=or
This
latter
）
is the
hardest
．
193
That
< br>和
those
若跟有介词短语，可用来代表前面提的东西
，以避免重复，
等于“
the+
前面那
个名词”
：
The
novel
by
Dickens
is
better
than
that
（
=the
novel
）
by
< br>Wells
．
（
that
代表
“
the+noun
”
）
The novels by Dickens are better than
those by Wells
．
The door of his house is like that of a
church
．
The ears of a reabit are longer than
those of a cat
．
This house is larger than that of my
younger brother
．
The greatest tragedy is
that
（
=the
tragedy
）
of a
miser
．
John's name is below those of Mary and
James
．
That
和
those
后面有时跟
有一个作定语的分词短语或从句：
This house is larger than
that
（
=the
one
在口语中用得更多一些）
standing on
the other
side
，
located on
the corner
．
（
that+
分词）
This road is the same as
those
（用
the
ones
更好）
leading to the
Capital
．
This house is better than
that
（用
the
one
更好）
I saw yester
－
day
．
（
That+
从句）
194
That
< br>有时用来代表前面提到的动作：
“
Did he learn music
？”
“
Yes
，
< br>he did sometimes
，
or
Yes
，
hedid that sometimes
．
”
（
that
代表
learn
music
）
“
Will his mother punish
him
？”
“
She won't
．
”
or
“
That she won't
．
”
（
that
代替
pun
ish
him
）
“
He will punish
them
．
”
“
That he will
（
=So he
will
＝
He will
）
．
”
He has eaten
it
，
that he
has
．
195
That
有时用来代替前面的补语，比
go
更为确定：
He is my friend
，
that
（＝
my
friend
）
he
is
．
D
ishonest
？
Yes
，
he is that
（＝
dishonest
）
．
He is a fool
．
He
looks that
．
I find him
that
，
and everybody calls him
that
．
John is
selfish
，
cunning and
cruel
，
but his brother is not
all that
．
You know he cannot
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