心理测验解释名词

=1.96*5=9.8

，而两测验< /p>

分数差异为八分（

56-48

＝

8

），小于临界值，故差异不显著。

第四章名词简释

1.

validity

效度

A test is valid to the extent that inferences made from it are appropriate, meaningful, and

useful.

效度乃根据测验所做推论的恰当性、意义性及合用性的程度。

2.

content validity

内容效度

The type of validity that is determined by the degree to which the question, tasks, or items

on a test are representative of the universe of behavior the test was designed to samp le.

内

容效度是对测验内容，

即测验 的问题、

作业、

试题做系统化地检验，

以确定测验内容涵盖所有欲测量特质

的代表性试题，也包含取样的适切性

3.

face validity

表面效度

For tests,

the

appearance

of

validity

to

test

users,

examiners,

and

especially

the

examinees;

not a technical form of validity, but important for the social acceptability of a test.

< br>对一个测验而言，

其是指测验使用者或受试者所显现出的效度，

< br>包含测验试题和形式等外形上给人的主

观印象，

并不是一 个具技术形式的效度，

但对一个测验的社会可接受性很重要，

若 一个测验从外表上看似

可适切地测量其所欲测的特质或行为，即表其具表面效度。

4.

criterion-related validity

效标关联效度

The type of validity that is demonstrated when a test is shown to be effective in estimating

8

S

e< /p>

?

diff

?

?

S

x

2

?

r

xx

?

r

yy

心理测验解释名词

an examinee’s performance on some outcome measure. 是种可有效评估受试者在某些测量结果

上的表现的一种效度，是以经验性的方法，研究测验分数与一些外在效标间的关系。

5.

concurrent validity

同时效度

a type of criterion-related validity in which the criterion measures are obtained at

approximately the same time as the test scores.

是效标关联效度的一种，指测验的实施和效

标资料的搜集时间发生在同一或极相近的时间，旨在使用测验分数估计个人在效标方面的目前实际表现。

6.

predictive validity

预测效度

A

type

of

criterion-related

validity

in

which

the

criterion

measures

are

obtained

in

the

future,

usually months or years after the test scores are obtained, such as when college grades are

predicted from an entrance exam.

是效标关联效度的一种，测验实施在先，而效标的搜集是发生在几个月或几年之后，两者 发生在不同的时间，

旨在使用测验分数预测个人在效标方面的未来表现，如同学院成绩是 从入学考试预测而来的。

7.

regression equation

回归方程式

An equation that describes the best-fitting straight line for estimating the criterion from

the test; the best-fitting line is one that minimizes the sum of the squared deviations from

the

line.

是用来描述从测验估计效标的最适合直线的一种方程式，

所谓最适合直线是所有 点到此

线的距离平方和的最小值。

8.

9.

validity coefficient

效度系数

the correlation between test and criterion (r

xy

).

表示测验和效标间的相关程度。

standard error of estimate

估计标准误

SE

est

is the margin of error to be expected in the predicted criterion score; the error of

estimate is derived from the following formula:

SE

est

= SD

y

√1

?

r

xy

2

在预测效标中被预期的误差的幅度，

即从测验分数上去预测效标表现时误差分布的标准差，

其意义与任

10.

decision theory

决策理论

an

approach

to

psychological

measurement

that

considers

the

costs

and

benefits

of

test- based

decisions, for example, in personnel selection.

是种关心 测验基本决策的成本和利益的心理上测量的取向，例如人员的选择。

11.

false positive

假性优异（错误录取）

in decision theory, a subject who is incorrectly predicted to succeed on the criterion.

在决策理论中，被预测在效标会成功却表现失败的受试者。

12.

false negativ e

假性低劣

(

错误拒绝

)

In decision theory, a subject who is incorrectly predicted to fail on the criterion.

在决策理论中，被预测在效标会失败却表现成功的受试者。

13.

base rate

基本率

in

decision

theory,

the

proportion

of

successful

applicants

who

would

be

selected

using

current

methods, without benefit of the new test.

< br>在决策理论中，在使用目前的方法下被选择的应征者成功的机率，尚未论及新的测验可能带来的获益。

（意即即使未使用任何筛选工具应征者被选择后表现成功的机率。

14.

construct

构念

A theoretical, intangible quality or trait in which individuals differ.

9

心理测验解释名词

是种理论上，无形的特性或特质，

显现于个别差异，例如智力、人格。

15.

construct validity

构念效度

A type of validity that refers to the appropriateness. of test-based inferences about the

underlying construct purportedly measured by the test.

测验能

推论

到理论上的构念或特质的

程度，即凡根据心理学的构念 ，对测验分数的意义所做的分析和解释。

16.

homogeneous scale

同构型量尺

A scale in which the individual items tend to measure the same thing; homogeneity is gauged

by item-total correlations.

每个试题都企图测同一样东西的量表，同构型可由

试题与总分< /p>

相关程度来判断。

17.

convergent validity

聚敛效度

A type of validity that is demonstrated when a test correlates highly with other variables

or tests with which it shares an overlap of constructs.

说明一个测验的分数与其它测量相同构念或特质的测验分数有高相关。

18.

discriminant validity

辨别效度

A

type

of

validity

that

is

demonstrated

when

a

test

does

not

correlate

with

variables

or

tests

from which is should differ.

说明一个测验的分数与其它测量 不同构念或特质的测验分数有低相关。

19.

multitrait- multimethod matrix

多元特质－多重方法矩阵

A research design for assessing convergent and discriminant validity that calls for the

assessment of two or more traits by two or more methods.

是测验效度研究的一种设计，由

Campbell & Fis ke

创用，包含聚敛和辨别效度，用两个或多个方法评价两个或多个特质。

20.

factor analysis

因素分析

A family of statistical procedures that researchers use to summarize relationships among

variables that are correlated in highly complex ways; the goal of factor analysis is to derive

a parsimonious set of derived factor.

研究者用来摘要多变项间以高度复杂的方式下的相关程度，

目的在引导出一连串的因素中较简洁的表达方式。

21.

factor loading

因素负荷量

In factor analysis, the correlation between an individual test and a single factor.

指在因素分析中，一个别测验与单一因素的相关度

22.

extra- validity concerns

效度外考虑

The side effects and unintended consequences of testing.

指测验中附带的效果及非意图的结果。

23.

nominal scale

名义量尺

A measurement scale in which the categories are arbitrary and do not designate ”more” or

“less” of anything; the simplest and lowest l

evel of measurement.

是种测量量尺，其对变项做独 断的分类，不标示多寡，是种最简单最低层次的测量。

24.

interval scale

等距量尺

A

measurement

scale

that

provides

information

about

ranking

and

the

relative

strength

of

ranks;

based on the assumption of equal-sized units or intervals for the underlying scale.

是测量量尺的一种，可对排序提供相对强度的讯息，其假设量尺中各单位和间距是相同大 小的。

25.

ratio scale

比率量尺

A measurement scale that yields equal- sized units or intervals and that possesses a

10

心理测验解释名词

conceptually meaningful zero points; the highest level of measurement.

是测量量尺 的一种，其除等距外，在尺度上还有一具意义的绝对零点，是最高层次的测量。

26.

expert rankings

专家评等

A scaling method that relies upon the judgment of experts to determine the rankings for

individual components.

将个体的特性或成分依专家主观的判断，来排序的一种方法。

27.

method of equal-appearing intervals

等距法

A method for constructing interval-level scales from attitude statements.

由

Thurstone< /p>

所创用，从态度陈述句来建构等距量尺的方法。

28.

method of absolute scaling

绝对量尺法

A

procedure

for

obtaining

a

measure

of

absolute

item

difficulty

based

upon

results

for

different

age groups of test takers.

由

Th urstone

所创用，依不同年龄群组受测者的结果，来获得对绝对试题难度的测量程 序。

29.

Likert scale

李特克式量尺

A scale that presents the examinee with five responses ordered on an agree/disagree or

approve/disapprove continuum.

以有顺序性且有连续性的五点反应量表来代表受试 的同意度或赞成度。

30.

Guttman scale

古特曼式量尺

原是用于确定一组态度陈述是否为单一向度。

古特曼认为如果态 度量尺的题目能依照接受程度排列，

而

我们知道个人所能接受最 极端的陈述句，就应该能确知其所有反应。

31.

method of empirical keying

实征关键法

A scale development method in which test items are selected based entirely on how well they

contrast a criterion group from a normative sample.

是编制量表的方法，测验试题是由效标团体与常模样本对比程度而来的。

32.

method of rational scaling

合理量尺法

A

scale

construction

method

in

which

all

scale

items

correlate

positively

with

each

other

and

also

with

the

total

score

for

the

scale;

also

known

as

the

internal

consistency

approach. < /p>

是

量表建构的方法，

指量表中所有试题间 ，

以及各试题与量表总分间有正相关，

与内部一致性取向观念相 同。

33.

table of specifications

双向细目表

In test development, a table that lists the exact number of items in relevant content areas;

such a table also specifies the precise number of items which must embody different cognitive

processes.

在编制测验时，

此表可列出在相关的内容区域中，

各试题的确切数字，

也能说明包含不

同认知历程的试 题精确数字。

故此表可来检视、确认试题之内容效度。

34.

forced-choice methodology

强迫选择法

In

personality

test

development,

an

item-writing

method

in

which

the

alternatives

are

matched

for

social

desirability.

在编制人格测验时，一种试题撰写的方法，只提供两个或两个以上具相

等吸引力或没有吸引力的题目，让受试选答。

35.

item- difficulty index

试题难度指数

For

a

single

test

item,

the

proportion

of

examinees

in

a

large

tryout

sample

who

get

that

item

correct.

对一个单一测验试题，计算全体受试者答对每题的人数百分比。

36.

item- reliability index

试题信度指数

s

i

r

iT

, the product of a test item’s internal consistency as indexed by the correlation with

the total score(r

iT

)and it’s variability as indexed by the standard deviation (s

i

).

为

11

心理测验解释名词

测验试题的内部一 致性（以试题与总分的相关

(r

iT

)

表示）与其变异量（以标准差表示）

的乘积

。

37.

item-validity index

试题效度指数

s

i

r

iC

,

consists

of

the

product

of

a

test

item’s

standard

deviation

(s

i

)

and

the

point- biserial

correlation with the criterion r

iC.

由测验试题的标准差与点二系列相关来求

38.

item- characteristic curve

试题特征曲线

A graphical display of the relationship between the probability of a correct response and

the examinee’s position on the underlying trait measured by the test.

可表示受试在测验中所测到特质与正确反应百分比的关系的曲线。

39.

normal ogive

常态肩形曲线

The normal distribution graphed in cumulative form.

一常态分配图以累计的形式呈现的图形。

40.

item- discrimination index

试题鉴别指数

A

statistical

index

of

how

efficiently

an

item

discriminates

between

persons

who

obtain

high

and low scores of entire test.

是种统计指数可表示测验试题是否可有效鉴别出高 分及低分的人。

41.

cross validation

效度交叉验证

(

效度复核

)

或译对照效度

For predictive tests, the practice of using the original regression equation in a new sample

to determine whether the test predicts the criterion as well as it did in the original sample.

将新的 样本放入原始的回归方程式中，以侦测测验是否能如同在原始样本中一样有效地预测效标。

42.

validity shrinkage

效度

减缩现象

The

common

discovery

in

cross-validation

research

that

a

test

predicts

the

relevant

criterion

less accurately with the new sample of examinees than with original tryout sample.

在

效度复核

研究中常见现象，

测验对相关效标的预测度，

新的受 试样本的正确性比原始测试样本低，

即

因样本

< br>不同

，而产生的效度变小的现象。

43.

technical manual

技术手册

In testing, the manual that summarizes the technical data about a new instrument.

对新仪器所做的技术性数据摘要的手册。

44.

user

’

s manual

使用者手册

In

testing,

the

manual

which

gives

instructions

for

administration

and

also

provides

guidelines

for test interpretation.

给予测验实施的简介，并对测验诠释提供指导方针的手册。

第五章名词简释

1.

operational definition

操作性定义

A

definition

of

a

concept

in

terms

of

the

way

it

is

measured,

such

as,

intelligence

is

“what

the tests test.”对一个概念以其被测量的方式做定义，例如，智力就是测验所测到的。

2.

real definition

真实定义

A definition that seeks to tell us the true nature of the thing being defined

对一个事物以其真正的本质做定义。

3.

general factor

普通因素

According to Spearman, the single general factor of intelligence that must exist to account

for the observed correlations between a large number of tests.

根据

Spearman

的论点，单一的智力普通因素是存在的，藉以用来说明多个测验中被观 察到的相关。

Spearman

12

心理测验解释名词

将普通因素较倾向 定义为一种能量或力量，即一个人的智力总能量，其本质以思考上的推理和演绎能力为

主 ，是任何心智活动所必须的，心智活动越复杂时其所需的

g

因素 也越多。

4.

specific factors

特殊因素

According

to

Spearman,

a

factor

of

intelligence

specific

to

an

individual

test

根据

Spearman

的论点，智力的特殊因素是在个人测验中，其可测得的特定的心理特质，是特殊心智活动 所必须的。

5.

primary mental abilities

基本心理能力

The

seven

group

factors

of

intelligence

posited

by

Thurstone

which

are

verbal

comprehension,

word fluency, number, space, associative memory, perceptual and inductive reasoning.

由

Thurstone

所假定的七个智力因素，包含语文理解、字 汇流畅、数字、空间能力、联想记忆、知觉速

度以及演绎推理。

6.

fluid intelligence

流体智力

In

Cattell

and

Horn’

theory,

a

largely

nonverbal

and

relatively

culture

-reduced

form

of

mental

efficiency. It’s related to a person’s inherent capacity to learn

and solve problem.

在

C attell

和

Horn

的理论中，是 种非语文的，且不受文化影响的心理效能，其与个人与生俱来学习和解

决问题的能力有关 。

7.

crystallized intelligence

结晶智力