-
In-text Citations
APA Style
APA
style is usually applied to Education, Business,
Social Sciences and related fields. The
documentation in APA style consists of:
?
p
arenthetical references
(author?
s last name, date, page number)
?
References
?
*optional
footnotes with endnotes page
APA in-text citations
APA citations are widely used in the
fields of psychology, education, engineering,
business, and
the
social
sciences.
They
are
in-text.
Footnotes
or
endnotes
are
used
only
for
analysis
and
commentary, not for
citations. APA emphasizes the year of publication,
which comes immediately
after the
author?s name.
?
APA
in-text
citations
involve
enclosing
the
author?
s
surname
and
the
date
of
publication
within
parentheses, separated by a comma, generally
placed immediately after the reference
or at the end of the sentence in which
the reference is made. For example:
Propositions are unstructured, albeit
fine-grained entities (Schiffer, 2003).
?
If the
author
?
s surname is
mentioned in the sentence, only the year is
inserted in parentheses.
For
example:
John
MacFarlane
(2003)
has
argued
that
believers
in
a
metaphysically
open
future
should
accept that the truth of an utterance
is relative to a context of evolution.
?
If
there
are
two
authors,
the
authors
should
be
presented
in
order
that
they
appear
in
the
published
article
or
book.
If
they
are
within
closed
parentheses,
use
the
ampersand
(&)
between them. If not
enclosed in parentheses,
then use
expanded “and”
. For example:
One
of
the
biggest
challenges
for
his
research
is
Relevance
Theory
(Sperber
&
Wilson,
1986).
Sperber and Wilson (1986) propose the
definition of relevance: an assumption is relevant
in a
context if and only if it has some
contextual effect in that context.
?
If an article
has three to five authors, the first reference to
the article includes all authors and
subsequent
citations
in
the same
document
may
refer
to
the
article
by
the
principal
author
plus
“
et
al.
”
All authors must be
present in the references section. For example:
Blutner,
Le?
m?
llmann and van der
Sandt (1996) first used the term Lexical
Pragmatics.
1
Blutner
et
al.
(1996)
argued
that
lexical
pragmatics
is
a
research
field
that
aims
to
give
a
systematic
and
explanatory
account
of
pragmatic
phenomena
that
are
connected
with
the
semantic
underspecification of lexical items.
?
If
an
author
has
multiple
works
that
you
wish
to
cite,
separate
the
years
of
publication
in
chronological order with a comma. If
the works are published in the same year, use
suffixes a,
b,
c,
etc.
(note
that
corresponding
letters
should
be
used
in
the
reference
list,
and
these
references should be ordered
alphabetically by title). For example:
I shall not discuss either enrichment
account of the intuitive data, not because it is
not topical
(it clearly is), but
because I have discussed such accounts in detail
already (Stanley, 2002a,
2002b).
As Davidson (1967a, 1967b,
1984) noted, there seem to be counterexamples to
his hypothesis
that there are Tarski-
style theories of truth for natural languages.
?
If
different authors have multiple works that you
wish to cite, follow the rules for one author
above, and use a semicolon to separate
articles. Citation should first be in alphabetical
order
of the author, then chronological
within author. For example:
This idea
has been enormously influential in formal
semantics, although it has come in for
detailed criticism by various
philosophers (Soames, 1987; King, 1994, 1995,
1998).
?
For direct quotes, the format is
(Author, Year, Page Number) or Author (Year, Page
Number).
For example:
Be
that as it may, the minimal proposition is said to
be
?
available to the hearer,
even if not
actually
accessed
?
(Bach, 1994,
p.158).
To illustrate that
point, let us consider another contextualist
example from Searle (1983, p.
145).
Sample in-text citations
Apes and Language: A Review of the
Literature
Over the past thirty years,
researchers have demonstrated that the great apes
(chimpanzees,
gorillas,
and
orangutans)
resemble
humans
in
language
abilities
more
than
had
been
thought
possible. Just how far that resemblance
extends, however, has been a matter of some
controversy.
Researchers
agree
that
the
apes
have
acquired
fairly
large
vocabularies
in
American
Sign
Language
and
in
artificial
languages,
but
they
have
drawn
quite
different
conclusions
in
addressing the following
questions:
1. How spontaneously have
apes used language?
2. How creatively
have apes used language?
3. Can apes
create sentences?
4. What are the
implications of the ape language studies?
This review of the literature on apes
and language focuses on these four questions.
2