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工业机器人翻译

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2021-02-09 16:50
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2021年2月9日发(作者:baseplate)


Industrial Robotics


工业机器人



Most robots today can trace their origin to early industrial robot designs.


Much


of


the


technol-ogy


that


makes robots


more


human-friendly


and


adaptable for different applications has emerged from manufacturers of


industrial


robots.


Indus-trial


robots


are


by


far


the


largest


commercial


application of robotics technology today. All the important foundations


for robot control were ini- tially developed with industrial applications in


mind.


These


applications


deserve


special


atten-tion


in


order


to


understand


the


origin


of


robotics


science


and


to


appreciate


many


unsolved


prob-lems


that


still


prevent


the


wider


use


of


robots


in


manufacturing.


In


this


chapter


we


present


a


brief


history


and


descriptions


of


typical


indus-trial


robotics


applications.


We


show


how


robots with different mechanisms fit different applica-tions. Even though


robots are well established in large- scale manufacturing, particularly in


auto-mobile


and


related


component


assembly,


there


are


still


many


challenging problems to solve. The range of feasible applications could


signifi-cantly


increase


if


robots


were


easier


to


install,


to


integrate


with


other


manufacturing


processes,


and



to


program,particularly


with


adaptive


sensing


and


automatic


error


recovery.


We


outline


some


of


these remaining challenges for researchers.


今天大多数的机器人的起源可以追溯到早期工业机器人的设 计。


大部


分从制造工业机器人出现的技术,

使得机器人呢更加人性化和适应不


同的应用。工业机器人是当今机器人技术目前为止 的最大商业化应


用。


所有为了机器人控制的重要基础被


ini-tially


重点开发和工业应用。


这 些应用中值得特别注意的是,


在理解起源科学和欣赏许多悬而未决


的问题上仍然阻碍着机器人制造的广泛使用。


在这一章中我们提出一

< br>个简短的历史和典型的工业机器人应用的说明。



我们展 示机器人如何与不同的机制适应不同的应用。


虽然机器人在大


型 制造业上的建立,


特别是汽车及相关零件组装,


仍然有许多挑战 需


要解决的问题。范围的可行的应用能显著增加如果机器人是易于安

装,以便与其他制造工艺,和程序,


特别是与自适应检测和自动错误


恢复的,


广泛的可行性应用可以增加。


我们为研究人员 外线一些剩余


的挑战。



Industrial


robots


are


considered


as


a


cornerstone


of


com-petitive


manufacturing,



which


aims


to


combine


high


productivity,


quality,and


adaptability


at


minimal


cost.


In 2007


more


than


one


million


industrial


robot


instal-lations


were


reported,


with


automotive


industries


as


the


predominant users with a share of more than 60% .However,high-growth


industries


(in


life


sciences,elec- tronics,solar


cells,



food,and


logistics)


and


emerging


manufacturing


processes


(gluing,coating,



laser-based


processes,precision assembly etc.) will increasingly de-pend on advanced


robot



industries’



share


of


the


number


of


robot


installations has



been growing steadily.


工业机器人 被认为是一个基石,


经济生产,


其目的是以最低的成本结


合高生产力,质量,和适应性。在


2007


一 百万以上的工业机器人报


告,以汽车工业为主要用户的有


60%


以上的份额。


然而,


机器人技术


在高增长行业(在生命科学,


elec-tronics


,太阳能电池,食物,和物


流)和新兴的制造过程(胶,涂层,激光加工,装 配精度等)将越来


越先进。这些机器人装置的产业份额数量一直稳步增长。



The


production


of


industrial


robots


on


the


one


hand,and


the


planning,integration,



and


operation


of


robot


workcells


on


the


other


hand,


are


largely


independent


en-


gineering


tasks.


In


order


to


be


produced in sufficiently large quantities, a robot design should meet the


require-


ments


for


the


widest


set


of


potential


applications.


As


this


is


difficult to achieve in practice, various classes of robot designs regarding



payload


capacity,number


of


robot


axes,


and


workspace


volume


have


emerged


for


applica-


tion


categories


such


as


assembly,


palletizing,


painting, welding, machining, and general handling tasks.


一方面,工业机器人的生产规划,整合,另一方面,操作机器人基本


上是独立的工程任务。


为产生足够大的数量,


一个机器人的设计 应满


足需要利用最广泛的潜在应用。


这是在实践中难以实现,< /p>


各类机器人


设计有关的有效载荷能力,


多 轴机器人的工作空间体积,


并出现了应


用等类等组件,码垛,油 漆,焊接,加工,和一般的处理任务。



Generally,


a


robot


workcell


consists


of


one


or


more


robots


with


controllers


and


robot


peripherals:


grippers


or


tools,


safety


devices,


sensors,


and


material


transfer


components


for


moving


and


presenting


parts. Typically, the cost of a complete robot workcell is four times the


cost of the robots alone.


一般来说,


一个机器人工作单元由一个或多个机器人控制器和机器人< /p>


外设:去皮或工具,安全装置,


传感器,和材料的传热元件移动并 提


出部分。


通常,


一个完整的机器人作 业单元的成本是机器人单独成本


的四倍。



A robot workcell is usually the result of customized planning,integration,


programming,and


configuration,requiring


significant


engineering


expertise.



Standard-ized


engineering


methods,tools,and


best- practice


examples


have


become


available


to


reduce


costs


and


provide


more


predictable performance .


机器 人工作单元通常是需要定制计划,整合,规划,配置,以及大量


的工程方面的专业知识。 规范的工程方法,


工具,


和最佳实践的例子

已成为可降低成本,提供更多的可预测性能的选择。



Today’s


industrial


ro


bots


are


mainly


the


result


of


the


requirements


of



capital-intensive


large- volume


manufacturing,mainly


defined


by


the


automotive,electronics, and electrical goods industrial


robots


will not be a mere extrapolation of today’s designs with


respect to


features


and


performance


data,


but


will


rather


follow


new


design


principles addressing a wider range of application areas and


the


same


time,


new


technologies,


particularly


from


the


information


technology


(IT)


world,


will


have


an


increasing


impact


on


the


design,


performance, and cost of future industrial robots.


今天的工业机器人主要是资本密集型的大规模 制造,主要包括汽车,


电子,


电器行业的要求结果。

< p>
如今设计方面的特点和性能数据显示未


来的工业机器人将不是一个单纯的推 断,


但将遵循新的设计原则,



决更广 泛的应用领域和产业问题。


同时,


未来机器人的性能和成本在< /p>


设计上将会有越来越的影响,尤其是新技术在信息技术(


IT


)的世界


里。



International


and


national


standards


now


help


to


quantify


robot


performance


and



define


safety


precau


tions,


geometry,


and


media


robots operate behind secure barriers to keep people at


a


safe


ly,improved


safety standards


have


allowed


direct


human



robot


collaboration,


permitting


robots


and


human


factory


workers to share the same workspace.


如今国内外在机器人性能和定义安全钻具,


几何和媒介接口上进行标


准化规范。


大多数的机 器人操作都要和背后的人保持安全距离。


最近,


改进安全标准允 许人类直接机器人与人类合作,


允许工人共享相同的


工作。



We will first present a historical introduction to industrial robotics with a


selection of contemporary application examples,then the basic principles


that


are


used


in


industrial


robotics


and


a


review


of


programming


methods will be will also discuss tools (end-effectors) and


system


integration



chapter


will


be


closed


with


the


presentation


of


selected,unsolved


problems


that


currently


inhibit


the


wider application of industrial robots.


首先,


我们将会选用 一个当代应用的例子来提出一个历史介绍工业机


器人,


然后将提 出用于工业机器人的基本原则和审查程序的方法。



们还将讨论 工具


(效应)和系统集成的要求。本章将结束与介绍选定


的抑制 目前广泛应用的工业机器人尚未解决的问题。



A Short History of Industrial Robots


一个工业机器人的简短历史



The invention of the industrial robot dates back to 1954 when George


Devol filed a patent on a programmed article teaming up


with


Joseph


Engelberger,


the


first


robot


company,


Unimation,


was


founded and put the first robot into service at a General Motors plant in


1961


for


extracting


parts


from


a


die- casting



of


the


hydraulically


actuated


Unimates


were


sold


through


the


following years


for


workpiece


handling


and


for


spot- welding


of


car



applications


were


successful,which


means


that


the


robots


worked


reliably


and


ensured


uniform


,many


other


companies


dent


working


in


the


Stanford


Artificial


Intelligence


Laboratory


(SAIL)


.The


six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) all-electric manipulator was controlled by


a


standard


computer,a


Digital


Equipment



non- anthropomorphic


kinematic


configuration


with


one


prismatic


and


five rotational joints was configured such that the equations for solving


the


robot


kinematics


were


simple


enough


to


speed


up



consisted


of


direct-current


(DC)


electric


motors,harmonic


drive


and


spur


gear


reducers,



potentiometers


and


tachometers


for


position


and


velocity


uent


robot


designs were strongly influenced by Sc


heinman’s concepts .



工业机器人的发明可追溯到


195 4


年,当乔治·德沃尔提起专利程序


上的文章转移时。


后联手与约瑟恩格尔贝格创立了第一个机器人公司


unimation< /p>


,并在


1961


年在通用汽车厂提取从压 铸机配件中将第一个


机器人投入服务。大多数的液压驱动


uni mates


出售是经过数年以上


的工件搬运和点焊汽车体。


应用程序都是成功的,


这意味着机器人运


行 可靠,


保证质量一致。很快,其他许多公司在斯坦福大学人工智能


实验室(


SAIL


)做实验。六自由度(

6


)电动机械手是由一个标准的


计算机,数字设备


pdp-6


控制的。该


non-anthrop omorphic


运动配置


与一个棱镜和五个旋转关节配置,< /p>


方程是为了足够简单的快速计算求


解机器人运动学。


驱动器包括直流(


DC



电 机,


谐波传动、圆柱齿轮


减速器,


电位 器和转速的位置和速度反馈。


随后机器人设计受到沙因


曼概念的 强烈影响。



In


1973,


the


company


ASEA


(now


ABB)


introduced


the


first


microcomputer- controlled


all-electric


industrial


robot,


the


IRB-6, which


allowed


continuous


path


motion,


a


precondition


for


arc-welding


or


machining . The design proved to be very robust and robot lifetimes of

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