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英语音节概述
吴明达
汇编
1
.Syllables
音节
A
syllable
is a unit of
organization for a sequence of
speech
sounds. For example,
the word
water
is composed
of two syllables:
wa
and
ter
. A syllable is typically
made up of a
syllable
nucleus
(most often a
vowel
)
with
optional initial and final margins
(typically,
consonants
).
音节是指
有话语意义的发音组成的一个语音单位。比如：单词
water
就是有
wa
和
ter
两个语音单位组成的。音节一般
由核心音（元音）
，或核心音加
起始音（辅音）或加结尾音（辅音）构成。
Syllables
are
often considered the
phonological
blocks
of
words
.
They
can influence
the
rhythm
of a
language
,
its
prosody
, its
poetic
meter and its
stress
patterns.
音节往往被看做是构成单词发音的“砖块”
，它可以影响语言的韵律、节奏、和重音等。
Syllabic writing
began several hundred years before the
first letters
. The earliest
recorded syllables are on tablets written around
2800 BC in the
Sumerian
city of
Ur
. This shift from
pictograms
to syllables has
been called
history of writing
用音节方式直接记录语言的方法比字母方式记录语言的方法早好几百年。早在公元前
2800
年，一个叫
Ur
的苏美尔城已
经开始用音节符号记录语言。从象形符号过渡到音节符号是人类
文字历史上的一个最重要的飞跃。
A word that
consists of a single syllable (like
English
dog
) is called a
monosyllable
(and is said to
be
monosyllabic
). Similar
terms include
disyllable
(and
disyllabic
) for a word of
two syllables;
trisyllable
(and
trisyllabic
) for a word
of three syllables;
and
polysyllable
(and
polysyllabic
), which may
refer either to a word of more than three
syllables or to any word of more than
one syllable.
一个单词可以由单音节构成，如
：
dog
；
也可以由双音节、三音节、或多音节构成。
le Structure
音节结构
In most theories of European phonology,
the general structure of a syllable (σ) consists
of three segments at the same level:
在多少欧洲语言中，音节就同一水平而言（平面）
，一般情况下有三
个部分组成。
2.1Onset
起始音
一般是由一个或一个以上的辅音充当。
Most syllables have an onset. Some
languages restrict onsets to be only a single
consonant, while others allow multiconsonant
onsets according to various rules. For
example, in English, onsets such as
pr-
,
pl-
and
tr-
are possible but
tl-
is not (except very
marginally in foreign words such as
Tlingit
), and
sk-
is possible but
ks-
is not. In
Greek
, however, both
ks-
and
tl-
are possible
onsets, while contrarily in
Classical Arabic
no
multiconsonant onsets are allowed at
all.
2.2Nucleus
核心音
Generally,
every syllable requires a nucleus (sometimes
called the
peak
), and the
minimal syllable consists only of a nucleus, as
in
the
English
words
or
The
syllable
nucleus
is
usually
a
vowel,
in
the
form
of
a
monophthong
,
diphthong
,
or
triphthong
, but sometimes is
a
syllabic consonant
.
由元音或者一个响亮的音充当。
1
2.3Coda
结尾音
一般由辅音充当。
A coda-
less syllable of the form V
,
CV
, CCV
, etc. is called an
open syllable
(or
free syllable
),
while a syllable that has a
coda (VC, CVC, CVCC, etc.) is called a
closed syllable
(or
checked syllable
).
Syllable
An open syllable is a
syllable that ends with a vowel (in speech it is a
sound, and in writing, it is a letter), ie, all
syllables ending
with
，
，
are open syllables.
开音节就是以元音
结尾的音节（在语音中的就是音素，在书写上就是一个字母）
，即，所有以字母
a, e, i, o,u,
(y)
结尾的音
节都是开音节。
In almost all open syllables (with only
a few exceptions), the letters of vowel are
pronounced in the same way as they are read as
in the alphabet.
在所有的开音节中，几乎所有的元音（只有个别例外）发它们的名称音，即，字母表中的读音。
Examples
：
be,
he, me, we, she, the, go, no, so.
例如：
be, he, me, we, she, the,
go, no, so.
Note:
注意：
“do”
和
“to”
是例外。
In the vocabulary of the
English language, there is no words ending with
my, shy, why.
在英语
词汇中，
没有以
“i”
结尾的单词
（除
“ski”
和
“taxi”
之外）
，
因为，
字母
“i”
在单词末尾都变成了
“y”
，
所以，
以下包含
“y”
的音节中都属于开音节：
by, buy, guy, my, shy, why.
The letter
coda and so on,
most of which are borrowed words), so we have
onely one word which is a open syllable with the
the letter
，
ie,
the article
字母
“a”
几乎不出现于单词末尾（除了一些外来词如
agenda, panda,
armada, cicada, coda
等）
，
因此，我们以只有一个以
“a”
结尾的开音节单词
，即，冠词
“a”
。
We do not have even a word which is an
open syllable and ends with the letter
没有一个以字母
“u”
结尾的开音节单词。
Therefore,
with
the
rule
open
syllable
is
a
syllable
that
ends
with
a
vowel
we
have
very
few
words
which
are
open
syllables. This rule
has to be updated, or, in other words, extended,
into
可以说，
“
以元音结尾的音
节
”
这一原则限制下所能形成的开音节单词位数太少，我们必须
将这一规则
“
升级
”
< br>或
“
延伸
”
，
因此就有了
“
元音
-
辅音
-e
音节
”
，即
“VCE
音节
”
（即开音节的延伸形式）
。
In all
所有
VCE
音节中的元音字母的发音和字母表中的发音相同。
Examples
：
01. --aCe
组（
C=Con
sonant--
辅音字母）
babe; place; race; lace; face; grace;
space; trace; ace; pace; made; grade; blade;
spade; shade; fade; trade; safe; age; page; stage;
cage; wage; rage; bake; cake; fake;
lake; make; sake; take; wake; snake; quake; brake;
male; pale; tale; whale; scale; sale; bale;
came; fame; game; lame;
name; same; tame; frame; blame; flame; cane;
plane; lane; Jane; sane; bane; wane; crane; pane;
cape;
rape; tape; scrape; ape; shape;
gape; grape; drape; phrase; case; base; state;
rate; late; date; fate; gate; hate; Kate; mate;
rate; cave;
2
gave; pave; rave; save; wave; amaze;
gaze; blaze; craze; daze; maze; faze; glaze;
graze; haze
* Note: The only exception
in --aCe group of VCE syllables is the word
*
注：在
VCE
开音节的<
/p>
-aCe
组中唯一例外的发音就的
。
02. --eCe
组
grebe; accede; cede; recede; impede;
precede; swede; eke; extreme; scheme; theme;
scene; these; Chinese; Japanese; complete;
compete; delete; athlete; concrete;
eve.
03. --iCe
组
tribe; bribe;
mice; lice; nice; dice; price; rice; vice; guide;
hide; ride; side; tide; wide; life; knife; wife;
bike; hike; like; Mike; pike;
bile;
file; mile; tile; while; dime; lime; time; line;
pine; wine; ripe; wipe; guise; rise; wise; bite;
cite; site; five; hive; live; size;
prize
* Note: Exceptions in
--iCe group of VCE syllables include
*<
/p>
注：在
VCE
开音节的
< br>-iCe
组中的例外发音包括
和
。
04. --oCe
组
globe; robe;
lobe; wardrobe; probe; bathrobe; strobe; (a la)
mode; abode; code; explode; bode; erode; corrode;
encode; decode;
episode; forebode;
rode; ode; doge; joke; smoke; broke; stroke;
spoke; woke; awoke; evoke; invoke; poke; yoke;
whole; hole;
role; sole; mole; stole;
dome; home; Rome; stone; lone; alone; phone;
throne; prone; postpone; tone; bone; zone; scope;
-scope;
telescope; microscope;
horoscope; lope;
-lope; envelope;
antelope; rope; tightrope; cope; dope; hope; pope;
slope; those; rose;
close; nose;
expose; pose; disclose; prose; suppose; propose;
note; vote; promote; remote; anecdote; dote;
devote; wrote; quote;
mote; drove;
doze; cloze; froze;
* Note:
Exceptions in --oCe group of VCE syllables
include:
some; come;
become; welcome; income; outcome; overcome; done;
none; gone; one; love; above; dove; move; approve;
improve;
lose; whose
*
注：在
VCE
开音节的
-o
Ce
组中的例外发音包括以上单词。
05. --uCe
组
tube;
cube;
jujube;
reduce;
produce;
adduce;
induce;
reduce;
exude;
dude;
attitude;
lattitude;
longitude;
amplitude;
gratitude;
apptitude;
promptitude;
nude;
altitude;
certitude;
huge;
(refuge;)
deluge;
duke;
rebuke;
puke;
molecule;
schedule;
ridicule;
capsule;
module;
mule;
volume;
assume;
perfume;
costume;
presume;
consume;
resume;
plume;
immune;
tune;
commune;
(sand-)dune; dupe;
excuse; profuse; refuse; use; fuse;
abuse; misuse; accuse; prostitute; attribute;
dispute; acute; disbute; astute;
destitute; persecute; prosecute;
constitute; minute; commute; institute; execute;
* Note: Exceptions in --uCe
group of VCE syllables include:
truce;
rule; June; prune; include; allude; rude; crude;
conclude; parachute; absolute; brute; salute;
lute; flute;
*
注：
在
VCE
开音节的
-uCe
组中的例外发音包括以上单词。
4. Closed Syllable
以一个或几个辅音字母（
r
除外）结
尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节，称为闭音节。例：
map
，
desk
，
is
。
在重读的闭音节中元音字母读做短元音。
英语重读闭音节就是所谓的元音字
母不是发它本身的字母音，重读闭音
节就是指在一个音节中，以辅音音素结尾的而且是重
读音节的音节比如
apple
划音节就应该是
ap/ple
前面那个
ap
是一
< br>个
音
节
以
辅
音
音
素
结
尾
就
是
闭
音
节
。
重
读
闭
音
节
就
要
双
写
.
重
读
闭
音
< br>节
即
两
个
辅
音
中
间
夹
一
个
元
音
.
如
:sit---sitting
begin---beginning(
重
读
在
gin
这
个
音
节
上
，
相
当
与<
/p>
把
gin
改
成<
/p>
双
写
的
)
put---putting
3